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1 Importance And Role Of Unconventional Resources 6 2 Definition Of Unconventional Reservoir 7 3 Unconventional Reservoir Types 9 Unconventional Oil 10 Oil Shale 10 Heavy Oil and Tar Sands 15 Ultra Deep Water Oil Reservoirs 19 Fractured Basement Reservoirs 20 Unconventional Gas 27 Shale Gas 27 Tight gas 31 Coal Bed Methane 34 Methane Hydrates 36 Ultra Deep Natural Gas 40 4 Geology And Reserves Of Unconventional Reservoirs In Any Selected Geographic Area 41 42 56 59 61 63 5 Extraction Of Unconventional Resources 65 Fracking 66 Pumping Water Out 68 In-Situ Underground Heating 68 Electrofracing 69 Type of Production in each unconventional type 70 6. Geochemistry Of Unconventional Resources 71 Total Organic Carbon 72 Kerogen types 72 Classification of Kerogen 73 Kerogen Maceral types and classification 75 Alginite 75 Liptinite (Exinite) 75 Vitrinite 76 Inertinite 76 7. Unconventional Resources Geochemical Parameters 77 TOC Determination 78 Chemical Method 78 TOC from Well Logs 79 Pyrolysis 81

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Vitrinite reflectance (VR) 83 8. Assessment Of Geochemical Parameters 84 Thermal Alteration Index 87 Kerogen Maturity 87 Tmax 90 9. Determination Of Petrophysical Parameters Using Core Analysis 91 Objectives of Core Analysis 92 Handling Cores in Unconventional Reservoirs 92 Especial Sampling Techniques 94 Pressure-Retained Core Method 94 Sponge Core Barrel Method 95 Performed Tests 96 Core Gamma and Spectral Gamma 96 Core Photography 97 Fluid Saturation 98 Proximate Analysis 102 Porosity 103 Boyle’s Law Double-Cell (Matrix Cup) Method for Grain

Volume 103

Summation of Fluids Method 104 Liquid Saturation Method 104 Bulk Volume Measurements 105 Mercury Displacement 105 Caliper Method 106 Coal Porosity 106 Matrix porosity 106 Cleat Porosity 107 Permeability 109 Pulse Decay Technique 110 Oil Yield (grade) of Oil Shale and Tar Sand 112 Capillary Pressure 113 Drainage Process 113 Mercury injection method 114 10. Gas Ratio Analysis (Haworth Ratios) 115 11. Electric Logs And Their Application In Unconventional Reservoirs 120 12. Petrophysical Parameters And Their Calculations Using E Logs 123 Total Organic Content (TOC) 124 Density Log Method 124 Passey's "∆logR" Method 125 Tristan Euzen's Multiple Regression Method 127

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Issler's Method 127 Oil Yield 128 Kerogen Volume 130 Shale Volume 130 Porosity 131 Water saturation 132 Gas-in-place and Reserve Calculation 132 Gas content 132 Adsorbed Gas Quantification 133 Free Gas Quantification 134 Coal Analysis 135 13. Flow Potential Estimation 137 14. Geomechanics 140 Young's modulus(E) 142 Bulk Modulus(Kb) 142 Shear Modulus (N) 142 Poisson's Ratio(ѵ) 143 Bulk Compressibility (Cb) 143 Biot’s Constant 144 Brittleness Coefficient 144 Modulus of compressibility 144 15 Elastic Constants From E Logs 145 16 Fracturing 150 Fracture toughness 152 Closure stress 152 Breakdown pressure 153 Determining Fracture Orientation 154 17 Fractured Basement Reservoirs 155 18 Thermal Modeling In Unconventional Resources 162 Definitions 163 Thermochronology 163 Closure temperature 163 Uplift vs. exhumation 163 (U-Th)/He Dating 164 Fission Track Dating 165 Argon–argon and Potassium–argon dating 166 Fault gouge dating 167 Thermoluminescence 168 Application of Thermal modeling in Unconventional resources 169 Limitations of Thermal Modeling 169

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1 Gas Ratio Analysis (Haworth Ratios) 6 Coal Assay Model for Coal Composition 2 Total Organic Carbon calculation 7 Calculation of Elastic constants 3 Adsorbed and Free Gas Volumes - Shale Gas 8 Oil Yield

4 Capillary Pressure Analysis, includes crossplot to find SWir 9 RockEval

5 CBM Gas Content Models

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