Petroleum[1].Ppt [Recovered]

7/21/2019 Petroleum[1].Ppt [Recovered]

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A refinery is a factory. Just as a paper mill turns lumber into legal pads or a

glassworks turns silica into stemware, a refinery takes a raw material--crude

oil--and transforms it into gasoline and hundreds of other useful products.



•An "average" crude oil contains about 84% carbon, 14% hydrogen, 1%-

3% sulfur, and less than 1% each of nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and salts!rude oils are generally classied as #ara$nic, na#hthenic, or aromatic,based on the #redominant #ro#ortion of similar hydrocarbon moleculesixed-base crudes have varying amounts of each ty#e of hydrocarbon&enery crude base stoc's usually consist of mixtures of t(o or moredi)erent crude oils











*etroleum rening #rocesses and o#erations can be se#arated into ve basic areas+•Fractionation distillation is the se#aration of crude oil in atmos#heric andvacuum distillation to(ers into grou#s of hydrocarbon com#ounds of di)eringboiling-#oint ranges called "fractions" or "cuts"•Conversion Processes change the si.e and/or structure of hydrocarbonmolecules 0hese #rocesses include+

•Decomposition dividing by thermal and catalytic crac'ing•Unifcation combining through al'ylation and #olymeri.ation and•Alteration rearranging (ith isomeri.ation and catalytic reforming

•Treatment Processes are intended to #re#are hydrocarbon streams foradditional #rocessing and to #re#are nished #roducts 0reatment may include theremoval or se#aration of aromatics and na#hthenes as (ell as im#urities andundesirable contaminants 0reatment may involve chemical or #hysical se#arationsuch as dissolving, absor#tion, or #reci#itation using a variety and combination of#rocesses including desalting, drying, hydrodesulfuri.ing, solvent rening,s(eetening, solvent extraction, and solvent de(axing•Formulating and Blending is the #rocess of mixing and combining hydrocarbonfractions, additives, and other com#onents to #roduce nished #roducts (iths#ecic #erformance #ro#erties

•Other Refning Operations include+ light-ends recovery, sour-(ater stri##ing,solid (aste and (aste(ater treatment, #rocess-(ater treatment and cooling,storage and handling, #roduct movement, hydrogen #roduction, acid and tail-gastreatment and sulfur recovery•Auxiliary Operations and Facilities include+ steam and #o(er generation,#rocess and re (ater systems, 2ares and relief systems, furnaces and heaters,#um#s and valves, su##ly of steam, air, nitrogen, and other #lant gases, alarms

and sensors, noise and #ollution controls, sam#ling, testing, and ins#ecting andlaboratory, control room, maintenance, and administrative facilities



!rude oil often contains (ater,inorganic salts, sus#ended solids,and (ater-soluble trace metals As a

rst ste# in the rening #rocess, toreduce corrosion, #lugging, andfouling of eui#ment and to #revent#oisoning the catalysts in #rocessingunits, these contaminants must beremoved by desalting dehydration

0he t(o most ty#ical methods of

crude-oil desalting, chemical andelectrostatic se#aration, use hot(ater as the extraction agent

0he feedstoc' crude oil is heated to bet(een 156 and 3567 to reduce viscosity andsurface tension for easier mixing and se#aration of the (ater 0he tem#erature is

limited by the va#or #ressure of the crude-oil feedstoc' n both methods otherchemicals may be added Ammonia is often used to reduce corrosion !austic or acidmay be added to ad9ust the #: of the (ater (ash ;aste(ater and contaminants aredischarged from the bottom of the settling tan' to the (aste(ater treatment facility

0he desalted crude is continuously dra(n from the to# of the settling tan's and sent tothe crude distillation fractionating to(er



Atmospheric Distillation 0he desalted crude feedstoc' is #reheated using recovered #rocess heat 0he feedstoc' then 2o(s to a direct-red crude charge heater (here it is fed into the vertical distillationcolumn 9ust above the bottom, at #ressures

slightly above atmos#heric and at tem#eratures ranging from <56 to =556 7 above these tem#eratures undesirable thermal crac'ing may occur All but the heaviest fractions 2ash into va#or As the hot va#or rises in the to(er, its tem#erature is reduced

:eavy fuel oil or as#halt residue is ta'en from the bottom At successively higher#oints on the to(er, the various ma9or#roducts including lubricating oil, heating oil, 'erosene, gasoline, and uncondensed gases (hich condense at lo(ertem#eratures are dra(n o)

0he fractionating to(er, a steel cylinder about 1>5 feet high, contains hori.ontal

steel trays for se#arating and collecting the liuids At each tray, va#ors from belo(enter #erforations under the bubble ca#s 0he latter #ermit the va#ors to bubblethrough the liuid on the tray, causing some condensation at the tem#erature ofthat tray An over2o( #i#e drains the condensed liuids from each tray bac' to thetray belo(, (here the higher tem#erature causes re-eva#oration 0he eva#oration,condensing, and scrubbing o#eration is re#eated many times until the desireddegree of #roduct #urity is reached 0hen, side streams from certain trays are ta'eno) to obtain the desired fractions *roducts ranging from uncondensed xed gasesat the to to heav fuel oils at the bottom can be ta'en continuousl from a







0he A?@ feed is #um#ed by *-155 :-155 and controlled by 7!-155 t is #reheated in the bottoms feed exchangerB-155 before entering the 7eed 7urnace 7-155 0!-155 controls the crude oil tem#erature entering the A?@ 0-155 by ad9usting fuel gas 2o( to the furnace

Cottoms liuid is collected and sent to the D?@ by E!-114 through the Cottoms *um# *-114 :-114 0his 2o( isindicated by 7-1>4 tri##ing steam is in9ected into the A?@ bottoms by 7!-134

:ot gas oil 2o(s by gravity to the Fas Gil tri##er 0-113 through 7!-113 0he gas oil enters the stri##er at the to#and 2o(s do(n(ard over six trays tri##ing steam is introduced into the bottom of the stri##er through 7!-133

0he gas oil #roduct is #um#ed from the base of the stri##er by the Fas Gil *roduct *um# *-113 :-113 to storage 0he gas oil #roduct 2o( is controlled by E!-113 and the 2o( rate is indicated by 7-1>3 0he gas oil #roductHs I%#oint is monitored by A-1>3

:ot 'erosene 2o(s by gravity to the Fas Gil tri##er 0-11> through 7!-11> 0he 'erosene enters the stri##er atthe to# and 2o(s do(n(ard over six trays tri##ing steam is introduced into the bottom of the stri##er through 7!-13> 0he 'erosene #roduct is #um#ed from the base of the stri##er by the Fas Gil *roduct *um# *-11> :-11> tostorage 0he gas oil #roduct 2o( is controlled by E!-11> and the 2o( rate is indicated by 7-1>> 0he 'erosene#roductHs I% #oint is monitored by A-1>>

:ot na#htha 2o(s by gravity to the Ja#htha tri##er 0-111 through 7!-111 0he na#htha enters the stri##er atthe to# and 2o(s do(n(ard over six trays tri##ing steam is introduced into the bottom of the stri##er through 7!-131 0he na#htha #roduct is #um#ed from the base of the stri##er by the Ja#htha *roduct *um# *-111 :-111 tostorage 0he na#htha #roduct 2o( is controlled by E!-111 and the 2o( rate is indicated by 7-1>1 0he na#htha#roductHs I% #oint is monitored by A-1>1

A na#htha #um# around is dra(n from tray <, #um#ed through *-11 :-11 and controlled by 7!-11 0he #um#around return tem#erature is controlled by 0!-11 (hich modulates cooling (ater 2o( to B-11

0he A?@ overhead va#or 2o(s through the overhead condenser B-115 :D-115, (hose outlet tem#erature isindicated by 0-1>5, into the Gverhead &e2ux ?rum ?-111 0he hydrocarbons are #artially condensed and the t(o#hases va#or and liuid enter the overhead re2ux drum (here the condensed (ater se#arates from thehydrocarbon liuid by gravity

0he re2ux is returned to tray 1 of the to(er from the re2ux drum via #um# *-115 :-115 0he re2ux 2o( iscontrolled by 7!-115 (hich is reset by 0!-115 to control the to(er overhead tem#erature 0he level of theoverhead drum is maintained by E!-115 (hich sends the gasoline #roduct to storage, (hose rate is indicated by 7-1>5

;ater collects in the boot of the overhead re2ux drum, and is transferred to the (ater system for treating E!-1>5maintains a constant sour (ater level 0he sour (ater is sent to treatment through #um# *-1>5 :-1>5

- -



Dacuum ?istillationn order to further distill the residuum or to##ed crude from the atmos#heric to(er at highertem#eratures, reduced #ressure is reuired to #revent thermal crac'ing 0he #rocess ta'es #lace inone or more vacuum distillation to(ers 0he #rinci#les of vacuum distillation resemble those offractional distillation exce#t that larger diameter columns are used to maintain com#arable va#orvelocities at the reduced #ressures 0he eui#ment is also similar 0he internal designs of somevacuum to(ers are di)erent from atmos#heric to(ers in that random #ac'ing and demister #ads

are used instead of trays A ty#ical rst-#hase vacuum to(er may #roduce gas oils, lubricating-oilbase stoc's, and heavy residual for #ro#ane deas#halting A second-#hase to(er o#erating at lo(ervacuum may distill sur#lus residuum from the atmos#heric to(er, (hich is not used for lube-stoc'#rocessing, and sur#lus residuum from the rst vacuum to(er not used for deas#halting Dacuumto(ers are ty#ically used to se#arate catalytic crac'ing feedstoc' from sur#lus residuum

Atmos#heric and vacuum distillation areclosed #rocesses and ex#osures areex#ected to be minimal ;hen sour high-sulfur crudes are #rocessed, there is#otential for ex#osure to hydrogen suldein the #reheat exchanger and furnace,to(er 2ash .one and overhead system,vacuum furnace and to(er, and bottomsexchanger :ydrogen chloride may be

#resent in the #reheat exchanger, to(erto# .ones, and overheads ;aste(atermay contain (ater-soluble suldes in highconcentrations and other (ater-solublecom#ounds such as ammonia, chlorides,#henol, merca#tans, etc, de#endingu#on the crude feedstoc' and the

treatment chemicals.



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0he D?@ Dacuum ?istillation @nit ta'es the residuum from the A?@ Atmos#heric ?istillation @nitand se#arates the heavier end #roducts such as vacuum gas oil, vacuum distillate, slo# (ax, andresidue

:eavy crude oil is #reheated by the bottoms feed exchanger, further #reheated and #artiallyva#ori.ed in the feed furnace, and #assed into the vacuum to(er (here it is se#arated into slo# oil,vacuum gas oil, vacuum distillate, slo# (ax, and bottoms residue

0his to(er contains a combination of 14 fractionation trays and beds t is eui##ed (ith three sidedra(s and #um# around sections for vacuum gas oil, vacuum distillate, and slo# (ax #roducts

0he liuid from the feed furnace enters the to(er bottoms, (here it is collected and sent for further#rocessing team is in9ected into the base of the to(er to reduce the hydrocarbon #artial #ressureby stri##ing some light boiling com#onents from the bottoms liuid 0he va#ors from the feed

heater enter the to(er belo( tray 14

At tray 14, a dra( #an is located from (hich slo# (ax #roduct is dra(n 0he slo# (ax #roduct and#um# around are cooled, (ith the slo# (ax #roduct going to storage, (hile the #um# around isreturned to the to(er at tray 11

0he next #roduct dra( is located at tray 8, (here the dra( for vacuum distillate #roduct is located 0he vacuum distillate dra( tray is a total dra( tray, (here the re2ux from the tray is #um#ed under2o( control to the tray belo( 0he #roduct and #um# around are cooled, (ith the vacuum distillate#roduct going to storage, (hile the #um# around is returned to the to(er at tray =

0he last #roduct dra( is located at tray 4, (here the dra( for vacuum gas oil #roduct is located 0he vacuum gas oil dra( tray is also a total dra( tray, (here the re2ux from the tray is #um#edunder 2o( control to the tray belo( 0he #roduct and #um# around are cooled (ith the vacuum gasoil #roduct going to storage, (hile the #um# around is returned to the to(er at tray 1

0he overhead from the D?@ is condensed and combined (ith the vacuum steam 0he slo# oil and

(ater are se#arated by gravity in the vacuum drum 0he (ater is drained to dis#osal, (hile the slo#oil is accumulated and occasionally drained to slo# collection



0he #ur#ose of solvent extraction is to #revent corrosion, #rotect catalyst in subseuent

#rocesses, and im#rove nished #roducts by removing unsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbons fromlubricant and grease stoc's 0he solvent extraction #rocess se#arates aromatics, na#hthenes, andim#urities from the #roduct stream by dissolving or #reci#itation 0he feedstoc' is rst dried andthen treated using a continuous countercurrent solvent treatment o#eration n one ty#e of #rocess,the feedstoc' is (ashed (ith a liuid in (hich the substances to be removed are more soluble thanin the desired resultant #roduct n another #rocess, selected solvents are added to causeim#urities to #reci#itate out of the #roduct n the adsor#tion #rocess, highly #orous solid materialscollect liuid molecules on their surfaces

0he solvent is se#arated from the #roduct stream by heating, eva#oration, or fractionation, andresidual trace amounts are subseuently removed from the ra$nate by steam stri##ing or vacuum2ashing Blectric #reci#itation may be used for se#aration of inorganic com#ounds 0he solvent isthen regenerated to be used again in the #rocess

0he most (idely used extraction solvents are #henol, furfural, and cresylic acid Gther solvents lessfreuently used are liuid sulfur dioxide, nitroben.ene, and >,>H dichloroethyl ether 0he selection ofs#ecic #rocesses and chemical agents de#ends on the nature of the feedstoc' being treated, the

contaminants #resent, and the nished #roduct reuirements



olvent De!axingolvent de!axing is used to remove !ax "rom either distillate or residual#asestoc$ at any stage in the refning process% There are several processes inuse "or solvent de!axing& #ut all have the same general steps& !hich are' ()*

mixing the "eedstoc$ !ith a solvent& (+* precipitating the !ax "rom themixture #y chilling& and (,* recovering the solvent "rom the !ax and de!axedoil "or recycling #y distillation and steam stripping% Usually t!o solvents areused' toluene& !hich dissolves the oil and maintains -uidity at lo!temperatures& and methyl ethyl $etone (./0*& !hich dissolves little !ax atlo! temperatures and acts as a !ax precipitating agent% Other solvents thatare sometimes used include #en1ene& methyl iso#utyl $etone& propane&

petroleum naphtha& ethylene dichloride& methylene chloride& and sul"urdioxide% 2n addition there is a catal tic rocess used as an alternate to

h l k b k k d k



4is#rea$ing, a mild form of thermal crac'ing,signicantly lo(ers the viscosity of heavy crude-oilresidue (ithout a)ecting the boiling #oint range

&esidual from the atmos#heric distillation to(er isheated 8556-I56 7 at atmos#heric #ressure andmildly crac'ed in a heater t is then uenched (ithcool gas oil to control overcrac'ing, and 2ashed in adistillation to(er Disbrea'ing is used to reduce the#our #oint of (axy residues and reduce the viscosityof residues used for blending (ith lighter fuel oils

iddle distillates may also be #roduced, de#ending on#roduct demand 0he thermally crac'ed residue tar,(hich accumulates in the bottom of the fractionationto(er, is vacuum-2ashed in a stri##er and thedistillate recycled

thermal cracking: visbreaking, steam cracking, and coking.

Co$ing is a severe method of thermal

crac'ing used to u#grade heavy residualsinto lighter #roducts or distillates !o'ing#roduces straight-run gasoline co'erna#htha and various middle-distillatefractions used as catalytic crac'ingfeedstoc' 0he #rocess so com#letelyreduces hydrogen that the residue is a form

of carbon called "co'e" 0he t(o mostcommon #rocesses are delayed co'ing and



•n delayed co'ing the heated charge ty#ically residuum from atmos#hericdistillation to(ers is transferred to large co'e drums (hich #rovide the longresidence time needed to allo( the crac'ing reactions to #roceed to com#letionnitially the heavy feedstoc' is fed to a furnace, (hich heats the residuum to hightem#eratures I556-I56 7 at lo( #ressures >-35 #si and is designed andcontrolled to #revent #remature co'ing in the heater tubes 0he mixture is #assedfrom the heater to one or more co'er drums (here the hot material is helda##roximately >4 hours delayed at #ressures of >-= #si, until it crac's intolighter #roducts•Continuous Coking - Continuous (contact or fluid) coking is a moving-bed process that

operates at temperatures higher than delayed coking. n continuous coking, thermal

cracking occurs by using heat transferred from hot, recycled coke particles to feedstock

in a radial mi!er, called a reactor, at a pressure of "# psi. $ases and vapors are takenfrom the reactor, %uenched to stop any further reaction, and fractionated. &he reacted

coke enters a surge drum and is lifted to a feeder and classifier where the larger coke

particles are removed as product. &he remaining coke is dropped into the preheater for

recycling with feedstock.

Catalytic crac$ing brea's com#lex hydrocarbons into sim#ler molecules in order to



Catalytic crac$ing brea's com#lex hydrocarbons into sim#ler molecules in order toincrease the uality and uantity of lighter, more desirable #roducts and decrease theamount of residuals 0his #rocess rearranges the molecular structure of hydrocarboncom#ounds to convert heavy hydrocarbon feedstoc' into lighter fractions such as'erosene, gasoline, E*F, heating oil, and #etrochemical feedstoc'!atalytic crac'ing is similar to thermal crac'ing exce#t that catalysts facilitate the

conversion of the heavier molecules into lighter #roducts @se of a catalyst a materialthat assists a chemical reaction but does not ta'e #art in it in the crac'ing reactionincreases the yield of im#roved-uality #roducts under much less severe o#eratingconditions than in thermal crac'ing 0y#ical tem#eratures are from 856-I56 7 atmuch lo(er #ressures of 15->5 #si 0he catalysts used in renery crac'ing units arety#ically solid materials .eolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, treated bentonite clay, fullerHsearth, bauxite, and silica-alumina that come in the form of #o(ders, beads, #ellets orsha#ed materials called extrudites 0here are three basic functions in the catalytic rac'ing #rocess+

•&eaction - 7eedstoc' reacts (ith catalyst and crac's into di)erent hydrocarbons•&egeneration - !atalyst is reactivated by burning o) co'e and•7ractionation - !rac'ed hydrocarbon stream is se#arated into various #roducts

0he three ty#es of catalytic crac'ing #rocesses are 2uid catalytic crac'ing 7!!,moving-bed catalytic crac'ing, and 0hermofor catalytic crac'ing 0!!

Fluid Catalytic Crac$ing 0he most common #rocess is 7!!, in (hich the oil is crac'ed in the #resence of a nelydivided catalyst, (hich is maintained in an aerated or 2uidi.ed state by the oil va#ors

0he 2uid crac'er consists of a catalyst section and a fractionating section that o#eratetogether as an integrated #rocessing unit 0he catalyst section contains the reactor andregenerator, (hich, (ith the stand#i#e and riser, form the catalyst circulation unit 0he

2uid catalyst is continuously circulated bet(een the reactor and the regenerator usingair, oil va#ors, and steam as the conveying media

A typical FCC #rocess involves mixing a #reheated hydrocarbon charge (ith hot



A typical FCC #rocess involves mixing a #reheated hydrocarbon charge (ith hot,regenerated catalyst as it enters the riser leading to the reactor 0he charge iscombined (ith a recycle stream (ithin the riser, va#ori.ed, and raised to reactortem#erature I556-1,5556 7 by the hot catalyst As the mixture travels u# the riser,the charge is crac'ed at 15-35 #si n the more modern 7!! units, all crac'ing ta'es#lace in the riser 0he "reactor" no longer functions as a reactor it merely serves as a

holding vessel for the cyclones 0his crac'ing continues until the oil va#ors arese#arated from the catalyst in the reactor cyclones 0he resultant #roduct streamcrac'ed #roduct is then charged to a fractionating column (here it is se#arated intofractions, and some of the heavy oil is recycled to the riser#ent catalyst is regenerated to get rid of co'e that collects on the catalyst during the#rocess #ent catalyst 2o(s through the catalyst stri##er to the regenerator, (heremost of the co'e de#osits burn o) at the bottom (here #reheated air and s#entcatalyst are mixed 7resh catalyst is added and (orn-out catalyst removed to o#timi.ethe crac'ing #rocess

.oving Bed Catalytic Crac$ing 0he moving-bed catalytic crac'ing#rocess is similar to the 7!!#rocess 0he catalyst is in the formof #ellets that are movedcontinuously to the to# of the unit byconveyor or #neumatic lift tubes to astorage ho##er, then 2o( do(n(ardby gravity through the reactor, and

nally to a regeneratorThermo"or Catalytic Crac$ingn a ty#ical thermofor catalytic crac'ingunit, the #reheated feedstoc' 2o(s bygravity through the catalytic reactor bed

0he va#ors are se#arated from thecatalyst and sent to a fractionating





5ydrocrac$ing is a t(o-stage #rocess combining



5ydrocrac$ing is a t(o stage #rocess combiningcatalytic crac'ing and hydrogenation, (hereinheavier feedstoc' are crac'ed in the #resence ofhydrogen to #roduce more desirable #roducts 0he#rocess em#loys high #ressure, high tem#erature, acatalyst, and hydrogen :ydrocrac'ing is used forfeedstoc' that are di$cult to #rocess by either

catalytic crac'ing or reforming, since thesefeedstoc' are characteri.ed usually by a high#olycyclic aromatic content and/or highconcentrations of the t(o #rinci#al catalyst #oisons,sulfur and nitrogen com#ounds

0he hydrocrac'ing #rocess largely de#ends on thenature of the feedstoc' and the relative rates of thet(o com#eting reactions, hydrogenation andcrac'ing :eavy aromatic feedstoc' is converted intolighter #roducts under a (ide range of very high#ressures 1,555->,555 #si and fairly hightem#eratures =56-1,556 7, in the #resence ofhydrogen and s#ecial catalysts ;hen the feedstoc'has a high #ara$nic content, the #rimary function ofhydrogen is to #revent the formation of #olycyclic

aromatic com#ounds.

:ydrocrac'ing #roduces relatively large amounts ofisobutane for al'ylation feedstoc'

n the rst stage, #reheated feedstoc' is mixed (ith recycled hydrogen and sent to the rst-stage

reactor, (here catalysts convert sulfur and nitrogen com#ounds to hydrogen sulde andammonia Eimited hydrocrac'ing also occurs After the hydrocarbon leaves the rst stage, it iscooled and liueed and run through a hydrocarbon se#arator 0he hydrogen is recycled to thefeedstoc' 0he liuid is charged to a fractionator ?e#ending on the #roducts desired gasolinecom#onents, 9et fuel, and gas oil, the fractionator is run to cut out some #ortion of the rst stagereactor out-turn Kerosene-range material can be ta'en as a se#arate side-dra( #roduct or includedin the fractionator bottoms (ith the gas oil

0he fractionator bottoms are again mixed (ith a hydrogen stream and charged to the secondstage ince this material has already been sub9ected to some hydrogenation, crac'ing, andreformin in the rst sta e the o erations of the second sta e are more severe hi her

Catalytic re"orming is an



Catalytic re"orming is anim#ortant #rocess used toconvert lo(-octane na#hthasinto high-octane gasolineblending com#onents calledreformates &eforming

re#resents the total e)ect ofnumerous reactions such ascrac'ing, #olymeri.ation,dehydrogenation, andisomeri.ation ta'ing #lacesimultaneously

A catalytic reformer com#risesa reactor section and a#roduct- recoverysection ost #rocesses use #latinum as the active catalyst ometimes #latinum iscombined (ith a second catalyst bimetallic catalyst such as rhenium or another noblemetal 0here are many di)erent commercial catalytic reforming #rocesses including#latforming, #o(erforming, ultraforming, and 0hermofor catalytic reformingn the #latforming #rocess, the rst ste# is #re#aration of the na#htha feed to removeim#urities from the na#htha and reduce catalyst degradation 0he na#htha feedstoc' is

then mixed (ith hydrogen, va#ori.ed, and #assed through a series of alternatingfurnace and xed-bed reactors containing a #latinum catalyst

0he eLuent from the last reactor is cooled and sent to a se#arator to #ermit removal ofthe hydrogen-rich gas stream from the to# of the se#arator for recycling 0he liuid#roduct from the bottom of the se#arator is sent to a fractionator called a stabili.erbutani.er t ma'es a bottom #roduct called reformate butanes and lighter go overhead and are

sent to the saturated gas #lant

!atalytic hydrotreating is a hydrogenation #rocess used to remove about I5% of



!atalytic hydrotreating is a hydrogenation #rocess used to remove about I5% ofcontaminants such as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and metals from liuid #etroleumfractions 0hese contaminants, if not removed from the #etroleum fractions as theytravel through the renery #rocessing units, can have detrimental e)ects on theeui#ment, the catalysts, and the uality of the nished #roduct

Catalytic 5ydrodesul"uri1ation

:ydrotreating for sulfur removalis called hydrodesulfuri.ation n a

ty#ical catalytichydrodesulfuri.ation unit, thefeedstoc' is deaerated and mixed(ith hydrogen, #reheated in a red

heater <556-8556 7 and thencharged under #ressure u# to 1,555#si through a xed-bed catalyticreactor n the reactor, the sulfur and

nitrogen com#ounds in the feedstoc'are converted into :

> and J:

3 0he reaction #roducts leave

the reactor and after cooling to a lo( tem#erature enter a liuid/gas se#arator 0he

hydrogen-rich gas from the high-#ressure se#aration is recycled to combine (ith thefeedstoc', and the lo(-#ressure gas stream rich in :

> is sent to a gas treating unit

(here :> is removed 0he clean gas is then suitable as fuel for the renery furnaces

0he liuid stream is the #roduct from hydrotreating and is normally sent to a stri##ingcolumn for removal of :

> and other undesirable com#onents n cases (here steam is

used for stri##ing, the #roduct is sent to a vacuum drier for removal of (ater

:ydrodesulfuri.ed #roducts are blended or used as catalytic reforming feedstoc'.

Schematic of C4 isomerization someri.ation converts n-



Schematic of C4 isomerization

Schematic of C5&C6

isomerization

someri.ation converts nbutane, n-#entane and n-hexane into their res#ectiveiso#ara$ns of substantiallyhigher octane number

someri.ation is im#ortant for the

conversion of n-butane intoisobutane, to #rovide additionalfeedstoc' for al'ylation units, andthe conversion of normal #entaneand hexanes into higher branche

isomers for gasoline blending 0here are t(o distinct isomeri.ation

#rocesses, butane !4 and#entane/hexane !/!< Cutaneisomeri.ation #roduces feedstoc' foal'ylation Aluminum chloridecatalyst #lus hydrogen chloride areuniversally used for the lo(-tem#erature #rocesses *latinum or

another metal catalyst is used for thigher-tem#erature #rocesses n aty#ical lo(-tem#erature #rocess, thfeed to the isomeri.ation #lant is n-butane or mixed butanes mixed (ithydrogen to inhibit olen formatio

and #assed to the reactor at >356-3456 7 and >55-355 #si :ydrogen i



*olymeri.ation in the #etroleum industry is the #rocess of converting light olen gases includingethylene, #ro#ylene, and butylene into hydrocarbons of higher molecular (eight and higher octanenumber that can be used as gasoline blending stoc's *olymeri.ation combines t(o or moreidentical olen molecules to form a single molecule (ith the same elements in the same#ro#ortions as the original molecules *olymeri.ation may be accom#lished thermally or in the

#resence of a catalyst at lo(er tem#eratures 0he olen feedstoc' is #retreated to remove sulfur and other undesirable com#ounds n thecatalytic #rocess the feedstoc' is either #assed over a solid #hos#horic acid catalyst or comes incontact (ith liuid #hos#horic acid, (here an exothermic #olymeric reaction occurs 0his reactionreuires cooling (ater and the in9ection of cold feedstoc' into the reactor to control tem#eraturesbet(een 3556 and 456 7 at #ressures from >55 #si to 1,>55 #si 0he reaction #roducts leaving thereactor are sent to stabili.ation and/or fractionator systems to se#arate saturated and unreacted

gases from the #olymer gasoline #roduct*olymeri.ation is used in the #etroleum industry to indicate the #roduction of gasoline com#onents," "

Schematic of polymerization Process

Al$ylation combines lo(-molecular-(eight olens #rimarily a mixture of #ro#ylene and butylene



y a o co b es o o ecu a e g o e s # a y a u e o # o#y e e a d bu y e e(ith isobutene in the #resence of a catalyst, either sulfuric acid or hydro2uoric acid 0he #roduct iscalled al'ylate and is com#osed of a mixture of high-octane, branched-chain #ara$nichydrocarbons Al'ylate is a #remium blending stoc' because it has exce#tional anti'noc' #ro#ertiesand is clean burning

ul"uric Acid Al$ylation Processn cascade ty#e sulfuric acid :

>G

4 al'ylation units, the feedstoc' #ro#ylene,

butylene, amylene, and fresh isobutane enters the reactor and contacts theconcentrated sulfuric acid catalyst in concentrations of 8% to I% for good o#erationand to minimi.e corrosion 0he reactor is divided into .ones, (ith olens fed throughdistributors to each .one, and the sulfuric acid and isobutanes 2o(ing over baLes from.one to .one

0he reactor eLuent is se#arated into hydrocarbon and acid #hases in a settler, and theacid is returned to the reactor 0he hydrocarbon #hase is hot-(ater (ashed (ith caustic

for #: control before being successively de#ro#ani.ed, deisobutani.ed, anddebutani.ed 0he al'ylate obtained from the deisobutani.er can then go directly to

Treating is a means by (hich contaminants such as organic com#ounds containing sulfur,



Drying and !eetening7eedstoc' from various renery units are sent togas treating #lants (here butanes and butenes areremoved for use as al'ylation feedstoc', heavier

com#onents are sent to gasoline blending, #ro#aneis recovered for E*F, and #ro#ylene is removed foruse in #etrochemicals ome merca#tans areremoved by (ater-soluble chemicals !austic liuidsodium hydroxide, amine com#oundsdiethanolamine or xed-bed catalyst s(eeteningalso may be used ?rying is accom#lished by theuse of (ater absor#tion or adsor#tion agents toremove (ater from the #roducts ome #rocessessimultaneousl dr and s(eeten b adsor tion on

g y g # g ,nitrogen, and oxygen dissolved metals and inorganic salts and soluble salts dissolved inemulsied (ater are removed from #etroleum fractions or streams *etroleum reners have achoice of several di)erent treating #rocesses, but the #rimary #ur#ose of the ma9ority of them isthe elimination of un(anted sulfur com#ounds A variety of intermediate and nished #roducts,including middle distillates, gasoline, 'erosene, 9et fuel, and sour gases are dried and s(eetened(eetening, a ma9or renery treatment of gasoline, treats sulfur com#ounds hydrogen sulde,

thio#hene and merca#tan to im#rove color, odor, and oxidation stability (eetening also reducesconcentrations of carbon dioxideAcid& Caustic& or Clay Treatingulfuric acid is the most commonly used acid treating #rocess ulfuric acid treating results in#artial or com#lete removal of unsaturated hydrocarbons, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen com#ounds,and resinous and as#haltic com#ounds t is used to im#rove the odor, color, stability, carbonresidue, and other #ro#erties of the oil !lay/lime treatment of acid-rened oil removes traces ofas#haltic materials and other com#ounds im#roving #roduct color, odor, and stability !austic

treating (ith sodium or #otassium hydroxide is used to im#rove odor and color by removingorganic acids na#hthenic acids, #henols and sulfur com#ounds merca#tans, :> by a caustic

(ash Cy combining caustic soda solution (ith various solubility #romoters eg, methyl alcoholand cresols, u# to II% of all merca#tans as (ell as oxygen and nitrogen com#ounds can bedissolved from #etroleum fractions



•ul"ur Recovery ulfur recovery converts hydrogen sulde in sourgases and hydrocarbon streams to elemental sulfur 0he most (idelyused recovery system is the !laus #rocess, (hich uses both thermal andcatalytic-conversion reactions A ty#ical #rocess #roduces elemental

sulfur by burning hydrogen sulde under controlled conditions Knoc'out#ots are used to remove (ater and hydrocarbons from feed gas streams 0he gases are then ex#osed to a catalyst to recover additional sulfurulfur va#or from burning and conversion is condensed and recovered

•5ydrogen ulfde cru##ing :ydrogen sulde scrubbing is acommon treating #rocess in (hich the hydrocarbon feedstoc' is rstscrubbed to #revent catalyst #oisoning ?e#ending on the feedstoc' andthe nature of contaminants, desulfuri.ation methods vary from ambienttem#erature-activated charcoal absor#tion to high-tem#erature catalytichydrogenation follo(ed by .inc oxide treating

"!oriolis force 2o( meters o#erate on the #rinci#le that inertial



# # #forces are generated (henever a #article in rotating bodymoves relative to that body in a direction to(ards or a(ay from the axis of rotation of that body"

In simplest terms, mass fow rate causes the vibrating tubes to twist. The twist o the tubes is proportional to mass fow. !oriolis force 2o( meters also utili.e vibrating element technology

to arrive at density Gnce ass and density are 'no(n, volume is calculated;hy !oirolisN1ulti Dariable

•ass, Dolume, ?ensity, 0em#erature>Jon - ntrusive

•Jo mechanical (ear ,Jot damaged by air slugs3im#le installation4Accuracy

•:igh turndo(n Eess e)ects caused by Gil !haracteristics G#erational systems

Bui#ment conditions ;eather

any !oriolis 2o( meters can readily be ada#ted to re#lace existing &otary Dane meters bysim#ly using a "'it"•consisting of (elding four elbo(s and the !oriolis meters mounted in vertical #osition and as#ool #iece• !onsideration needs to be given to manufactures recommendation on the orientation of the

!oriolis•n ne( #i#ing congurations, it is recommend that the !oriolis meter be mounted in the sameorientation•as a *ositive ?is#lacement eter, ty#ically do(nstream of a three (ay divert valveO ee gure4•Cali#ration• t is im#ortant to note that for volume measurement of !oriolis meters, the calibration#rocedures

• should mirror those used on &otary Dane *ositive ?is#lacement eters• "&egardless of the #rover ty#e or meter ty#e, the same basic #roving #rinci#le a##lies"



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Petroleum[1].Ppt [Recovered]