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Petroleum Source Rock Characteristics of the LowerTertiary Formations in the Ereğli-Ulukışla Basin,Southern Central Anatolia, TurkeyN. Sonel a , A. Sari a & İ. H. Demirel b

a Department of Geological Engineering , Ankara University , Besevler-Ankara, Turkeyb Department of Geological Engineering , Hacettepe University , Beytepe-Ankara, TurkeyPublished online: 27 Feb 2008.

To cite this article: N. Sonel , A. Sari & İ. H. Demirel (2008) Petroleum Source Rock Characteristics of the Lower TertiaryFormations in the Ereğli-Ulukışla Basin, Southern Central Anatolia, Turkey, Petroleum Science and Technology, 26:4, 460-472,DOI: 10.1080/10916460600809691

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Petroleum Science and Technology, 26:460–472, 2008

Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ISSN: 1091-6466 print/1532-2459 online

DOI: 10.1080/10916460600809691

Petroleum Source Rock Characteristics of theLower Tertiary Formations in the Eregli-Ulukısla

Basin, Southern Central Anatolia, Turkey

N. Sonel,1 A. Sari,1 and I. H. Demirel2

1Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara University,

Besevler-Ankara, Turkey2Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University,

Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey

Abstract: Potential source rocks in the Eregli-Ulukısla basin include Campanian-

Maastrichtian limestones and marls, Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene deep-marine

shales, and Middle-Upper Eocene continental slope deposits, including shales and

sandstones. Organic geochemical analyses and palynofacies observations show that

the organic components in Upper Paleocene-Upper Eocene sediments are mainly

coaly and woody, with minor herbaceous and algal-amorphous-like organic matter,

indicating that they are terrigenous (mainly Type III and Type IV kerogen). The

organic carbon content of these rocks ranges from 0.04 to 0.73%, and they have

marginal source rock quality for oil generation. A plot of HI versus T-max values

implies that the Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene samples are in the early stage of

oil generation, while the Middle-Upper Eocene samples are thermally immature. The

pristane/phytane ratio for Tertiary samples corresponds to a transition from anoxic to

oxic depositional conditions.

Keywords: Central Anatolian basins, Eregli-Ulukısla basin, petroleum source rock,

palynofacies, Turkey

1. INTRODUCTION

The Eregli-Ulukısla basin has an area of 920 km2 and is located in the

Central Anatolian Province of Turkey, approximately 400 km southeast of

Address correspondence to Ismail Hakki Demirel, Faculty of Engineeering,

Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe-Ankara 06532,

Turkey. E-mail: hakkid@hacettepe.edu.tr

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Source Rock Characteristics of the Eregli-Ulukısla 461

Figure 1. Locations of Eregli-Ulukısla basin, Tethyan sutures and basins of Turkey

(modified after Yılmaz and Sungurlu, 1991, and Sengör and Yılmaz, 1981).

Ankara (Figure 1). The Eregli-Ulukısla basin in the southern part is one of

the uppermost Cretaceous-Early Tertiary sedimentary basins situated around

the Kirsehir-Nigde Massif (Blumenthal, 1956; Demirtasli et al., 1975; Görür

and Derman, 1978; Oktay, 1973; Sengör and Yılmaz, 1981, Yılmaz and

Sungurlu, 1991). Reviews on the geology and stratigraphic successions in the

Eregli-Ulukısla basin with details on each formation, lateral extentions, and

stratigraphic location have been given by Oktay (1973, 1982) and Demirtasli

et al. (1975, 1984). Details on the sedimentary evolution and stratigraphic

framework of the Eregli-Ulukısla basin are in Görür et al. (1984, 1998) and

Clark and Robertson (2002, 2005).

Although the sedimentary succession in the basin has local and small

scale non-depositional periods, marine sedimentation from the Upper Creta-

ceous to the Miocene (with a maximum thickness of 7,000 m) is represented

by a continous sequence consisting of lithologies with source, reservoir, and

seal rock characteristics. Petroleum possibilities of the basin were first put

forward by Dellaloglu and Aksu (1986), and hydrocarbon potential of the

Miocene bituminous shales was evaluated by Sonel et al. (1999). Sonel (2004)

documented that structural trap configurations result from strong Late Tertiary

tectonic deformations. These deformations also provided the developments

of stratigraphic traps. However, studies of detailed source rock intervals and

organic geochemical characteristics of the uppermost Cretaceous and Early

Tertiary sediments are still limited.

The main objectives of this study are (1) to present organic rich forma-

tions and lithologies, (2) to evaluate the hydrocarbon generating characteris-

tics of the source rock facies type, and (3) to provide a framework for the

identification of potential source rocks in new exploration areas.

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462 N. Sonel et al.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 47 outcrop samples of shale and coaly lithologies were collected

from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Çiftehan Formation (11 samples), the

Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene Halkapınar Formation (17 samples), and

the Middle-Upper Eocene Hasangazi Formation (19 samples). All samples

were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC). Prior to TOC determination to

estimate the quantity of organic matter in each samples, were treated with HCl

to remove carbonate carbon before combustion in the LECO-WR-12 analyzer.

Rock-Eval pyrolysis, to determine the hydrocarbon generative potential of the

organic matter (S1, S2, S3, T-max, and the HI and OI), was performed for

selected samples (Çiftehan Fm: 5, Halkapınar Fm: 12, and Hasangazi Fm:

14) using an Oil Show Analyzer (OSA).

After extraction of the samples, gas chromatic seperations of the C11C

hydrocarbons (including n-alkanes and isoprenoids) were performed on a

Hewlett Packard 5890 series GCMS equipped with a capillary column coated

with Helium and Quadropole (MS) type detector. Organic petrography de-

terminations, to evaluate the relative proportions of the hydrocarbon-prone

macerals and organic maturity assessments (Spore Colorization Index, SCI),

were performed using a LEITZ MPV-2 Orthoplan transmitted light micro-

scope.

All sample preparations and analyses have been performed at Turkish

Petroleum Corporation laboratories, and assessments were done according to

organic geochemical (e.g., Espitalie et al., 1977; Pratt et al., 1992; Peters and

Cassa, 1994; Petersen et al., 2000) and organic petrologic (e.g., Stach et al.,

1982; Taylor et al., 1998) sample preparation and evaluation methods.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Organic Geochemical Analyses

The results of the organic geochemical analyses are presented for each of the

three formations investigated, beginning with the oldest one. Interpretations

were carried out according to the criteria proposed by Peters (1986) and

Peters and Cassa (1994).

3.1.1. Halkapınar Formation (Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene)

Seventeen shale samples were collected from the measured stratigraphic

sections at Osmanköseli (HAL-3, 5, 7, 10, and 13), Halkapınar (AD-1, 2, and

3), and Delimahmut (A-1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) regions (Figure 2). These

samples have TOC contents varying between 0.02 and 0.73% (Figure 3), with

the exception of four samples (AD-3, A-6, A-7, and A-8) which are over

0.5% of TOC value, none of the others recorded TOC values exceeded 0.5%.

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Figure 2. Outline geological map of Eregli-Ulukısla basin showing the locations of measured and sampling sections.

46

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Figure 3. Geochemical log illustrating TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data of the

samples from the Halkapınar Formation.

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Source Rock Characteristics of the Eregli-Ulukısla 465

Figure 4. Geochemical log illustrating TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data of the

samples from the Hasangazi Formation.

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466 N. Sonel et al.

Figure 5. HI-T-max plots of samples from Eregli-Ulukısla basin, showing exclusively

gas-prone source rocks for the Halkapınar and Hasangazi formations.

Hydrocarbon-generative potential (S1 C S2) for all the samples is low (Fig-

ure 5). S1 C S2 values range from 0.02–2.33 mg HC/g rock which have an

average S1 C S2 of 0.38 mg HC/g rock, indicating that the samples display

a poor source rock characteristic. The sample set from the Halkapınar and

Delimahmut sections have an average T-max value of 435ıC.

The average HI value for the samples from Halkapınar and Delimahmut

sections are low (54 mg HC/g TOC). OI values varying between 33 and

250 mg CO2/g TOC are interpreted as being due to weathering or mineral

matrix decomposition which elevate the S3 peak value (Espitalie, 1982). PI

values ranging from 0.09–0.21, having an average value of 0.13, imply that the

samples from Halkapınar are thermally early mature, which is in agreement

with the T-max values (Figure 3). TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data indicate

that the samples analyzed contain mainly hydrogen-poor, gas-prone Type III

kerogen.

3.1.2. Hasangazi Formation (Middle-Upper Eocene)

Nine samples from the Hasangazi Formation were collected from two dif-

ferent sections (Hasangazi: 3 and Tekneçukuru: 6 samples; Figure 2). The

results of TOC analyses and Rock-Eval data are given in Figure 4. The TOC

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Source Rock Characteristics of the Eregli-Ulukısla 467

Figure 6. Comparison of palynofacies components, mean random reflectance (Ro%)

and spore color index values of samples of the Halkapınar and Hasangazi formations.

Limits of maturation and different oil generation zones based on Ro% and SCI values,

respectively, were taken from Bordenave et al. (1993) and Bertrand et al. (1993).

values of the samples range from 0.17 to 0.51 wt% and Rock-Eval-derived

T-max values are generally between 427ıC and 436ıC, having an average

T-max value of 432ıC. In general, Rock-Eval pyrolysis yields (S1 and S2)

are low for the samples from Hasangazi (S1 up to 0.08 mg HC/g rock, S2 up

to 0.19 mg HC/g rock), and relatively high (S1 up to 0.03 mg HC/g rock, S2

up to 0.63 mg HC/g rock) for the Tekneçukuru samples. Low hydrocarbon-

generative potential (S1CS2) ranging from 0.06 to 0.64 mg HC/g rock and HI

values up to 158 mg HC/g TOC indicate that the Hasangazi samples exhibit

poor source rock potential.

A corresponding plot on the HI-T-max diagram based on the values given

by Peters (1986) indicates gas-generative potential for some of the samples

(Figure 5). S2=S3 values of the samples from the Tekneçukuru section (EK-3,

4, 5, 6, 8, 10) vary between 1.03 and 3.7, and imply that these samples contain

predominantly Type III kerogen, and the main expelled product is gas. OI

values for the Hasangazi samples range from 39–123 mg CO2 are generally

below 100 mgCO2/g rock. These relatively high OI values may result from

weathering or mineral matrix decomposition, which elevate the S3 value. PI

values higher than 0.1 and up to 0.17 indicate that the Hasangazi samples

are thermally early mature; whereas values for the Tekneçukuru samples are

lower than 0.1, indicating thermally immaturity.

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468 N. Sonel et al.

Figure 7. Gas choromatograms of n-alkanes of the Halkapınar samples.

3.2. Organic Matter Type and Maturity

The palynofacies components in the Middle-Upper Eocen kerogen (Hasangazi

Fm) are similar to those in the Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene (Halkapınar

Fm). The contents of algal and amorphous organic matter (OM) in the

Hasangazi samples range from 6 to 8%; herbaceous OM makes up 16–38%;

the woody OM contents comprise between 38–66%; while coaly OM contents

are generally between 10 and 13% (Figure 6). The algal and amorphous,

herbaceous and woody OM content in the Halkapınar samples is lower than

that in the Hasangazi samples. For example, algal and amorphous OM content

is generally less than 5%, the herbaceous OM contents are between 9–26%,

and woody OM makes up 20 to 30%. However, coaly OM contents ranging

from 50 to 70% are relatively higher than the Hasangazi samples. From these

observations, we conclude that the Upper Paleocene and Eocene kerogens are

mainly Type III. This is consistent with the results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis.

For example, S2=S3 ratios for the Halkapınar and Hasangazi samples average

0.59 and 1.39, indicating Type III, gas-prone kerogen (Clementz et al., 1979;

Peters and Cassa, 1994).

The vitrinite reflectance values of the Halkapınar samples ranging from

0.58 and 0.61% Ro imply that Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene rocks are in

the early stage of oil generation; while samples from the Hasangazi Formation

had reflectance values ranging from 0.40 to 0.44% Ro, indicating thermal

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Source Rock Characteristics of the Eregli-Ulukısla 469

Figure 8. Gas choromatograms of n-alkanes of the Hasangazi samples.

Figure 9. Isoprenoid/n-paraffin ratios indicate source-rock depositional conditions

(after Peters, 1998) (AD-3, AD-6 samples from Halkapınar Formation; EK-6 and

EK-10 samples from Hasangazi Formation), plot adapted from Lijmback (1975) and

Orr (1986).

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470 N. Sonel et al.

immaturity. These reflectance values are consistent with SCI values varying

between 3.0 and 6.0 (Figure 6).

The pristane/phytane ratio was used to determine the redox conditions

of the sediment during deposition, under the basics of gas chromatograms

(Figures 7 and 8) for correlation given at Peters (1998). The pristane/phytane

ratio in samples from Halkapınar and Hasangazi varies between 0.85 (sam-

ple AD-3) and 1.80 (sample EK-6). Ph/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18 values of the

Halkapınar and Hasangazi formations range from 1.34 to 1.86 and 0.59 to

0.85, respectively. These results indicate a transition from anoxic to oxic

depositional conditions (Figure 9).

4. CONCLUSIONS

This study has analyzed the quality of source rocks in Eregli-Ulukısla basin as

a preliminary step to understanding petroleum potential that may be available

for the other Central Anatolian basins.

Potential hydrocarbon source rocks in the Eregli-Ulukısla basin have

variable organic richnesses and maturity. Based on organic geochemical and

palynofacies analyses of the Lower Tertiary units, we conclude that:

1. Organic matter type of the samples analyzed is dominated by Type III and

Type IV kerogen.

2. TOC contents range from 0.02 to 0.73% for Upper Paleocene-Lower

Eocene (Halkali Fm) shales and vary between 0.04 to 0.53% for Middle-

Upper Eocene (Hasangazi Fm) deposits. These results indicate inadequate

to marginal source rock qualities.

3. Palynofacies components of the selected Tertiary samples are predom-

inantly terrestrial origin. In terms of maturity, Upper Paleocene-Lower

Eocene source rocks are in the early stage of oil generation, while samples

from the Middle-Upper Eocene are thermally immature.

4. The pristane/phytane ratio and Ph/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18 values for all Ter-

tiary samples correspond to a transition from anoxic to oxic depositional

conditions.

Identification and mapping of the possible source rocks distribution in

Eregli-Ulukısla basin can contribute to a better assessment of petroleum po-

tential of the other Central Anatolian basins which have similar stratigraphic

sequences.

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