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Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines v. Duque III GR No. 173034 | October 9, 2007 Topics: Incorporation Method, Transformation Method, International Law PETITIONER: Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association RESPONDENTS: Health Secretary Duque III, Undersecretaries Drs. Nieto, Galon & Del Mundo and Atty. Padilla, and Asst. Secretaries Drs. Villaverde, Lozada & Gako all in their capacity as DOH officials. PONENTE: AUSTRIAMARTINEZ FACTS: October 28, 1986 – Pres. Corazon Aquino issued EO no. 51 (Milk Code) by virtue of the legislative powers granted to the president under the Freedom Constitution. The seeks to give effect to Article 11 of the Int’l Code of Mktg of Breastmilk Substitutes (ICMBS) a code adopted by the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1981 19822006 – WHA adopted several resolutions to support, promote and protect breastfeeding. 1990 – Philippines ratified the Int’l Convention on the Rights of the Child. Article 24 provides that State Parties should take appropriate measures to diminish infant and child mortality, and ensure that all segments of society (esp. parents and children) are informed of the advantages of breastfeeding May 15, 2006 – DOH issues assailed Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of EO no. 51 (RIRR) which was to take effect in July 7, 2006 June 28, 2006 – Petitioner (representing its members that are manufacturers of breastmilk substitutes) filed the present Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition with Prayer for the Issuance of a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) or Writ of Preliminary Injunction Main Issue in the said petition: whether respondent officers of DOH acted without or in excess of jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of excess of jurisdiction, and in violation of the provisions of the Constitution in promulgating the RIRR. August 15, 2006 – Court issued a resolution granting a TRO enjoining respondents from implementing the RIRR June 19, 2007 – Scheduled date for oral arguments as set by the Court. ISSUES/HELD A. Whether petitioner is a real partyin interest (locus standi – association) Yes, it is a real partyininterest. As seen in the view enunciated in Exec. Secretary v. CA, petitioner definitely has an interest in fulfilling its avowed purpose of representing members who are part of the pharmaceutical and health care industry. Petitioner is duly authorized to take the appropriate course of action to bring the attention of gov’t agencies and the courts any grievance suffered by its members which are directly affected by the RIRR. Petitioner which is mandated by its Amended Articles of Incorporation to represent the entire industry would be remiss in its duties if it fails to act on governmental action that would affect any of its industry members, no matter how few or numerous they are. Hence, petitioner whose legal identity is deemed fused with its members should be considered as a real partyininterest which stands to be benefited or injured by any judgment in the present action. B. Whether Administrative Order No. 2006 0012 or the RIRR issued by DOH is constitutional* (constitutionality) B.1 Whether the RIRR is in accord with the provisions of EO No. 51 (Milk Code). The petitioner alleges the ff: B.1.A. Milk Code limits its coverage to children 012 months old but the RIRR extended its coverage to “young children” or those from ages two years old and beyond. No. The coverage of the Milk Code is not dependent on the age of the child but on the kind of product marketed to the public. Also, this section conspicuously lacks reference to any particular agegroup of children. Hence, the provision of the Milk Code cannot be considered exclusive for children aged 012 mos.

Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines v DOH (2007)

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Page 1: Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines v DOH (2007)

Pharmaceutical  and  Health  Care  Association  of  the  Philippines  v.  Duque  III  GR  No.  173034  |  October  9,  2007    Topics:  Incorporation  Method,  Transformation  Method,  International  Law    PETITIONER:  Pharmaceutical  and  Health  Care  Association    RESPONDENTS:  Health  Secretary  Duque  III,  Undersecretaries  Drs.  Nieto,  Galon  &  Del  Mundo  and  Atty.  Padilla,  and  Asst.  Secretaries  Drs.  Villaverde,  Lozada  &  Gako  all  in  their  capacity  as  DOH  officials.    PONENTE:  AUSTRIA-­‐MARTINEZ    FACTS:  October  28,  1986  –  Pres.  Corazon  Aquino  issued  EO  no.  51  (Milk  Code)  by  virtue  of  the  legislative  powers  granted  to  the  president  under  the  Freedom  Constitution.  The  seeks  to  give  effect  to  Article  11  of  the  Int’l  Code  of  Mktg  of  Breastmilk  Substitutes  (ICMBS)  a  code  adopted  by  the  World  Health  Assembly  (WHA)  in  1981  1982-­‐2006  –  WHA  adopted  several  resolutions  to  support,  promote  and  protect  breastfeeding.  1990  –  Philippines  ratified  the  Int’l  Convention  on  the  Rights  of  the  Child.  Article  24  provides  that  State  Parties  should  take  appropriate  measures  to  diminish  infant  and  child  mortality,  and  ensure  that  all  segments  of  society  (esp.  parents  and  children)  are  informed  of  the  advantages  of  breastfeeding  May  15,  2006  –  DOH  issues  assailed  Revised  Implementing  Rules  and  Regulations  of  EO  no.  51  (RIRR)  which  was  to  take  effect  in  July  7,  2006  June  28,  2006  –  Petitioner  (representing  its  members  that  are  manufacturers  of  breastmilk  substitutes)  filed  the  present  Petition  for  Certiorari  and  Prohibition  with  Prayer  for  the  Issuance  of  a  Temporary  Restraining  Order  (TRO)  or  Writ  of  Preliminary  Injunction     Main  Issue  in  the  said  petition:     whether  respondent  officers  of  DOH     acted  without  or  in  excess  of     jurisdiction,  or  with  grave  abuse  of     discretion  amounting  to  lack  of  excess     of  jurisdiction,  and  in  violation  of  the  

  provisions  of  the  Constitution  in     promulgating  the  RIRR.  August  15,  2006  –  Court  issued  a  resolution  granting  a  TRO  enjoining  respondents  from  implementing  the  RIRR  June  19,  2007  –  Scheduled  date  for  oral  arguments  as  set  by  the  Court.    ISSUES/HELD  A.  Whether  petitioner  is  a  real  party-­‐in-­‐interest  (locus  standi  –  association)  -­‐  Yes,  it  is  a  real  party-­‐in-­‐interest.  As  seen  in  the  view  enunciated  in  Exec.  Secretary  v.  CA,  petitioner  definitely  has  an  interest  in  fulfilling  its  avowed  purpose  of  representing  members  who  are  part  of  the  pharmaceutical  and  health  care  industry.  Petitioner  is  duly  authorized  to  take  the  appropriate  course  of  action  to  bring  the  attention  of  gov’t  agencies  and  the  courts  any  grievance  suffered  by  its  members  which  are  directly  affected  by  the  RIRR.  Petitioner  which  is  mandated  by  its  Amended  Articles  of  Incorporation  to  represent  the  entire  industry  would  be  remiss  in  its  duties  if  it  fails  to  act  on  governmental  action  that  would  affect  any  of  its  industry  members,  no  matter  how  few  or  numerous  they  are.  Hence,  petitioner  whose  legal  identity  is  deemed  fused  with  its  members  should  be  considered  as  a  real  party-­‐in-­‐interest  which  stands  to  be  benefited  or  injured  by  any  judgment  in  the  present  action.    B.  Whether  Administrative  Order  No.  2006-­‐0012  or  the  RIRR  issued  by  DOH  is  constitutional*  (constitutionality)      B.1  Whether  the  RIRR  is  in  accord  with  the  provisions  of  EO  No.  51  (Milk  Code).  The  petitioner  alleges  the  ff:     B.1.A.  Milk  Code  limits  its  coverage  to     children  0-­‐12  months  old  but  the     RIRR  extended  its  coverage  to  “young     children”  or  those  from  ages  two     years  old  and  beyond.     -­‐  No.  The  coverage  of  the  Milk  Code  is     not  dependent  on  the  age  of  the  child     but  on  the  kind  of  product  marketed     to  the  public.  Also,  this  section   conspicuously  lacks  reference  to  any     particular  age-­‐group  of  children.     Hence,  the  provision  of  the  Milk  Code     cannot  be  considered  exclusive  for     children  aged  0-­‐12  mos.    

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  B.1.B.  Milk  Code  recognizes  that     infant  formula  may  be  a  proper  and     possible  substitute  for  breastmilk  in     certain  instances;  but  the  RIRR     provides  “exclusive  breastfeeding  for     infants  from  0-­‐6  mos.,”  and  declares     “there  is  no  substitute  nor     replacement  for  breastmilk.”     -­‐  No.  The  RIRR,  just  like  the  Milk     Code,  also  recognizes  that  in  certain     cases,  the  use  of  breastmilk     substitutes  may  be  proper.       B.1.C.  Milk  Code  only  regulates  and     does  not  impose  unreasonable     requirements  for  advertising  and     promotion.  RIRR  imposes  an  absolute     ban  on  such  activities  for  breastmilk     substitutes  and  forbids  the  use  of     health  and  nutritional  claims.  Section     13  of  the  RIRR  which  provides  for  a     “total  effect”  in  the  promotion  of     products  within  the  scope  of  the  Code     is  vague.     -­‐  Health  is  a  legitimate  subj  matter  for     regulation  by  DOH  in  exercise  of     police  powers  delegated  to  it  but     health  info  is  relatively  a  new  area  for     regulation  by  DOH.  DOH’s  power     under  the  Milk  Code  to  control  info     re:  breastmilk  vis-­‐à-­‐vis  substitutes  is     not  absolute  as  the  power  to  control     does  not  encompass  the  power  to     absolutely  prohibit  advertising,     marketing,  and  promotion  of     substitutes.       B.1.D.  The  RIRR  imposes  additional     labeling  requirements  not  found  in     the  Milk  Code.       -­‐  The  authority  of  the  DOH  to  control     info  re:  breastmilk  vis-­‐à-­‐vis     substitutes  and  supplements  and     related  products  cannot  be     questioned.  It  is  in  its  intervention    into     the  area  of  advertisind  Sections  4(f)     and  11  [absolute  ban  of  promotional     materials  of  substitute  products)  of  the     RIRR  are  clearly    violative  of  the  Milk     Code.     B.1.E.  The  Milk  Code  allows     dissemination  of  information  on     infant  formula  to  health  professions;     the  RIRR  totally  prohibits  such     activity.  

  -­‐  There  is  no  inconsistency  bet.     provisions  of  the  Milk  Code  and  the     RIRR.         B.1.F.  The  Milk  Code  permits     manufacturers  and  distributors  to     extend  assistance  in  research  and     continuing  education  of  health     professionals;  the  RIRR  forbids  the     same.     -­‐  No.  It  deals  with  breastfeeding     promotion  and  education  for  women     and  children.  Nothing  in  Sec  22  of     RIRR  prohibits  milk  companies  from     giving  assistance  for  research  or     continuing  education  to  health     professionals.       B.1.G.  The  Milk  Code  regulates  the     giving  of  donations.  RIRR  absolutely     prohibits  it.     -­‐  Donations  may  be  made  upon  the     request  or  the  approval  of  DOH.     There  is  no  real  inconsistency  bet  the     RIRR  and  the  law  bec.  The  Milk  Code     does  not  prohibit  the  DOH  from  doing     the  same.       B.1.H.  The  RIRR  provides  for     administrative  sanctions  not  imposed     by  the  Milk  Code.     -­‐  Neither  the  Milk  Code  nor  the     Revised  Administrative  Code  grants     DOH  the  authority  to  fix  or  impose     administrative  fines.  The  DOH  cannot     provide  for  those  fines  in  the  RIRR.     DOH  again  exceeded  its  authority  by     providing  for  such  fines  or  sanctions     in  Sec  46  of  the  RIRR.  It  is  therefore     NULL  and  VOID.  HOWEVER,  the  Milk     Code  authorizes  the  DOH  with  means     to  enforce  its  rules  and  regulations  in     Section  12(b)  [prosecution  of     violators]  and  Section  13  [penalties  to     be  imposed]  of  the  Milk  Code.       B.1.I.The  RIRR  provides  for  repealing     of  existing  laws  to  the  contrary.     -­‐  Section  57  of  the  RIRR  does  not     provide  for  the  repeal  of  laws  but  only     orders,  issuances,  and  rules  and     regulations.  Said  provision  is  valid  as  it     is  within  the  DOH’s  rule-­‐making     power.    

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B.2  Whether  pertinent  int’l  agreements  entered  into  by  the  Philippines  are  part  of  the  law  of  the  land  and  may  be  implemented  by  the  DOH  through  the  RIRR;  if  in  the  affirmative,  whether  the  RIRR  is  in  accord  with  the  int’l  agreements*  -­‐  The  ICMBS  and  WHA  resolutions  are  not  treaties  as  they  have  not  been  incurred  in  by  at  least  2/3  of  the  members  of  Senate  as  req.  under  Sec  21,  Art  VII  of  Consti.  However,  ICMBS  adopted  in  1981  by  WHA  had  been  transformed  (transformation  method)  into  domestic  law  through  legislation,  the  Milk  Code.  It  is  the  Milk  Code  that  has  the  force  and  effect  of  law  in  this  jurisdiction  and  not  the  ICMBS  per  se.  The  code  did  not  adopt  absolute  prohibition/ban  on  advertising,  promotion  and  marketing  of  breastmilk  substitutes  as  in  the  ICMBS  instead  added  that  such  materials  are  duly  authorized  by  the  IAC  (Inter-­‐Agency  Committee).  Article  II  of  the  Constitution  embodies  the  incorporation  method  of  international  laws  that  we,  “adopt[s]  the  generally  accepted  principles  of  int’l  law  as  part  of  the  law  of  the  land.  However,  WHA  bind  member  states,  under  Article  23,  recommendations  of  the  WHA  do  not  come  into  force  for  members,  in  the  same  way  that  conventions  or  agreements  under  Art  19  and  regulations  under  Art  21  come  into  force.    Respondents  failed  to  establish  that  the  provisions  of  pertinent  WHA  resolutions  are  customary  international  law  are  part  of  the  law  of  the  land.  Consequently,  legislation  is  necessary  to  transform  the  provisions  of  the  WHA  resolutions.  The  provisions  of  the  WHA  resolutions  cannot  be  considered  part  of  the  law  of  the  land  that  can  be  implemented  by  executive  agencies  without  the  need  of  a  law  enacted  by  the  legislature.      B.3  Whether  Sections  4,  5(w),  22,  32,  47  and  52  of  the  RIRR  violate  the  due  process  clause  and  are  in  restraint  of  trade  No.  Despite  the  fact  that  “our  present  Consti  enshrines  free  enterprise  as  a  policy,  it  nonetheless  reserves  to  the  gov’t  the  power  to  intervene  whenever  necessary  to  promote  the  general  welfare…It  must  be  clearly  explained  and  proven  by  competent  evidence  just  exactly  how  such  protective  regulation  would  result  in  the  restraint  of  trade.”  (APCD  v.  PhilCoA)  Petitioner  failed  to  show  that  proscription  of  milk  manufacturers’  in  any  policy-­‐making  body  (Section  4[i]),  classes  and  seminars  for  women  

and  children  (Section  22),  the  giving  of  assistance,  support  and  logistics  or  training  (Section  32)  and  the  giving  of  donations  (Section  52)  would  unreasonably  hamper  the  trade  of  breastmilk  substitutes.    Section  5(w)  re:  “Milk  Company”  

-­‐ The  definition  of  “milk  company”  and  the  definitions  of  “distributor”  and  “manufacturer”  are  practically  the  same.  

-­‐ The  Court  is  not  convinced  that  the  def’n  of  milk  company  in  the  RIRR  would  bring  about  any  change  in  the  treatment  of  regulation  of  distributors  and  manufacturers  of  breastmik  substitutes  as  defined  in  the  Milk  Code.  

      B.4  Whether  Section  13  of  the  RIRR  on  Total  Effect  provides  sufficient  standards  -­‐  Yes.    Such  standards  in  Section  13  bind  the  IAC  in  formulating  its  rules  and  regulations  on  advertising,  promotion  and  marketing.  Through  that  single  provision,  the  DOH  exercises  control  over  the  information  content  of  advertising,  promotional  and  marketing  materials  on  breastmilk  vis-­‐à-­‐vis  breastmilk  substitutes,  supplements  and  other  related  products.  It  also  sets  a  viable  standard  against  which  the  IAC  may  screen  such  materials  before  they  are  made  public.  “This  Court  in  the  past  accepted  sufficient  standards  the  ff:  “justice  and  equity,”  “public  convenience  and  welfare,”  and  “simplicity  and  welfare.””In  this  case,  the  correct  information  as  to  infant  feeding  and  nutrition  is  infused  with  public  interest  and  welfare.    RULING:  Petition  is  PARTLY  GRANTED.    Sections  4(f)  11  and  46,  the  rest  of  the  provisions  are  declared  NULL  and  VOID  for  being  ultra  vires.  The  DOH  and    Respondents  are  PROHIBITED  from  implementing  said  provisions.    TRO  issued  on  Aug  15,  2006  is  LIFTED  insofar  as  the  rest  of  the  provisions  of  Administrative  Order  No.  2006-­‐0012  (RIRR)  is  concerned.    OPINION:  CONCURRING  –  PUNO,  CJ    Absolute  ban  on  the  advertising  and  promotion  of  breastmilk  substitutes  found  

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under  Sections  4  (f)  and  11  of  AO  No.  2006-­‐0012  should  be  struck  down.  -­‐  Promotion  and  advertisement  of  substitutes  fall  within  the  ambit  of  commercial  speech,  a  separate  category  not  accorded  the  same  level  of  protection  as  that  given  to  other  constitutionally  guaranteed  forms  of  expression  but  is  nonetheless  entitled  to  protection.  -­‐  Sections  4(f)  and  11  are  unduly  restrictive  and  is  more  than  necessary  to  further  the  avowed  governmental  interest  of  promoting  the  health  of  infants  and  young  children.  The  advertisement  of  such  products  w/c  are  strictly  informative  cuts  too  deep  on  free  speech.  -­‐The  laudable  concern  of  respondent  to  promote  health  of  infants  and  young  children  cannot  justify  absolute,  overarching  ban.