Petroleum Facilites of Germany 1945 100

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PETROLEUM FACILITIES OF

0 E R MA N Y

Prepared byThe Enemy Oil Committee

for theFuels and Lub rican ts DivisionOffice of The Qua rter mas ter General

March, 1945

COPY N O .t 12 year intervals; not auto.

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Arrangements for the preparation and distributionof supplementary information pertinent to this reportare contemplated* Request is made that advices concerning corrections and useful addenda for the reportbe sent to the:Director, Fuels and Lubricants DivisionOffice of the Quartermaster GeneralWashington, D . C

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C O N T E N T S

1.0 INTRODUCTION (Page 11).1 General (p . 11) 2 S t r a t e g i e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ( p . 1 2 )e S e r F 0 r a t l < ? n 8 a g e n o i e s a n d c o m P u l 8I ' o r y

2.0 PRODUCING (Page 21).1 Summary (p. 21)Charaoter of German orude oils (p. 21).2 Strategic considerations (p. 22)3 History of development (p. 23).4 Geology of Germany (p. 25)Petroliferous distriots (p. 25)Historical geology (p. 27).5 North German oil fields (p. 33)General (p. 33)Geology (p. 33)Alte Piccardie (Georgsdorf) field (p. 41)Broistedt field (p. 42)Coevorden field (p. 43)Dalum (Lingen) field (p. 43)Eickeloh (Hademstorf) field (p. 44)Emlichheim (p. 44)Epenwflhrden North f ie ld (p . 45)EpenwOhrden South field (p. 45)Etzel oil field (p. 45)Fallstein field (p. 46)Feldbergen (M81me Extension) field (p. 47)Fuhrberg field (p. 47)Gifhorn field (p. 48)Heide field (p. 49)Hammingstedt field (p. 49)Hemmingstedt-Kanzlei field (p* 50)Hope-Lindwedel (Adolphsglueck) field (p. 50)Linden field (p. 51)Meckelfeld field (p. 52)Meldorferhafen field (p. 52)MOlme f ie ld (p . 52)Nienhagen-Hanigs en-Obers hagen-E iohl ingen f i e ld (p . 53 )Oberg f i e ld (p . 57)fllheim-BerkhOpen-Bdesse f i e l d (p. 58)Re l tbrook f i e l d (p . 59 )Rodewald (Ste imbke) f ie ld (p. 61)SohOningen f i e l d (p . 63)S o t t o r f f i e l d ( p . 6 3 )Westerholz (Wesendorf) f ie ldWie tze f i e ld (p . 65 )Other f i e l d s ( p . 67). 6 T h u r in g i an B a s i n o i l f i e l d s ( p .General (p. 67)Geology (p. 68)Volkenroda f i e l d (p . 69 ).7 Rhine Va l l ey Graben o i l f i e l d sGeneral (p. 70)Geology (p. 70)B r u c h s a l - F o r s t f i e l d ( p . 7 2 )Weiher f i e l d (p . 74 )Weingarten f i e l d (p . 74 )

(p. 64)67 )

(p. 70)

.8 B avar ian (Munich) B as in o i l f i e l d sGeneral (p. 75)Geology (p. 75)T egerns ee f i e ld (p .. 78 )S a l s b u r g , e t c . ( p . . 78 )

. 9 O i l s h a l e e x p l o i t a t i o n ( p . 8 0 )3 . 0 REFINING (P a ge 8 5).1 General (p . 85)

(p. 75)

t r a de a s s o c i a t i o n s ( p . 1 2 )

* 2 ^ "B r enntag " B renn s to f f -Ch woika l i en- und T ranspor t A .G. ( p . 89 )Deuts ch-Amer ikani s che Pe tro ieum-Geae l l s ohaf t (p . 89 )Mineralf llwerk Lich tenber g G.m.b.H. & Co ., K.G. (P. 89).3 Bremen (p. 89)Deutsohe Vacuum Oel A.G . (p. 89).4 Dolbergen (p.93)Deutsche Gasolin A.G. (p. 93J.5 DO r5e^ ?fa iis che Mineraloel- und Asphaltwerke, W.H . Schmitz K.G. (p. 93).6 Dt t"eits ch-Ame rikani sohe Petroleum-Geaellsohaft (p. 95)Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G . (P. 95)

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C O N T E N T S (C on t inu ed )3.0 REFINING (oontinued).7 Emmerioh (p. 99)Deutsohe Gasolin A.G. (p. 99).8 Hamburg (p. 100)Deutsche Petroleum A.G. (p. 100)Deutsche Vacuum Oel A.G. (p. 100)Ebaao Asphalt-Werke A.G. (p. 103)Europflische Tanklager- und Transport A.G. (Eurotank) (p. 106)

Mineralfllwerke Albreoht & Co. K.G. (p. 115)Oelwerke Julius Sohlndler G.m.b.H. (p. 115)Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G. Harburg, (p. 115)Rhenania-Osaag MineralOlwerke A.G., Grasbrook, (p. 121)Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G., Wilhelmsburg (p. 121)Ernst Sohliemann's Oelwerke (p. 121).9 Hannover (p. 125)Deurag-Nerag (Gewerksohaft Deutsche Erdfll-Raffinerie and Gewerksohaft Neue Brdfll-Raffinerie (p.125).10 Heide-Hemmingstedt (p. 131)Holsteinisohe BrdOlwerke G.m.b.H. (p. 131).11 Monheim (p. 131)Rhenania-Ossag Mineralfllwerke A.G. (p. 131).12 Ostermoor (p. 135)MineralOl und Asphaltwerke A.G. (p. 135).13 Peine (p. 135)MineralOlwerke Peine (Julius Sohindler)(p. 135).14 Regensburg (p. 135)Rhenania-Oasag MineralOlwerke A.G. (p. 135).15 Rositz (p. 137)Deutsche Petroleum A.G. (p. 137)16 Salzbergen (p. 137)ErdOl-Raffinerie Salzbergen G.m.b.H. (Ersag)(p. 137).17 Voltol lubricating oil plant, Dresden (p. 139).18 Tetra-ethyl lead plants (p. 140)DBberitz (p. 140)Nachterstedt (p. 141)4.0 SYNTHETIC OIL PRODUCTION (Page 143).1 General (p. 143).2 Principal companies (p. 144).3 Prooesses (p. 146)General (p. 146)High temperature carbonization of coal (p. 147)Low temperature oarbonization (p. 147)Hydrogenation (Bergius - I.G.)(p. 148)Hydrocarbon synthesis (Fisoher-Tropsoh) (p. 151).4 Production (p. 152)

High temperature carbonization (p. 153)Low temperature oarbonization (p. 153)Hydrogenation (Bergius)(p. 154)Hydrocarbon synthesis (Fischer-Tropsoh)(p. 156)Total production (p. 157).5 Coal consumption (p. 158).6 Individual plant descriptions (p. 159)General (p. 159)Bleohhammer North (p. 165)Blechhammer South (p. 169)Bflhlen-Rotha (p. 171)Bottrop-Welheim (p. 173)Castrop-Rauxel (p. 173)Desohowitz (p. 175)Dortmund (p. 177)Gelsenkirchen (p. 181)Holten-Sterkrade (p. 183)Homberg (p. 185)Eamen (p. 186)Leuna (p. 190)Lutzkendorf (191)Magdeburg (p. 193)POlitz (p. 200)Ruhland-Schwarzheide (p. 201)Scholven (p. 205)Wanne Eiokel (p. 206)Weaseling (p. 209)Zeitz-TrOglitz (p. 212)

5.0 DISTRIBUTING (Page 217).1 Introduction (p. 217).2 Consumption (p. 217)General (p. 217)Industrial and oivilian consumption of liquid petroleum products in Germany during 1943 (p. 217)Summary of estimated consumption 1943 as oompared to 1938 (p. 221).3 Supplies (p. 224).4 Substitute fuels - liquid (p. 225)General (p. 225)-4


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C O N T E N T S (C o n t in u e d )5.0.4

.5

6

.7

.8

9.10.11

.126.0

DISTRIBUTING (continued)Substitute fuels - liquid (oontinued)Aloohol (p. 225)Benzol (p. 226)Liquid gas (p. 226)Substitute fuels - solid and gaseous (p. 228)General (p. 228)Bffielenoy of substitute driven vehicles (p. 229)Production and distrib ution of solid and gaseous substitute fuels in Germany (p. 229)consumption of solid and gaseous substitute fuels in 1943 (p. 230)Private mot or vehicles using solid and gaseous substitute fuels (p. 231)Busse s using.solid and gaseous substitute fuels (p. 231)Truoks using solid and gaseous substitute fuels (p. 231)The use of generator motors on railroads (p. 232)The use of generator moto rs in shipping (p. 232)The use of generators in agriculture (p. 232)The use of substitute fuels in industry (p. 233)Transportat ion (p. 233)General (p. 233)Inland waterways (p. 235)Oil transportation (p. 236)Ocean terminals (p. 239)General (p, 239)Cuxhaven (p. 41)Bmden (p. 243)Elbe River terminals - Hamburg, Schulau, Stade (p. 243)Kais er Wilhelm (Kiel) Canal, Brflnsbuttel, Flemhude, Kiel , Ostermoor. Rendsburg, Sohaftstedt (p.258)Stettin (p. 263)Weser River te rminals - Blexen, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Einswarden, Farge and Nordenham (p.265)Wilhelmshaven (p. 271)Strategio storage (p. 273)General (p. 273)Aohim (p. 281)Bleckede {p. 282)Ouxhayen - Nordholz (p. 283)Derben (p. 283)Farge (p. 285)Flemhude (p. 285)Freiham (p. 285)Hitzaoker (p. 287)Kiel (p. 288)Neuburg (p. 288)(Pienburg (p. 289)Oldendorf (p. 290)r T P .SwinemQnde (p. 291)Stassfurt (p. 291)Wilhelmshaven (p. 291)Interior bulk plants (p. 293)Distributing companies (p. 293)Government control and rationing (p. 296)Official and semi-official agencies (p. 296)Allocations and rationing (p. 302)Miscellaneous regulations (p. 306)Allocation and distribution of substitute fuels (p. 308)Summary of bulk storage I'aoilities (p. 309)

APPENDICES (Page 346)Appendix 1 - Conversion factors used in this report (p. 346)Appendix 2 - Analyses of German orude oils (p. 347)Appendix 3 - German crude oil analyses (p. 348)Appendix 4 Analyses of Rodewald crude (p. 349)Appendix 5 - Analyses of Oberg orude (p. 350)Appendix 6 - Analyses of Reitbrook crude (p. 350)Appendix 7 - German firms specializing in oil field drilling equipment (p. 351)Appendi x 8 - Plants engaged in the regeneration of used lubrioants (p. 352)Appendix 9 - W.I. F.O. branch offices and personnel (p. 353) f .Appendi x 10 - Definitely oonfirmed W.I.F.O. Aussenstellen (branoh offices) in Germany (p. 354)Appendi x 11 - Sources of port and harbor maps for Germany (p. 355)Appendix 12 - Jurisdiction of the Reiohsstelle fttr MineralOl (p. 356) , , _ , , , Appendix 13 - Internal organization of the Mineral Oil Economy division in the Ministry ofBeonamios (p. 357)Appendix 14 - Internal organization of the Reichsstelle fur MineralOl (Reioh Board for Mineral Oil)and its personnel (p. 358)ADDendix 15 - Organization and leaders of the oil groups (p. 359)tnnendix 16 - Materials to be regarded as lubrioants (p. 363)AOTendix 17 - Jurisdiction of various steering boards for the allocation of lubrioants (p. 364)Appendix 18 - Distributing boards for bitumen (p. 366)

INDEX (Page 367)

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L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S

Page10 Map showing principal roads of Germany26 Oi l re gi on s of Germany28 Map showing d i s t r i b u t i o n of s a l t domes in North ern Germany32 Map showing o i l f ie ld s of Nort hwes tern Europe34 Generalized str at ig ra ph io sec tio n of Northwestern Germany36 Ske tch map of No rth weste rn Germany showing known s a l t domes and fold axes37 Types of German s a l t domes38 Sei smi c re fr ac ti on map of Nort hwe stern Germany40 Geologioal cr os s- se ct io n through th e Subherzynian basi n42 Sketch of th e Alte Pic car die (G eorgsdor f)oil fi el d44 Sketc h of th e Dalum (Lingen) o i l fi e l d46 Sketoh of the Etzel o il fi el d47 Sketoh of th e Fuhrberg o i l f ie ld48 Sketch of the Gifhorn f i e l d50 Map showing o i l fi e l d s a t Hemmingstedt, SpenwOhrden and Meldorf51 Cro ss- sect ion of the Hope-Lindwedel o i l fie ld const ructe d from wel l rec ords53 Genera lized map of th e Nienhagen-Obershagen o i l fi el d54 Nienhagen o i l fi el d55 Pa rt ly schematic seotion through the Nienhagen o il fi el d56 Sketch of Hanigsen o i l f ie ld57 Sketc h of Oberg-MOlme o i l f i e l d s59 Seo tion through the Qlheim-Odesse o i l f ie ld60 R eitbrook oi l fi el d62 Rodewald (Steimbke) oil field62 Cross-section of the Rodewald oil field63 Cross-seotion through the Sottorf salt dome64 Westerholz (Wessendorf) oil field66 Sketch of Wietze oil field66 Geological cross-seotion through the Wietze oil field71 Sections through Rhein Valley Graben oil fields, Baden, Germany73 The fault structure of the Rhine Valley Graben75 Map showing location of Weingarten oil field77 Map showing magnetic axes, Bavarian Basin, Germany"7 Sketoh map showing the geologioal setting of the Munich Basin, deep wells and shows of oil and gas79 Well logs, Bavarian Basin84 Mac showing locations of petroleum refineries and specialty plants of Germany90 Refinery, Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum-Gesellschaft, Berlin91 Layout plan of refinery, Deutsche Vaouum Oel A.G., Bremen (Oslebshausen)95 Location map, refining facilities, Dttsseldorf area96 Refinery, Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum-Gesellschaft, DOsseldorf97 Refinery, Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G. and R.W.E. Power station, Dttsseldorf-Reisholz100 Location map, refinery of Deutsohe Gasolin A.G., Emmerich101 Layout plan of refineries, Deutsche Vaouum Oel A.G. and Deutsch-Amerikanisohe Petroleum-Gesellschaft,Sohulau (near Hamburg)105 Plan of Sbano Asphalt-Werke A.G., Harburg (Hamburg)108 Layout plan of refinery, EuropSische Tanklager und Transport A.G. (Eurotank), Neuer Petroleumhafen,Hambur111 Flowsheet of topping cracking and reforming units, refinery of EuropSische Tanklager und Transport, NeuerPetroleumhafen, Hamburg112 Flowsheet of sweetener and agitator plants, refinery of Europflische Tanklager und Transport, NeuerPetroleumhafen, Hamburg113 Flowsheet of reoovery and stabilization plants, refinery of Europfiische Tanklager und Transport, NeuerPetroleumhafen, Hamburg116 Map showing petroleum facilities, Wilhelmsburg & Neuhof areas, Hamburg117 Map showing petroleum facilities, Grasbrook area, Hamburg118 Refinery of Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G., Harburg (Hamburg)120 Refinery, Rhenania-Ossag Mineral8lwerke A.G., Hamburg-Grasbrook123 Refineries of Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G. and Deutsche Petroleum A.G., Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg124 Map showing refining facilities, Hannover area127 Refineries of Gewerkschaft Neue Erdfll Raffinerie (Nerag) and Gewerksohaft Deutsche ErdOl Raffinerie(Deurag), Misburg (Near Hannover)129 Flowsheet of various installations, refinery of Nerag & Deurag, Misburg132 Refinery and oil mine, Holsteinische ErdOlwerke A.G., Heide-Hemmingstedt133 Refinery, Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G., Monheim135 Refinery of MlneralOl u. Asphaltwerke, Ostermoor136 L.T.C. plant and refinery, Deutsche Petroleum A.G., Rositz138 Plan of ErdOl Raffinerie Salzbergen (Ersag), Salzbergen139 Location map, Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G., Freital141 Tetra-ethyl lead plant, I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., DOberitz142 Map showing locations of synthetic plants, Germany149 Simplified flow diagram of typical 2-stage hydrogenation plant150 Bergius hydrogenation, simplified flowsheet for plants operating on brown coal and bituminous coal151 Fischer-Tropsch prooess, simplified flowsheet for a plant operating on hard coal161 Location map of synthetic plants, Western Ruhr area162 Location map of synthetic plants, Leipzig area163 Looation map of synthetic plants and petroleum refinery, Central Ruhr area164 Looation map of hydrogenation plants, Oberschlesisohe Hydrierwerke A.G., Blechhammer North and BlechhammeSouth, Silesia166 Hydrogenation plant, Oberschlesisohe Hydrierwerke A.G., Blechhanmer North, Silesia168 Hydrogenation plant, Oberschlesisohe Hydrierwerke A.G., Blechhammer South, Silesia

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and Figures (continued)PageISlit ppas as.^xx

plant, Rheinpreussen G.m.b.H., Hombergi 2 Jischer-Tropsoh and hydrogenation plant, Wintershall A.G., Ltttzkendorf (near Mflohlen)194 Hydrogeiiation pl an t, Braunkohle-Benzin A.G. (Brabag), Magdeburg

a t i o n,E **? nydrogenatlon plant of Braunkohle-Benzin A.G. (Brabag)MagdeburR198 Hydrogenation pl an t, Hydrierwerke Pf ll itz A.G., PO11tz Hsimgasourg199 Location map, Hydrierwerke POlit z, A.G. POlitzf lo ca ti on map, Fischer-Tropsoh plant of Braunkohle-Benzin A.G. (Brabag), Ruhland-Schwarzheide203 Flscher-Tropach pl an t, Braunkohle-Benzin A.G.. (Brabag), Ruhland-Schwarzheide204 Hydrogenatlon pl an t, Hydrierwerke Scholven A.G., Soholven207 Fischer-Tropsch pla nt , Krupp Treibstoffwerke G.m.b.H., Wanne-Elckel210 Looation map, hydrogenation plant o f Union Rheinische Braunkohlen-Kraftstoff A.G., Weaseling211 Hydrogenation plant of Union Rheinische Braunkohlen-Kraftstoff A.G. Wessellng213 Hydrogenation pl an t, Braunkohle-Benzin A.G. (Brabag), Zeitz -TrBg litz214 Looation map, chemical pl an t, synthet io o i l and rubber experimental station of I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G.,Ludwigshafen216 Map showing principal inland waterways and rai lways of Germany234 Inland waterways of Germany240 Location map showing Grman North Sea ports and Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, bulk terminal and bunkering points242 Map showing petroleum f a c i l i t i e s Cuxhaven242 Plan of strategic storage plant, Nordholz243 Map showing lo ca ti on of probable Naval storage at Emden246 Map showing petroleum f a c i l i t i e s of the Hamburg area248 Map of petroleum f a c i l i t i e s Neuer Petroleumhafen area, Hamburg250 Layout plan of ooean terminal, Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum-Gesel lsohaft, Neuer Petroleumhafen, Hamburg251 Bulk plant, "Olex" Deutsche Benzin- und Petroleum- G.m.b.H., Neuer Petroleumhafen, Hamburg252 Ocean term inal , EuropBische Tanklager und Transport A.G. (Eurotank), Neuer Petroleumhafen, Hamburg253 Ocean termin al, At lant io Refining C o., G.m.b.H., Hamburg-Grasbrook254 Ocean terminal, Deutsohe BrdSl A.G., Neuhof area , Hamburg255 Sketch plan o f o i l storage plant, Kohlenschiffhaven, Hamburg255 Sketch plan of unidentified o i l storage plant, Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg256 Map showing of petroleum facilitie s of Harburg (Hamburg) area258 Location map and de ta il plan of ooean terminal, MineralOlwerke Stade, Andresen, Tafel & Co., K.G.t Stade260 Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, ooean terminal fa c il i ti e s261 Flemhude Naval o i l storage263 Looation map, port of Stettin264 Ocean term inal , Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum-Gesellschaft,265 Ooean terminal fa c i l i t i e s Bremerhaven (Wesemunde) area267 Looation map, ooean terminal f a c i l i t i e s Brake268 Location map of strategio storage terminal, Farge269 Looation map, petroleum f a c i l i t i e s Bremen270 Map showing ocean terminal fa c i l i t i e s Wilhelmshaven274 Map showing strateg io storage fa o i l l t i e s , Western Germany278 Types of German storage tanks282 Map showing st ra tegi o storage plant , Achim283 Sketoh plan of strategio storage plant, Bleckede284 Sketch plan of strategio storage plant at Derben

Stettin

286 Sketoh plan of strategic storage plant a t Freiham (Unter Pfaffenhofen)287 Sketoh map of strategic storage plant a t Hitzaoker289 Sketch map of strategic plant a t Neuburg a. D. (Unterhausen)29 Sketch map of strategio storage plant at Oldendorf3300 Bulk plant? 01ex Duts329 Map showing petroleum storage points of Germany 3 2 B ^ k i t S ? 6 ^01ex-XutscL liBe inzin-9Sinpetroleum-G.m.b.H.,30 Bulk plant? "01exw Deutsche Benzin- und Petroleum-G.m.b.H.,X L i i 9 S i nSIII Sap showing petroleum facilities, Dusseldorf area

_ , .Breslau-Woischwitzken a. D. Blbe

S I ^ ^ a S S i S * ! S 2 S S ^ 2 S ? a Petroleum-G.m.b.H., K6ln-BraunsfeldS? Bulk S S t ! "Olex" Deutsche Benzin- und Petroleum-G.m.b.H., Lubeck340 Map showing petroleum f a c u l t i e s Magdeburg >,


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Table s and Charts (Continued)Page

81 Shale o i l plants82 Produ ction of the German o i l fi e ld s85 German re fin in g ac ti v it y pr ior to 193886 Pr inc ipa l German petroleum r ef in er ie s95 D et ai ls of Tankage, Rhenania-Ossag Mineralfllwerke A.G., Dflsseldorf121 D et ai ls of tan kag e, Rhenania-Ossag MinerslOlwerke A.G ., Grasbrook (Hamburg)128 Tankage l i s t , Nerag lube o i l refin er y, 1939130 "Nerag" lube o i l plan t produ ction ( ba sis 1939 pr oje ots c om ple ted ), Misburg, Hannover, Germany137 D et ai ls of tankage , Rhenania-Ossag Mineralslwerke A.G., Regensburg152 Dis trib utio n of products In Fischer-Tropsch pro oess , synth etic crude o i l153 Liquid fu el s and lub rioa nts ref ined from high temperature ta rs154 Liquid fu el s and lub ric an ts re fined from low temperature ta r s155 Annual ca pa cit ies of hydrogenation plant s156 Hydrocarbon syn the sis (Fischer-Trop sch) p la nt s, annual cap acity of primary products157 Hydrocarbon syn th esis produ cts157 Estimated annual production of finished products by German synthetio oil plants as of January 1, 1944and without allowances for war damage to plants160 Syhthetlo oil plants in Germany165 Details of tankage, Bleohhammer North171 Details of tankage, BOhlen-Rotha175 Details of tankage, Desohowitz177 Details of tankage, Dortmund181 Details of tankage, Gelsenkirchen185 Details of tankage, Homberg187 Details of tankage, Kamen197 Details of tankage, Magdeburg200 Details of tankage, POlitz206 Details of tankage, Soholven209 Details of tankage, Wessellng212 Details of tankage, Zeitz-TrOglitz215 Important German benzol plants221 Estimated Industrial and civilian consumption of liquid fuels and lubrioants in Germany, 1943221 Estimated Industrial and civilian consumption of liquid fuels and lubricants in Germany, 1938222 Prewar imports of petroleum produots, Germany223 Prewar exports of petroleum products, Germany524 Estimated annual production on 1943 basis525 Alcohol consumption as motor fuel227 List of German steel bottle manufacturers with symbols228 Characteristics of solid generator fuels230 Estimated number of motor vehicles in Germany using gaseous and solid substitute fuel as of July 1943231 Estimated quantities of light fuels saved by the use of gaseous and solid fuels in Germany, 1943243 Details of tankage, Cuzhaven-Nordholz243 Details of tankage, Emden245 Summary of terminal tankage at Hamburg249 Summary of terminal tankage at Neuer Petroleumhafen257 Details of tankage, Stade259 Details of tankage, Ostermoor259 Details of tankage, Schaftstedt259 Details of tankage, Rendsburg261 Details of tankage, Flemhude262 Details of tankage, Kiel263 D.A.P.G. terminal tankage, St et ti n265 Rhenania-Ossag term inal tankage, St e tt in266 Estim ated tankag e, Bremerhaven266 De tai ls of tankage, Blezen267 D et ail s of tankag e, Brake268 D eta ils of tankag e, Farge271 Oil storage installations, Wilhelmshaven271 D et ail s of tanka ge, Sande272 De tai ls of tankag e, Tirpitzhaven272 D et ail s of tankage , Hipperhafen273 De ta ils of tankag e, Torpedobootshafen275 S ta t i s t i c a l summary of s trat eg io bulk s torage fa c i l i t i e s280 Iden t i f i ed major s tr ate g ic reserve s torage ins ta l lat ion s282 Summary of sto ra ge tank age, Achim283 Summary of ta nk ag e, Blec kede284 Summary of esti m ate d tan kag e, Derben286 Summary of est ima ted stor age tank age, Freiham291 To tal Tankage, Oldendorf292 Marketing s t a t i s t i c s of the lead ing o il companies in Germany, 1938297 Organ ization diagram of the in st it u ti on s c on tr oll in g "the o i l in dus try in Germany299 Organization of groups oonnected with o i l prod uction and dist rib ut ion303 The system con tro llin g the wartime di st ri bu ti on of motor fu el in Germany305 Lis t of ind ust rial users and their steer in g boards310 St at i s t i ca l summary of s torage fa ci l i t i e s

Photographs92 View look ing e a st , r ef in er y of Deutsche Vaouum Oel A.G ., Bremen (Oslebshausen)92 View of Deutsche Vacuum Oel A.G. refin er y, Bremen (Osleb shau sen), from power sta ti on lookin g nor the asttoward storage tanks

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Photographs (Continued)Page

94 View of d i s t i l l a t i o n sec tio n, ref ine ry of Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum -Gesellsohaft , Dtlsseldorf98 View loo kin g no rt he as t, re fi ne ry of Rhenanla-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G., Reish olz (near Dtlsseldorf)102 View loo king so ut he as t, re fi n er ie s of Deutsche Vacuum Oel A.G. and Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum -Ge se lls ch af t, Schulau (near Hamburg)104 View loo king n or th , re fi ne ri es of Bbano Asphalt-Werke A.G. (in foreground) and Rhenania-Ossag MineralOlwerke A. G. at Harburg (Hamburg)107 View looking n ort h, va r iou s p rocess ing un it s, "Eurotank" ref ine ry, Neuer Petroleumhafen, Hamburg110 View loo kin g so uth , oraokin g and Lachman p la n t, "Burotank" refi ne ry , Neuer Petroleumhafen, Hamburg114 View look ing so ut he as t, rundown tan ks and sto rag e tan ks , "Eurotank" refi ne ry , Neuer Petroleumhafen, Hamburg119 View loo kin g ea s t, ref in ery of Rhenania-Ossag MineralBlwerke A.G., Hamburg-Grasbrook119 View lo ok in g so ut h, r ef in er y of Rhenan ia-Ossag MineralOlwerke A.G ., Hamburg-Harburg122 R ef in er ie s of R henania-O ssag MineralS lwerke A.G. and Deutsohe Petroleum A.G. at Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg126 Views of Nerag and Deurag re fi n er y , Misburg (n ear Hannover)134 Re fin ery of Rhenania-Os sag MineralOlwerke A.G ., Monheim, nea r Dusseldorf167 A er ia l view of hyd roge natio n p la n t, Oberso hlesische H ydrierwerke A.G., Blechhammer North (near Cosel)179 A er ia l view of Fischer- Trop sch pl an t, Hoesch Benzin G.m.b.H., Dortmund195 View of hydro gen atio n Dlant of Braun kohle-B enzin A.G. (Brabag) Magdeburg199 A eri al photo of Hydrierwerke PSl i tz A.G. , PBl i tz210 Ae rial photograph of Wesseling in st al la t i o n , dated 1941244 View of Neuer Pet roleu mh afen , Hamburg294 Serv ice s ta t i o n on autobahn ne ar Hannover294 Ser vic e st at io n on autobahn nea r Hrmsdorf295 Ser vic e st at io ns on autobahn near Michendorf295 .Service stat ion on autobahn near Hienberg


11/33

10 - INTRODUCTIONGerman road map


12/33

INTRODUCTION - 11GeneralPETROLEUM F A C I L IT IE S OF GERLCANY

1 . 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N

1.1 GENERALScope.- The purpose of this report is to describe briefly all of the significant aspects of the petroleum economy of Germany and of the more important petroleum installations in that country. For this purpose, Germany is defined as thatarea lying within the boundaries of Germany prior to the 1938 Anschluss. It,therefore, excludes Austria, Sudetenland, Danzig and other occupied territories.A map of the area appears on page 10 , and maps also appear elsewhere in the report.The difficulties inherent in the wartime preparation of any such comprehensivereport on an enemy country are augmented by the fact that for several years priorto the war and as her military preparations increased, Germany endeavored to conceal many of the activities and developments of her important industries. Foreignobservers were severely restricted and transmittal of information subjected tostrict censorship. Thus, many of the officially published statistics are open toquestion and even prewar reports submitted to American and British companies bytheir, more or less autonomous, German subsidiaries were considerably restrictedas to content.The German industrial organization is extensive and complex and analysis ofthe petroleum industry is rendered more difficult by the tremendous expansion ofthe synthetic oil program and the multitudinous interrelations that exist in varying degrees between the petroleum, coal, chemical, and other industries. Thus,while it is possible to present the broad outlines of the German petroleum economy,at many points definite details are lacking. Many of the figures contained inthis report are, of necessity, estimates, and while they have been carefully compiled, giving weight to all available evidence, they should be used with that qualification in mind.Imports and exports.- Prior to the war the major part of Germany's petroleumrequirements were imported, mostly from the Americas. Imports in 1935 amounted tosomething like 28,270,000 barrels (a) , and in 1938 exceeded 36,650,000 barrels, apart of which, no doubt, was stock-piled as a war reserve. Until these sources alsowere denied them, the Germans imported some quantities from Rumania and Hungary andstill obtain small quantities from Austria. German petroleum exports were naturally small, but even after the start of the war she did manufacture and export considerable quantities of high grade and special lubricating oils. These small-volume high-value products provided a convenient source of foreign exchange.Production.- Although for a number of years Germany has carried on intensivesearch for petroleum deposits within her boundaries, discoveries have been limitedand production is meager. Annual indigenous production was almost doubled between1937 and 1944, but it still amounts to only about 700,000 metric tons (5,000,000barrels) and any sudden large increase appears doubtful. Much of the German crude,however, is suitable for the manufacture of lubricating oil.Refining - Prior to the wa r Germany had some 30 major refineries, plus an unknown' numbe'r^of minor plants, operating on indigenous and imported supplies. Sincepprmanv's crude production was small and much of her requirements were imported ina finished or semi-finished state, cracking plants are not numerous and many of therefineries are, in reality, only rerunning or lubricating oil-treating plants.Svnthetic production.- The outstanding feature of Germany's oil economy hasbeen the rapid development of her synthetic production. There are 20 major syn

a ) " ^ r e v e r the word "barrels" appears in this report, a barrel of 42 U. S.gallons is meant.


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12 - INTRODUCTIONStrategic considerations

thetic oil plants within Germany, having an estimated aggregate annual productioncapacity of over 4,225,000 metric tons (29,575,000 barrels) of products. Thesecostly plants rely largely on coal as a source of raw material and, though the finished products are extremely expensive from orthodox commercial viewpoints, theyconstitute the major supplies of aviation and motor gasoline for the armed forces.Distributing.- In normal times the civilian and industrial consumption of petroleum products in Germany was large, amounting to something like 7,000,000 metric

tons or approximately 54,000,000 barrels per year. Distributing companies servingthis demand were numerous, though some 60 per cent of the total trade was held byfive or six large companies.Bulk storage facilities were plentiful and tank cars, bulk barges, trucks andgasoline stations were of modern design. Large quantities of bulk products weremoved by barges on the extensive system of inland waterways.

1.2 STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONSThe vital strategic importance of oil production, oil supplies, and oil handling facilities hardly need be reiterated here. That this importance is universallyappreciated is demonstrated by the supreme efforts the Germans have expended to

build and protect both their natural and synthetic oil production and attendantfacilities, regardless of cost, and the high priority enjoyed by these installationsas targets for Allied bombers.The highest strategic importance is held by the synthetic plants which constitute the greatest present source of aviation and motor gasoline for the German armedforces. Since total refinery capacity exceeds Germany's small indigenous crude production, petroleum refineries are of somewhat secondary strategic importance.All German synthetic plants and refineries have been severely bombed and havesustained considerable damage, but these plants have not proved to be quite as vulnerable targets as was anticipated. It is very difficult to completely knock outsuch plants and the Germans have demonstrated an unusual ability to rehabilitatethem and keep them in at least partial operation.Bulk storage plants have also proven difficult to completely destroy and thoughmuch tankage has been damaged, bulk plants are numerous and no shortage of storageis likely to exist. Furthermore, most of Germany's strategic reserve stocks areheld in buried tanks, especially constructed for the purpose, and which are exceedingly difficult targets. Reserve stocks are believed to have now been largely depleted, however.Germany's supplies of tank barges, railway tank cars, trucks, as well as otherequipment such as pumps and spare parts for refineries, were considerably augmentedby loot from occupied countries. However, the Allies have systematically attackedthe transportation systems and rolling stock and the amount of available equipmentis decreasing. How much will remain in usable condition upon Allied occupation ofthe country is open to question. While rail lines can often be repaired quickly,

canals, which in Europe carry large quantities of freight, are rendered useless forconsiderably longer periods by the destruction of their locks.1.3 GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS, AGENCIES AND COMPULSORY TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

Below are listed the more important Government agencies regulating or participating in the oil economy of the country. As is the German practice, many of theofficial agencies are organized as juristic individuals under corporate law, andoften membership or participation in these organizations or corporations is compulsory upon all firms engaged in a particular business or industry. Detailed information concerning these and other official bureaus, cartels and trade associations,and also laws, official standards, statistics, etc., will be found in the Jahrbuchder Deutschen Mineralolwirtschaft by Karl-Heindrich V. Thiimen and printed by Naturkunde und Technik Verlag Fritz Knapp of Frankfurt a. Main.


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INTRODUCTION - 13Government Corporations

Mlneralfll.- This bureau which appears to be a part of thee r l u m!? (Ministry of Economics), is subordinate to the topm a * l n S agencies of the German Government, the Vierjahresplan (Four Year*?T s n e d b y H e r m a S k.4 Coring and the Reichministerium fflr Rflstung und Kriegsproauktlon (Ministry of Armament and War Production), headed by Dr. Speer, in whichis concentrated complete control of all industrial production. The main functionor xne Reichsstelle fflr MineralOl is the administration of the rationing system inaxs broad aspects and supervision of the whole field of distribution and consumption. In this it acts in close consultation and cooperation with the industriall o n s ' t n e it S Principal one of which, as far as liquid fuel is concerned, beingthe Wirtschaftsgruppe KraftstoffIndustrie, membership in which is compulsory.

Wirtschartsgruppe KraftstoffIndustrie. Berlin NW 7, Dorotheenstrass 35. Thisindustry association, membership in which is compulsory, was formed under government order in 1936, and covers a wide range of liquid fuels and lubricants andtheir by-products whether derived from crude oil, coal, or other sources. Its interests lie mainly in the production of liquid fuels and lubricants and not intheir marketing.Fachgruppe (Technical Branch) : Minerals!. 35 Tiegartenstrasse 12a, Berlin W,a sub-section of the Reichsgruppe Handel, is concerned with the marketing of petroleum products and is divided into three Fachuntergruppen:Flachuntergruppe 1: "Mineralfll und Mineralfllerzeugnisse" consisting of largeimporting and exporting firms dealing in mineral oil products. Headquarters, Berlin

W.9, Tirpitzufer 26.Fachuntergruppe 2: "Treibstoffgrosshandel" which is an association of allwholesale dealers in liquid fuels and through its associated organization "Uniti"Vereinigung deutscher Betriebstoff-Grosshfindler e.V. Headquarters, Berlin-Britz,Rudowerstrasse 82-83.Fachuntergruppe : "Schmierglgrosshandel". association of large lubricatingoil concerns which Is closely associated with the Reichsverband des deutscherMineralOlhandels e.V. with office at Berlin-Britz, Rudowerstrasse 82-83.Since the outbreak of the war , the activities and effectiveness of these tradefederations of marketing interests have been considerably reduced by the establishment by the government of a central marketing authority, or pool organization, andthe strict rationing of civilian consumption.Zentralbflro fttr Minerals! G.m.b.H.- All actual distribution and marketing iscentralized In thTi~wartime pool organization. All production of liquid fuels andlubricants must be sold to this bureau which is responsible for the distribution ofthese products to military and civilian users in accordance with established quotas.Wirtschaftliehe ForeChungs G.m.b.H.- Berlin, Behrenstrasse 43. This is anofficial corporation, usually referred to as the WIFO, organized for the purpose of


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14 - INTRODUCTIONOil companies

ploitation of all captured oil resources. This has been done under the aegis ofKontinentalol A.G.This company, whose headquarters are in Berlin, was formed under State direction and encouragement by the following concerns:

Borussia Beteiligungs G.m.b.H., BerlinBraunkohlen Benzin A.G-., BerlinDeutsche Erdol A.G., BerlinGewerkschaft Elwerath, HannoverI.Or. Farbenindustrie, Frankfort-MainPreussische Bergwerks & Hutten A.G., BerlinWintershall A.G-., Kassel

and leading German banking houses.The board of directors is made up of representatives of these companies andpolitical appointees, and the chairman of the Board's working committee is Dr. E.R.Fischer. The company's articles of incorporation are broadly framed to allow itsparticipation in any branch of the industry from crude production to refining,transportation and distribution, and while it is essentially a holding company, italso takes an aotive part in all these activities in subjugated countries.German interests in Rumanian oil companies increased during the course of thewar from less than 1 per cent of the total capital of Rumanian oil companies toownership or control of nearly sixty per cent, and Kontinentalol A.G., is theagency which supervises and seeks to increase those interests.A subsidiary of Kontinentalol A.G. was founded in Bulgaria in October, 1942,with a capital of 1-1/2 million leva. The company was called Mineralol A. G. th ename Kontinental could not be used as there was already a company registered underthat name in Bulgaria. Mineralol A.G. controlled all imports into Bulgaria, thoughan association of Bulgarian oil companies, Oleinfuhr Zentrale Bulgarische A.G. ,actually purchased the products and arranged transport.In France, Kontinentalol A.G. seized equipment from a number of French refin

eries. It attempted to conceal, under its commercial guise, its political functionof obtaining the maximum of loot and considerable pressure was brought to bear onthe owners of French properties, or their agents, to sign commercial agreementsassenting to removal of equipment.In Poland the Beskiden Oil Company, also a Kontinentalol A.G. subsidiary, wasformed for the exploitation of Polish oil fields. This company was later replacedby the Karpathen Oil Company, whose activities in the field of production covered,not only Poland, but the occupied Ukraine.Other similar, but smaller, companies have been formed for production, importand distribution in other European countries, where there were not already Germaninterests to operate the newly-acquired resources or markets.

1.4 OIL COMPANIES

A list of important German oil companies appears on pages 18 to 20. 'While it isbelieved to include all of the more important oil companies operating in Germanybefore the war, there may be others that should now be included. Also, this Ii3tdoes not include a large number of small concerns of local importance who were engaged in various phases of the oil business. Information in considerable detailconcerning all companies may be found in the yearbook entitled "Handbuch der Internationalen Petroleum-Industrie", published by Finanz Verlag G.m.b.H., Berlin C2 .Foreign companies operating in Germany did so through German subsidiaries.Data concerning the principal subsidiaries controlled by American and British interests are given below. Under each parent company its German subsidiaries are listedalphabetically with a brief description.


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INTRODUCTION - 15O i l c o m p a n i e s1 3 i n c e t n e w a r^ L ^ foreign-owned companies have been permitted toG e r m a n m a n a g e r s w i t n t n ea ppo inted co mmiss io ner^ ^ supervision of S tatemiss io ner^ 6 1 " ^

A ng lo-I ran ian O il Company Lt d. - London, EnglandhTe Benzin-und Petroleum G.m.b.H.-L uth ers t ras se 61-66 , Be r l in , SchSnebergg - I r a n i a n O i l C o. L t d . , 100%M arketin o m .ngg off a la l ll petroleupetroleum p r o d u c t sp r o d u c t s .P e r s o n n l G b iKejr Prewar Personnel: 00. Gubisch, F . M uller-J ahn , w. Ch arp ent ier . All Germanc i t i z e n s ( a j

The A t la n t i c Ref in ing Company - Ph i lad elp h ia , Pa .Name: The A t l a n t i c Re fin in g Company of Germany, G .m.b.H.Head Of fi ce : Lange Miihren 9, Hamburg 1Ownership: Atlantic Refining Co., 100%Bus iness : B lending and market ing of lu b r i ca n ts .Ke Prewar Pe rso nn el: Will iam C. Fr ys ing er , Manager, U. S. c i t iz e n now inPetroleum Administration for War, Washington, D. C.S u b s id ia ri e s : Sc hl af ho rst Chemische Werke G.m.b.H. The A tl an ti c Refinin g Companyof Germany, G.m.b.H. owns this small lubricating oil blending and greaseworks a t Georgswaederdamm 2 , Hamburg.Name: Allgem eine Oe l-Hand els G.m.b.H. (O elh ag ). The A tl a n ti c Refinin g Companyowns a t h i r d i n t e r e s t .Head O ffi ce : M ittelw eg 38, Hamburg 13 .Business: Oil handling and marketing company.

Gulf Oi l Company - P i t t sb ur g , Pa .Name: M asch ineno el-Im port G.m.b.H.Head O ff ice : Glo cke ngie sse nva ll 1 "K lost erb urg ", Hamburg 1Ownership: Gulf Oil Company, 100%B u s i n e s s : D i s t r i b u t i n g o f p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s , e s p e c i a l l y l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s .Key Prew ar Pe rs on ne l: G. Ad. Rahe, Di re c to r, Wacholderweg 13 , Hamburg 1.

The Pure O il Company - Chicago, 111 .Name: Oelwerke Julius Schindler G.m.b.H.Head O ff ic e: Hohe Bl ei ch en 28 , Hamburg 36Ow nership: The Pure O il Company 49%. U n ti l December 1938 the ot he r 51% i n t e r e s twas he ld by Mr. J u li u s Sc hin dle r of Hamburg. In December 1938 Mr. Sc hi nd le r,in co nform ity wit h a dec ree by the German government, was ob lig at ed to l i q u i date a l l of his pro pe rty , both re a l and pe rso na l , held in Germany. In conformi t y wit h th i s d ec ree , Mr. Sc hin dle r in th at month sold 52.94% of his 51%e q u it y in "Oelw erke" to Gew erkschaft Neue Er do el Ra ff in er ie (Nerag) of HannoTOThe l a t t e r was given an op tio n on the rem ainin g 47.06% of Mr. Sc hin dle r 1 sequi ty , which presumably was exerc ised . (b) .B u s i n e s s : R e f in i n g and d i s t r i b u t i n g l u b r i c a n t s . P r i n c i p a l r e f i n e r y l o c a t e d i n" Hamburg and a sm alle r one a t P ei ne .In) In l i s t i n g the ind iv i du als who have been ass oci a te d wi th the var ious o i lcompanies i t should be understood t h at th ese in di vi du al s may be looked tofo r in fo rma t ion o f poss ib le va lue in the i r r e spec t ive f i e ld s , bu t in so fa r a sconc erns the non-Americans no im pl ic at io n should be drawn as to t h e i rD o l i t i c a l s ym p ath ie s o r a f f i l i a t i o n s .(K) Mr Sc hi nd le r die d December 29, 1941 at Great N eck , Long I s la nd . I t i s under stoo d th at M rs. Sc hin dle r and her son, Gustave Sc hin dle r , now re si de inNew York C it y .


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16 - INTRODUCTIONOil companies

Shell Group - London, EnglandName: Rhenania-Ossag Mineralolwerke, A.G.Head Office: Shellhaus, Alsterufer 4-5, Hamburg.Ownership: Royal Dutch Shell group, 100$Business: Refining and marketing of all petroleum productsKey Prewar Personnel: Hamburg (Head office): Dr. Erich Boeder, General ManagingDirector, German; Fr. Haecker, Managing Director, German; L. de Laporte,

Managing Director, German. Monheim Refinery: Dr. Meyering, Refinery Manager,German; Stok, Assistant Refinery Manager, now in Curacao, Dutch. HarburgRefinery: G. Voogt, Refinery Manager, last known address: B.P.M. The Hague,May 1940, Dutch.Subsidiaries: Allgemeine Oel-Handels G.m.b.H. (Oelhag), head office Mittelweg 38,Hamburg 13. Rhenania-Ossag Mineralolwerke A.G. owns l/3 interest ofthis oil handling and marketing company.Deutsche Gasolin A.G., Adolph Hitler Platz 7-11, Berlin-Charlottenburg 9.Rhenania-Ossag owns 25$ interest in this refinery and marketing company.Gewerkschaft Deutsche Erdol-Raffinerie (Deurag), Hindenburgstrasse 27-29,Hannover. Rhenania-Ossag owns a minority interest in this refining company.

Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc. - New York, N. Y.Name: Deutsche Vacuum Oel A.G.Head Office: Spitalerstrasse 12, Semperhaus 3, HamburgOwnership: Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., 100%Business: Crude oil production and the manufacture and marketing of high gradelubricating products.Key Prewar Personnel: (1) Max H. Engel, General Manager, Hamburg, Germany, German;(2) Dr. H. C. Goetz, Head of Manufacturing, Hamburg, German; (3) E. Ruhl,Sales Manager, Hamburg, German; (4) H. H. Matthiessen, General Counsel, Hamburg, German; (5) J. Von Puttkamer, Financial Comptroller and Head Accountant,Hamburg, German; (6) Dr . H. Pfefferkorn, Crude Producing, Hamburg, German;(7) P. P. Clover, Special Executive Consultant representing U. S. owners,New York, N. Y., American.Subsidiaries: Erdoelbergbau, A.G. (EBAG); Hindenburgstrasse 29, Celle. Crude oil

producing company with field at Oberg near Braunschweig 100$ owned byDeutsche Vacuum Oel, A.G.Srdoelbetrieb Reitbrook Konsortium Preussag (PREUSSAG). Crude producing company with fields at Reitbrook and Sottorf (Harburg). 49$ owned by DeutscheVacuum Oel, A.G.Petrolifer Rohoel Compagnie, Hannover. Crude producing company, 51.20$ ownedby Deutsche Vacuum Oe l, A.G.Name: Bayerische Minerale-Industrie, A.G.Head office: Principal office--Sophienstrasse 3, Munich; Registered office Maximiliansplatz 7, Munich.Ownership: 90$ of shares owned by Bavarian Oil and Gas Corporation of Delaware,U.S.A. Head office, 26 Broadway, New York City, in which Sooony-Vacuum owns67$ of the stock.Business: Concessions for the exploration and development of oil and gas lands inBavaria.Holding, Companies.- The following is a list of other holding companies for crudeproducing leases in which Deutsche Vacuum Oel A.G. held a part or wholeinterest:

Name of Company DVOAG OwnershipGewerkschaft AlfredGewerkschaft Aue 5 60$Gewerkschaft Ostfeld I 60$Gewerkschaft Komberg II 60$Gewerkschaft Carsburg III 50$West-Oel Gesellschaft m.b.H. 100$Harburger Bergbau G.m.b.H. West-Oel (100$)Oldenburgische Erdol G.m.b.H. West-Oel (33-1/3$)


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INTRODUCTION - 17Oi l companiesS ta n da rd O il Company (N .J . ) - New York, N .Y.

N am e: D e u t s c h - A m e r i k a n i s c h e P e t r o l e u m - G e s e l l s o h a f tHe a d O f f i c e : Neuer J u n g f e r n s t i e g 2 1 , Ham burgOwne r s h i p : S t a nda r d O i l C om pa ny ( N . J . ) , 100%B u s i n e s s : I m p o r t a t i o n a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a l l p e t ro l e u m p r o d u c t sK ej P rew ar Pe r s o n n e l : Board of ManagementP. Klasen , F . Breme, H. Breme, A.S pa nge nbe r g , G . G e ye r . T e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e M a na ge r, D r . C l e m e n s . A . Kuke m S l l e r ,C o m p t r o l l e r . A l l German c i t i z e n s .S u b s i d i a r i e s : D e u t s c h - A m e r i k a n i s o h e P e t r o l e u m - G e s e l l s c h a f t V . N . W ien G . m . b .H .A f t e r th e An sc hlu ss t h i s 100% owned company was formed to tak e ove r theS t a n d a r d O i l Com pany ( N . J . ) i n t e r e s t s i n A u s t r i a ."Gluokauf" De u t s c he 01 G . m . b . H . , G l oc k e ng i e s s e r w a l l 2 , Ham burg 1 . M a r ke t i ngcompany 100% owned.D e u t s c h e G a s o l i n A . G . , Ad ol ph H i t l e r P l a t z 7 - 1 1 , B e r l i n - C h a r l o t t e n b u r g 9 .R ef in in g and ma rke t in g company, 25% owned by D.A .P .G.Name: Ebano Asphal t -Werke A.G. He ad O f f i c e : Ne ue r J u ng f e r n s t i e g 2 1 , Ham burg 36 Owne r s h i p : S t a nda r d O i l C om pa ny ( N . J . ) , 100$ B u s i n e s s : R e f i n i n g a nd m a r k e t i n g o f a s p h a l t .Key P rew ar Pe r s on n e l : Board of ManagementF. P ab e l ik , G. Schm idt , H. Gan s .S u b s i d i a r i e s : B u s s ch e r & H offm an A . G ., B e r l i n , a s p h a l t an d t a r d i s t i l l a t i o n . E ban oo w n s 4 0 % i n t e r e s t .E ba no As pha l t- W e r ke A . G . , W ie n, 100% owned s u bs i d i a r y o pe r a t i n g i n A u s t r i a .E inas G es . f u r S t r a s se nb au be da r f m .b . I I . , Hamburg , 100$ owned.V er e i n ig te A sph a l t -u nd Te er P rod ukte n G.m.b .H . , Hamburg, 100% owned.Name: War ied Ta nk sch i f f Rh ede re i G .m.b .H. He ad O f f i c e : Ne ue r J u n g f e r n s t i e g 21 , Ha mburg , 36 .Owner sh ip : S tandard Oi l Company (N.J . ) , 100%B u s i n e s s : O wn in g a nd o p e r a t i n g v e s s e l s c a r r y i n g p e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s Key P re wa r P er so nn e l : Board of Management same as fo r D.A .P .G. Nam e: M i n e r a l o l - R a f f i ne r i e vorm Augus t Kor ffHe ad O f f i c e : S t e ph a n i k i r c he n w e i de 20 , B rem en O^Her sh ip : S tandard Oi l Company (N.J . ) , 95 .44%, D.A.P .G. 0 .20%B u s i n e s s : B l e n d in g a nd m a r k e t in g l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s .Key Pre"war P e rs o n n e l : Board of ManagementE. Ke renb urg, M. Weber . Name: Al lg eme ine Oe l -Ha nde ls G.m.b .H. (Oe lhag)Head O f f ic e : M i t te lw eg 38 , Hamburg 1 3 .Ow ner sh ip : The S ta nd ard O i l Co . (N .J . ) owns a 33-1/3% i n t e r e s t i n t h i s m a r k e t in gcompany.Nam e: Ge we r ks c ha f t De u t s c he E r d b ' l - R a f f i n e r i e De u r a g .H ea d O f f i c e : H i n d e n b u r g s t r a s s e 2 9 , H a nn o ve rOwne r s h ip* The S t a nd a r d O i l Com pany ( N . J . ) owns a 16 - 1/ 2% i n t e r e s t i n t h i s r e f i n e r y .

Tid e Water A ss oc ia te d O il Company - New Yo rk, N .Y.Name: Hamburg Am er ik ani sch e M in er al o l G.m. .b.H. H e a 3 O f f i c e : 5 1 J u n g f e r n s t i e g , H am bu rg wt t r s E i pT " T i de wa t e r As s oc i a t e d O i l C om pa ny , 99 . 96% n f ls s ' M a r k e t i n g o f l u b r i c a t i n g o i lp r e w a r P e r s on ne l : C h a r l e s R . G e r t h , Ge ne r a l M a na ge r, Am e r i ca n , now a t 17b a t t e r ? P l a c e , New Yor k , N . Y . ; Ha ns U l r i c h von B or ke , M a na ger , 13a F on t e noy ,Hamburg, German; A lf r ed Lo uis H ei nd r ic h Aug ust E rn s t , M anager , Muhlendamm 42 ,Hamburg, German.


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18 - INTRODUCTIONPrincipal oil companies

P R N C P A L G E R M A N O I L C O M P A N E S

C o m p a n y"A.B.C." Allgemeine Brenstoffhandels G.m.b.H.A.G. fur Mineralfllhandel

Allgemeine Erdfll

Allgemeine Oel-Handels G.m.b.H.(Oelhag)

Alminag Allgemeine Mineralfll-undAsphalt K.G.Atlantic Refining Co. of GermanyG.m.b.H.Benzol-Verband G.m.b.H.

Benzol-Vereinigung des OstensG.m.b.H.Benzol-Vertrieb. Berlin G.m.b.H.

Betriebsstoff-und Mineralfll-Vertrieb. G.m.b.H.Bremer Chemisohe Fabrik A.G.

"Brenntag" Brennatoff, Chemikalienvind Transport-A. G.Burbach-Ealiwerke A.G.

Christian Arens, KompressololwerkCOlner Benzin-Raffinerie Kroseberg& Co.Creditul Minier , Deutsch-Rumflnische Petroleum-Vertriebs-A.G.Danubla A.G. ftlr Mineralfllindustrie"Debag" Betri ebs sto ff A.G."Depi" Petroleum A.G.Derop Deutsche Ver triebs ges . furRussisohe OlprodukteDeutsch-Amerikanisohe Petroleum-Geaellschaft

Deutsche Aseol- G.m.b.H.Deutsche Erdfll-A.G.(Deag)

Address of HeadOfficeHerringenBerlin-SchOneberg,Kolonnenstraese 31.Oldenburg

Hamburg 13, Mittelweg38.

Berlin-Charlottenburg 2,Bleibtreustrasse 20.Hamburg 1,Lange Mflhren 9.Bochum, Wittenerstrasse45-47.

Berlin NW 7,Karlstrasse 1.Berlin W 9,Bellevuestrasse 7.Schneidemuhl, Guterbahnhofstrasse 1.Klaffenbaoh (Erzgebirge)

Berlin SW68, Alexandrinenstrasse 11.Magdeburg, Kaiser-Otto-Ring 9.KBln-NippesKOln-Braunsfeld, EupeneiStrasse 144.Berlin W 15, KurfQrstendamm 37.RegensburgBerlin W 8, MauerstrasseBerlin-Grunewald, Salzbrunnerstrasse 17,Boohum, Wittenerstrasse47 .Hamburg 36, NeuerJungfernstieg 21.

Zeitz, Hindenburg-Promenade 28 .Berl in-0 chflneberg.Martin-Luther-Strasse66 .

Capital(RM) (a)170,000

-

20,000

6,000,000

150,000

1,000,000

41,800

20,000

300,000

50,000

350,000

1,500,00018,000,000

-

100,000

500,000368,000

500,000100,000

4,000,000

63,000,000

-

100,000,000

R e m a r k sFi l l ing stat ions, terminals transport fa c i l i t i es .

Pumps, fi ll in g sta tio ns, tank cars and storage.

Affiliated with Oldenburgisohe ErdOl G.m.b.H., Mecklenburgisohe Erdfll G.m.b.H., and Ost. 01 G.m.b.H. Holdsinterests in concessions of other companies.Owned by D.A.P.G., Rhenania-Ossag and Atlantic RefiningCo. Warehouses, storage, service stations, transportf a c i l i t i e s and sales office in Berlin, Bielefeld, Chemnitz, Cologne, Dresden, Dusseldorf, Brfut, Frankfurt/Main, Hamburg, Hannover, Karlsruhe, Leipzig, Magdeburg,Mttnster, and Stuttgart .Plant and storage in Spandau-Hakenfelde.Importers and marketers of oil products. Owns Schlafhor st Chemische Werke, Hamburg, with l ub ri ca ti ng o i lplant at Petroleimhafen.Producer and marketer of benzol, benzol blends andother motor fuels, B.V. Benzol, B.Y. Aral, etc. , andRussian o i l , with a wide network of storage installat ions and service stations in Germany.Producer and marketer of benzol and benzol blend, withextensive sales organization.Operating company of B.V. of Bochum and B.V. des Ostens.After the Anschluss took over the share capital andbusiness of the Osterreichisoh Fanto A.G. in Austria*Tank storage.

Marketer and compounder of all kinds of greases and ofpetroleum produ cts. Sal es orga niza tion covers Saxonyand Thuringia.Refinery at Berlin Brit z, tank cars, storage, e t c .Formerly Ph i li p Muhsam.Partly owned by Wintershall, A.G. Oil production fromVolkenroda potash mine, now exhausted, and other conoessions.Manufacturers of special lubricants and hydraulic oi ls .Producers of special boiling point spirits, whites p i r i t s , e t c . , in their refinery in Cologne: transport and di s tr ibut ion fac i l i t i e s .Subsidiary of Rumanian and Austrian Creditul MinierCompanies. Tankage at Deggendorf. Fi ll in g st ati ons .Small refinery at Regensburg.Subsidiary of EuropSische Tanklager- und Transport A.G.Owns i nst all ati ons at Hamburg Petroleum Harbor.Tank storage in Berlin-Spandau.Subsidiary of Benzol Verband,Bochum. Formerly mar ket ing Russian o i l products. Tankage and ins ta l l a t i onsin many German c i t i e s .(D.A.P.G.) Subsidiary of Standard Oil (N.J.) Refineriesin Hamburg, Berlin-Tempelhof, Du sseldo rf. Extens ivedist ribut ing organization. After the Anschluss tookover th e interests, except lubricating o i l marketing,of th e Vaouum Oil Co., A.G. in Austria.Manufacturers, special lubricants and grease, in plantat Rehmsdorf.Parent company of, or holdings in , D.P.A.G., EdeleanuGes . , StOck & Fi sc he r, Brabag, Deutsche MineralOlVerkaufs Verein, Olkontor Ges., Dea Ges. fur MineralflleDeutsche Vis co bil . Widespread in te res ts in orude andsynthetic o i l production.

(a) Prewar figures given here as an indication of approximate relative Importance of the companies.


20/33

INTRODUCTION - 19Principal oil companies

P R I N C I P A L G E R M A N O I L C O M P A N I E S ( C o n t i n u e d )

Capital(Bid) (a)11,000,000 Control; I.G. Farb enind ustrie 50 per cent, S.O.N.J.25 per cen t, Sh ell 25 per cen t. Refi neri es atEmmerich and Dollb ergen . Sa les of own productsfrom German and imported crudes, and of I .G. synthetic o il-Leuna Benzin, Gemisoh, Treibgas, e t c .Sa les organiza t ion in German prin cipal o it ie s .

300,000 Subs idiary of Fanto in te re st s . Owns sea and rivert a n k e r s , st or a ge and d i s t r i b u t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s . 24,000,000 Subsidiary of Deag, of which it is the operatingoompany for crude oil production and refining inHannover, Heide, and Nienhagen: part owner ofGew. Erug von Nidda, Celle, Holsteinische ErdBlwerke,Heide; Deutsche Erdfllwerke, Berlin-SchflnebergjMineralBl Raffinerie, Rheinau G.m.b.H. Oil concessions in Hannover, Holstein, Baden and Bavaria.Refineries at Wilhelmsburg and Rositz. After theAnschluss took over the plants and business ofCreditul Minier in Austria.

500,000 Subsidiary of Societe Franoaise des Petroles deSilva Plana of Paris . Storage installation inHamburg.20,000,000 Af fi lia te d with Socony-Vaouum Oil Co. Wells and conoess lons in a number of loca l i t i e s . Owner of "Ebag"BrdBl Bergbau A.G., with produoing wells at Oberg.Ref iner ie s at Schulau and Oslebsh ausen. Storage andwarehouse fac i l i t i e s throughou t Germany. After theAnschluss took over the lubrioating o i l bus iness ofthe Yaouum Oil Co. A.G. in Austr ia .

100,000 Subsidiary of Deag. Warehouses at Berlin-Westhavenfor lubr ioants .9,000,000 Refinery at Hamburg designed to operate on ImportedMezioan and West Indies crude, primarily for theproduction of asphalt.

200,000 Subsidiary of Deutsche Vacuum 8l, Co. Oil concessionsin Hannover, at Oberg, Gross Ilsede, Klein Ilsede,Gadenstedt, Nienburg and Neustadt.Production of crude oil at Reitbrook, near Hamburg.Deutsche Vaouum Oel A.G. holds 49 per cent interest.Balance controlled by Preussisohe Bergwerks- undHdtten A.G. (Preussag).

400,000 Controlled by Wintershall A.G., operators of Salzbergen Refinery.250,000 Importers and marketers of petroleum and tar produots:filling stations.

5,000,000 Undisclosed ownership oontrol via Crusader PetroleumIndustries Ltd., London, subsidiary of Foreign Oil Co.Inc, Boston (W.K. Davis) and the Hardy Bank,of Berlin.Majority of shares privately owned: minority held byWintershall A.G. Concessions in Brunswiok, Holstein,Westfalen, Hesse and Baden.

6,300,000 Subs idiary of Blwerath, Preussag, Rhenania-Ossag andD.A.P.G. Refinery a t Misburg.18,000,000 Jointly owned by Elwerath and by Preussag. Refineryat Misburg specializing in lubricants.

Subs idiary of D.P.A.G. Storag e tank s and warehousesi n a l l large o it ie s . Importers and marketers.Marketer of petroleum pro duc ts. Storagenumerous c it ies in northeastern Germany.

2 ,500,(Concessions in Cel le and par t ic ipa t ion in a number ofo i l producing companies in Hannover. Manufacturers ofdr i l l i ng too ls and equipment. *

40,000 Subs idiary of D.P.A.G. for o i production and treatmentin Hemmingstedt distr iot of H o l s t e i n .Subsidiary of D.A.P.G. marketing petroleum products witha large number of plants in Bast Pruss ia .Refinery in Cologne-Brau nsfeld, producing motor fu el s andtechn ica l benzine". Storage and dis t r ibu t ion a l f ac i l i t i e s .Subs idiary of the Gulf O il Corporation. Tankage inHamburg, Duisb urg, Mannheim and Ha ll e. Branch es inall large German oit ies .

C o m p a n yDeutsche Gasolln A.G.

Jeutsohe Fanto -Minera lBl - Industr ie


21/33

20 - INTRODUCTIONPrinoipal oil companiesP R I N C I P A L G E R M A N O I L - C O M P A N I E S ( C o n t i n u e d )

C o m p a n yMecklenburglsche Erdfll G.m.b.H.Minerals1!- und A sphaltw erke A.G.(Mawag)Min eralO l-Raffin erie vorm. Aug.KorffMineralfllprodukten-Handel A.G.MineralBlwerk Stade, AndersenTafe l & Co ., E.G.MineralOlwerke Albrecht Sc Co.K.G.MineralSlwerke LichtenbergG.m.b.H. & Co. K.G.Naphta Industrie und TankanlagenA.G. {Nitag)

Nitag Erdfll-Handel G.m.b.H.

Nitag MineralBl-Handel A.G.Oelvrarke Julius SohindlerG.m.b.H."Olex" Deutsche Benzin- undPetroleum G.ra.b.H.Pintsoh Oel G.m.b.H.Freussisohe Bergwerks- und Htttten-A.G. (Preussag).Redeventza D eutsch- am9nisch P etroleum-Verkaufsgesellsohaft m.b.H.Reichskraftsprit G.m.b.H.

Rex MineralBl-Gesellschaft ,Paul Zeigler & Co.Rheinprussen G.m.b.H.Rhenania-Ossag MineralfllwerkeA.G.

Ruhrbenzol G.m.b.H.Runo Oel A.G.

Ernst Sohlie man n's Oelwerke

Westfalisohe Mineraloel- undAaphaltwerke W.H. SohmitzWintershall A.G.

Ze ller & GmelinR.O.F. v/olter

Address of HeadOffioeSchwerinHamburg: 36, Jungferns t i e g 7 .Bremen, Stephanikirchenweide 20.K a s s e l .Stade, Xalkmuhlens trasse 1 .Hamburg 1, Glockengiesserwall 2-4 , Wallhof.Ber l in-Liohtenberg ,Herzbergstrasse , 35 .Berlin and Hamburg.

KBnigsberg, Friedlander Torplatz 4a.

Dortmund, TBllnerstrasse9 .Hamburg 36, HobeBleiohen 28.Berlin-SchBnebergMartin-Luther-Strasse61 -66 .Berlin-Britz , Gradestrasse 63-89Ber l in W 62, Einems trasse 24 /26 .Ber l in W 15, Emsers trasse 40 /41Berlin-Charlottenburg9 , Ado l f -Hit ler -Pla tz7 -9 .Buer.Homberg (Niederrhein)Hamburg, Alsteruter 4-5(She l lhaus ) .

Bochum Hernerstrasse 234.MOnchen, Landsbergerstrasse 180-182.

Hamburg 8. Ca tha rine ns trasse 38 -39 .Dortmund. Lange Reihe43Sitz der Verwaltung:Kassel , Hohenzollernstrasse 139 (PostsohlieBfach 292).

E i s l i n g e n - F i l sGrabow 1. ll ec kl .,Ber l iners trasse 5 .

Capital(no (a)20,000

2,000,0001,500,000

.50,000--

1,245,0004,200,000

100,000

500,0002,400,000

60,000,000

400,00080,000,000

100,0001,000,000

--

75,000,000

400,000900,000

125,000,000

-60,000

R e m a r k sOil concessions in Meoklenburg. Af fi l i ate d withAllgemeine ErdOl.Refinery at Ostermoor primarily for asphalt production.Tankage at Ostermoor and Berlin-Rummelsburg.Sub sidiary of D.A.P.G. Plan t at Bremen. Sp ec ial ize sin lubricants and greases.Sub sidiary of Win tersha ll A.G. Trading company forWintershall & Ersag.Importers. Own bulk terminal fa ci l i t i e s at Stadenear Hamburg.Importers and refin ers of a l l typ es of lu bri can ts ,spec ia l , t ransformer , whi te , turbine o i l s , e t c Storageat Duisberg (subsidiary company) and many German towns.Complete but small refinery at Berlin-Llchtenberg forthe production of a ll petroleum produots .Owned jointly by Wintershall and by Hardy & Co. ,Be rl in . Tank storage and warehouses throughout Germany: a chain of more than 100 f i l l in g st at io ns .Ful l t ranspor t fa c i l i t i e s and large s torage in Ber l inand Magdeburg.Sub sidiary of Naphta. Ind ust rie und Tankanlagen A .G.,with tankage at KBnigsberg, Elbiag, Goldap, Lyok,Marienburg, Marienwerder, Rastenburg, T i ls i t ; al so ao h ai n o f f i l l i n g s t a t i o n s .Sub sidiary of Naphta Indus trie und Tankanlagen A.G.;tankage in Dortmund, Bonn and Dttaseldorf.49 per cent of shares held by Pure Oil Co. of Chicago.Refineries and storage at Wilhelmsburg and Peine.Tankers and l ighters.Subsidiary of Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Dist ribu tion alf a c i l i t i e s and storage throughout Germany, and a widespread oha in o f f i l l i ng s ta t i on s .Small plant for processing of lubricants .Concessions at Berghflpen (Hannover), in association with.Deutsche Vacuum Oil A.G. Associa ted with Win tershallA.G. in ownership of Misburg refinery.Subsidiary of Redeventza, Bucharest, whose products itmarkets .A Government sponsored combine of a l l la rge o i lcompanies in association with Reichsmonopolverwaltungfttr Branntwein for research into and development ofthe use of a lcohol in motor fu el s .Import, export and marketing of spe cia l o il s andgreases , e spe c ia l ly cut t ing and coo l ing o i l s .Fischer-Tropsch synthesis plant at Homberg.Subsidiary of Royal Dutch -Shell . Seven refin eri es;s torage , f i l l ing s ta t ions , bunker ing s ta t ions wide spread throughout Germany. After the Anschlu ss tookover the interests of A.G. der Shell-FloridsdorferMineralfll Fabrik in Austria.Wholesale dealers in benzol; storage in Koblenz,Krefeld, Halk, Leipzig , Frankfurt/Main.Sub sidiary of Phoenix Oil Transport Co., London. Importe rs and marketers of p etroleum products fromoompany's depots at Munich, Nuremberg, WOrzburg, Rosen-helm, Augsburg, Regensburg, Muehldorf and Ulm. Pa rt-owner of Mineralfllwerke Bayern G.m.b.H. at Regensburg.Tank storage in Hamburg (Freihafen Grasbrook, NeuerPetroleumhafen, and Harburg). Sp ec ial ist s in spec ialand high-grade lub ric an ts. Refinery at Grasbrook.D is ti ll at io n , re fin ing and storag e in Dortmund-Gfld.Manufacture of lub ric atin g oi ls and bitumen.Part or whole owner of Gew. Elwerath, Ersag: Gew.Nienhagen, Thurlnger ErdBl A.G., MineralfllgroduktenHandel A.G., Mitteldeutsoh Treibstoff und Blwerke,Nit ag, Kaliwerke Burbach A.G. Widespread in te re st s incrude oi l production and refin ing and in synth etic p rouctio n and refin ing and in syn theti c production. Alsointeres ted in po tash.Small refi ne ry and tankage in Ei sll ng en . Manufacture ofoils and road surfaoing materials .Modern tankage and blending in st al la ti on .


22/33

PRODUCING - 2 1S u m m a r y

2 . 0 P R O D U C I N G

2 . 1 SUMMARY

T ? e J ^ ? ? J t i o n of crude o i 1 in Germany, reported at the rate of 711,445 metrictons (4,980,115 barrels) in 1944 (see table on pages 82 and 83 ) , is at a high levelin consequence of war pressure for maximum supplies and as a result of a well-organized program of geological and geophysical exploration begun in 1933 as part of Germany's preparation for war. The cumulative total of crude oil production from German fields, from 1873 through 1944, amounts to approximately 9,963,500 metric tons(69,744,500 barrels).Although German crude oil reserves must have increased in some ratio to theincrease in oil production during the years 1939 to 1945, adequate data are lacking for an estimate of present reserves. Owing to the complex faulting and irregular sand conditions characterizing the salt dome fields from which nearly allGerman crude oil was produced prior to the war, estimates of reserves even forthis period are highly speculative. The available data suggest that German reserves at the end of 1938 amounted to approximately 8,000,000 metric tons(56,000,000 barrels), and, with allowance for subsequent production, this figuremay have increased to 10,000,000 metric tons (70,000,000 barrels) by the end of

1944.From the data presented hereafter it is concluded that in the future, as inthe past, the bulk of German oil will come from salt dome structures of the NorthGerman Basin. Little is known regarding favorable structures in the Bavarian Basinbut it is probable that development in this area will proceed slowly, although important oil production may eventually result. The Rhine Valley Graben may continue to yield relatively small quantities of oil.Up to the beginning of the war, in 1939, drilling in the North German Basinwas confined largely to shallow salt domes. These bear closer resemblance to theshallow salt domes of East Texas, Northern Louisiana and Southern Arkansas, thanto the shallow domes of the Gulf Coast proper in Texas and Louisiana. The BoggyCreek oil field in East Texas is an example of production from a shallow interior

salt dome and is comparable to the similarly situated fields of Nienhagen orWietze, in Germany. In contrast to the modest production from Boggy Creek orNienhagen, the deep-seated domes of East Texas, Northern Louisiana and SouthernArkansas, such as Van, Eldorado, Haynesville, Lisbon, etc., have yielded prolificproduction. All those Gulf Coast oil- fields having an estimated total productiongreater than 200,000,000 barrels are deep-seated domes, whereas the largest estimated ultimate production from a shallow dome is about 135,000,000 barrels. There isthus some suggestion that if future exploration in Germany is directed toward thetesting of the numerous deep-seated salt domes, oil fields of considerably greatermagnitude than those known in Germany to the present may be discovered. This hypothesis derives some support from the fact that the greatest oil discovery in Germany in recent years, the Reitbrook field, is associated with a moderately deep-seated salt dome.2.1.1 Character ot _ German Crude Oils

The chief characteristics of German crude oils are shown in the table (a) onthe following page. Additional analyses of crudes and products may be found inAppendices 2 to 6 inclusive.

(a) Taken from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, No. 12(1928), page 482 .


23/33

22 - PRODUCINGStrategic Considerations

Analyses of German Crude OilsName of Field Wietze Wietze Nlenhagen NienhagenGeological Upper Triassic Lower Cretaceous Middle Jurassic Lower CretaceousFormation (Rhaet) (Wealden) (Dogger) (Neokom)Color Olive Green Dark Brown Olive Green Coffee BrownFlash Point(Open Tests) 0C. 27 121 82 81Specific Gravityat 20 C. 0.882 0.946 0.901 0,914

Visoosity at 20 C(Engler) 5.63 183.6 18.1 24.0Cold-Test(Schultze) 5 mm, at -3 1 mm. at -15 17 mm. at 20Asphalt 0.28% 1.42% 0.05$Distillation Commenced at C 118 245 220 130Distilling below 150 C 2. 0.5%150 - 250_ .17.5%. - 9 . 5 %250 - 275_ 23.5%_ 10.5%. .13.8%275 - 300_ .31.5%. 15.0%. .19.5%300 - 325_ .38.5%. 12.5%. .25.2%325 - 350_ % 26.0%. 35.5%. .39.2%

2.2 STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS

Importance in normal times.- In 1938 the German production of crude oil provided somewhat less than 10^& of the country's requirements for petroleum products.The value of the indigenous natural oil was greatly enhanced, however, by the veryhigh import duties levied on foreign oil to protect the expensive domestic production of synthetic oil from coal.The German oil fields are conveniently located close to the waterways of theElbe and Weser Rivers and the Mitteland Canal, and are in proximity to the majorrefining centers at Hamburg, Hannover and Bremen. Nevertheless, because of therelatively small yields per well, and other factors contributing to high productiocosts, a considerable percentage of German crude oil production would prove uneconomic if the country were freely accessible to oil imports from abroad. Crude oilcan be brought to Germany much more cheaply from the Caribbean area or the Middle

East than it can be produced in many of the country's present fields.For a considerable period following the close of the present war, when it maybe presumed that Germany must depend largely upon her own resources for raw materials, and when the country will be desperately short of free exchange, all of theindigenous crude oil production will be an invaluable asset.Wartime use.- Germany's crude oil production amounted to less than 1/16 of hermaximum rate of oil consumption in 1944, but as the control of foreign supplies waslost, and as the war closed in on the borders of the Altreich* the importance ofthe domestic crude oil production was greatly enhanced. This became even moremarked as the synthetic oil plants were destroyed by bombing, for oil fields arenot attractive targets, and refineries are more readily reconstructed, or relocated


24/33

PRODUCING - 23History of development

in small dispersed units, than are synthetic plants. Throughout the war, Germanaomestic orude oil has been additionally valuable because it supplies an excellentbase for the production of high-grade lubricants.* j n e m y . denial operations.* The important oil fields of Germany are so looatedthat their conquest and oapture has olosely coincided with the termination of thewar. Also, the enemy is here dealing with his own vital resources. So far as can

be ascertained up to the present, the Germans have made little or no effort towardthe destruction of oil field installations.

2.3 HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTAs early as 1546 George Agricola, the classical writer on mining and geology,stated that oil was found near Hflnigsen in the free state of Brunswick, in northern Germany. He and other ancient writers report that the oil was skimmed by theInhabitants from pits and used for painting door posts and for axle grease. Thesetar pits were the starting point for the development of oil fields by wells.The first oil well in Germany was drilled in the tar pit of Wietze in 1859for the government of Hannover, but this well, like others drilled by English,French and Belgian companies in the early 1860's, was a failure. These holes weredrilled only near the seepages and outcrops containing oil, and reached depths of100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet); they were located without reference to geological conditions and operated with inadequate equipment.A favorable change in the German oil industry took place in 1881 when a Bremenfirm brought in several flowing wells near Olheim, also in the immediate vicinityof tar pits, and production was further increased shortly thereafter. An "oilboom" occurred at this time and many companies formed, but the wells they drilledwere improperly located in a small area and were technically defective, so thatthe oil horizons were soon flooded by water and production decreased rapidly.Also at this time additional wells were completed in the Wietze field whichsufficed to maintain the total output of oil in northern Germany at an approximatelyeven level. In 1900 a new oil horizon was encountered at Wietze, between 200 to300 meters (660 and 1,000 feet) in depth, which yielded a very valuable light oil.This discovery led to renewed activity; production was greatly increased; newcompanies weis formed and the banks became interested in the oil industry.In 1904 legislation was passed regarding water shut-off and the operation ofoil wells. In 1907 all of the small operating companies at Wietze were incorporated under the leadershiD of several German banks. Several successful wells weredrilled in the HSnigsen area, which had been neglected up to this time, and Germanoil production in 1909 reached an annual output of 113,824 tons (796,768 barrels).During the First World War the oil industry in Germany was adversely affootedby the lack of workers and materials and no new field was opened despite an increase in the number of oil companies from 33 in 1913 to 156 in 1918. In 1919 oilrecovery by mining methods was introduced in the Wietze field, which had practically depleted its gas, and by this means production from the field was maintainedduring the following years.An important event in the development of the North German oil industryoccurred in 1922, when a comparatively large gusher was successfully completed inthe northern part of the Hanigsen-Nienhagen field, yielding initially from 200 totons (1 500 to 2,250 barrels) of oil daily. This well was followed by severalwhich were equally productive, and soon thereafter the output of this fieldfliir^assed that of Wietze. These Nienhagen wells were extremely important for theGerman oil industry, as their production greatly exceeded the previous German yield.


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24 - PRODUCINGHistory of developmentAlso, they had not been drilled close to the flank of the Nienhagen salt dome, aswere the earlier wells, but farther down dip, and aocordingly they struck the oil-bearing horizons at greater depthsranging from 700 to 800 meters (2,320 to 2,640feet) instead of 200 to 300 meters (660 to 990 feet) as formerly. It was therefore,proved that by drilling holes deeper than before it would be possible to discoverconsiderable new production. Shortly after the war another field was developednear Oberg, which steadily yielded greater production. All these events not onlyresulted in a continuous increase of the oil production since 1920 but also stimulated additional exploratory work and wildcat drilling.In 1928 a deep well drilled at some distance from the salt plug on theCdesse-fllheim dome was completed as a producer, and shortly afterwards other wellswere brought in near it. Production in this field rose from 97 tons (679 barrels)in 1928 to 14,388 tons (100,716 barrels) in 1930.

Small amounts of oil were obtained in the 1880fs in shallow wells at Heidein Holstein, and Linden, near Hannover. Active development of the Heide field wasnot undertaken until 1935, and early in 1938 a well was brought in on the westflank of the structure and flowed at the rate of 200 tons (1,400 barrels) of oildaily from a depth of 1,100 meters (3,608 feet). Soon thereafter similar production was obtained 5 kilometers (3 miles) farther north on the same west flank.By April 1939 the output from this field was in excess of 3,500 tons per month(24,500 barrels).The most important recent discovery in Germany occurred at Reitbrook late in1937. About 280 hectares (692 acres) of the field had been proven productive in1939, with wells yielding initially in excess of 42 tons (300 barrels) daily. Peakproduction for the field was probably reached in 1940, with an annual output reported at 357,421 tons (2,501,947 barrels).Other discoveries in the North German Basin between 1934 and the outbreak ofthe Second World War, were Rodewald (Steimbke) and the Feldbergen (Moelme extensionfield). Aerial photographs taken in 1943 showed the old Moelme field to be abandoned and a new pool developed about a mile to the southwest, just northwest of Feldbergen. During this period production was also encountered at Broistedt, Fallstein,Gifhorn, Lindwedel (Adolfsglueck), Meckelfeld, and Sottorf, but judging from available information on their geological characteristics and production records most ofthese pools appear to be of little importance, either real or potential.During the Second World War, and especially in 1943 and 1944, aerial reconnaissance has revealed the existence of a number of new oil fields in the North GermanBasin. These are: the Dalum field, located near the Dutch-German frontier immediately west of Dalum and northwest of Lingen; Coevorden just across the Germanborder in Holland, about 20 kilometers (12 miles) northwest of Dalum and 6 kilometers (4 miles) east of Coevorden; Emlicheim, 10 kilometers (6 miles) southeastof Coevorden; a discovery well near Bentheim some distance southwest of Dalum;Soho*nlngen, located near Braunschweig in northwest Germany; Eicheloh, near Hannover,Hemmingstedt and Hemmingstedt-Kanzlei in Holstein; EpenwBhrden-North, several kilometers south-southwest of Hemmingstedt; EpenwOhrd en-south, immediately south of thevillage of EpenwOhrden; Meldorferhafen, just west of the town of Meldorf; Etzel,south of Wilhelmshafen, near the North Sea coast; Eichlingen, about a kilometereast of Kleine Eichlingen in the Nienhagen area; Westerholz, some 12 kilometers (7miles) west of Nienhagen; and Alte Piccardie, near the German-Dutch border.Since 1930 production has been obtained in the Thuringian Basin of CentralGermany between the massive of the Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Hills from theVolkenroda Potash Mine, but it is now depleted. Although there are other possibilities for oil in this basin no new field is known to have been discovered.In the Rhine Valley Graben of southwest Germany, the Baden area (BruchsalForst-Weingarten) and the Hessen area have yielded relatively small quantities ofoil, most of it coming from Baden in what is considered to be the eastward prolongation of the Pechelbronn (France) producing horizons. The Baden-Hessen output hassteadily increased from an initial annual yield of about 1,500 tons (10,500 barrels


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PRODUCING - 25Geology

in 1935 to a reported 10,003 tons (70,021 barrels ) in 1943. Aerial reconnaissance in 1944 has shown a new field near Welher, about 5 kilometers (3 miles)northeast of Bruchsal.In the Bavarian Basin of southern Germany, between the northern Alps and theancient Bohemian massive, only about 4,000 tons (38,000 barrels) of oil are reported to have been produced up to 1937, practically all of it coming from theTegernsee area where production was first obtained in 1883 with an annual output

of 62 tons (434 barrels).The annual production of the German oil fields from 1873 to 1944, inclusive,is shown in the table on pages 82 and 83. The oil fields and known oil prospectsof Germany will be individually described hereafter.The marked increase in the number of oil field discoveries after 1934 may beattributed to the German governments efforts to aid explorational drilling aspart of its plan for achieving national self-sufficiency in raw materials. Themain measures taken by the government for this purpose were a campaign of geophysical mapping of those parts of the country most promising for oil discoveriesand the subsidization of exploratory drilling to insure private enterprise againstundue risk.The work of geophysical exploration was carried out by the Reichs Geophysioalische Komission (National Geophysical Survey) at government expense, using chieflythe seismograph and gravity meter. Results were made public by piecemeal, and wereavailable to qualified oil exploration companies for their guidance in makingapplication for concessions. A representative example of such a governmental geophysical map is shown on pages 38 and 39The government drilling subsidy (Reichs-bohrzuschuss) was available, uponapproval of application, to all companies of more than 50 per cent German capital.It consisted in a pre-determined money contribution by the government to off-setdrilling costs of explorational wells, and was on a sliding scale, so that theamount of subsidy per meter drilled increased with the depth of the well. Hi theevent that a subsidized well discovered commercial quantities of oil, the subsidywas repayable from the well's subsequent production; in the event of an unsuccessful well, the subsidy was, for all practical purposes, written off.

2.4 GEOLOGY OF GERMANY2.4.1 Petroliferous Districts

Petroleum occurs in Germany in four districts, namely: (1) The North GermanBasin, (2) The Thuringian Basin, (3) The Rhine Valley Graben, and (4) The BavarianBasin. The relative size and position of these districts are indicated on the mapon page 26All but a small percentage of the oil produced in Germany comes from salt domestructures in the North German Basin, which covers an area of approximately 160,000square kilometers (61,760 square miles) in northern and northwestern Germany. Themost prolific production in this basin comes from the Prussian province of HannoverOil occurs here mainly on the flanks of salt domes, in horizons of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous age.The other petroliferous basins of Germany are of relatively little importance.In the Thnringian Basin, an area of less than 10,000 square kilometers (3.860sauare miies), oil oocurs in regular anticlines in dolomite of Upper|Permian age.The Rhine Valley Graben consists chiefly of a sunken block between two tilted faultblocks and is approximately 13,000 square kilometers (5,018 square miles) in extentTt includes areas on both sides of the Rhine, with the Alsatian oil occurrence atPeehelbronn belonging to France. In this valley oil comes from beds in the Oligonene in gently dipping monoclines which are cut by faults. The Bavarian Basin comprises some 30 000 square kilometers (11,580 square miles) lying between the north


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26 - PRODUCINGO i l r e g i o n s

rpHTH WESGERMAN BASI

1 R-77REGIONSRANCE OFANCYSTRASBOURG GERMANY

LEGENDBAVARIAN BASIN^RHINE VALLEY GRABENTHURINGIAN BASINGERMAN BASINIVOLD MASSIVE

era Alps and the old Bohemian basement massive; this area has yielded only verysmall quantities of oil, the main operation being located at Tegernsee, where oilis found as seepages from beds of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary age.The topography of the four petroliferous provinces of Germanythe North German Basin, Thuringian Basin, Rhine Valley Graben, and Bavarian Basin is generallflat to gently rolling but in places becomes hilly. The surface formations outcropping in these provinces range in age from Mesozoic in the Thuringian Basin toQuarternary which covers most of the areas of the other basins. A large part ofGermany lies outside these provinces and contains widespread areas of Precambrianand folded Paleozoic rocks in places overlain by less disturbed Mesozoio beds, aswell as relatively small patches of Tertiary sediments.


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PRODUCING - 27Historical geology

Of the four petroliferous provinces, the North German Basin produced aboutyy per cent of the oil of Germany up to 1940 and is therefore of far greater importance than all the other petroliferous districts combined. The geologic structureoi this basin and its embayment in central Germany (Thuringian Basin) can best beunderstood by summarizing the geologic history of this part of Germany from the endof Carboniferous time, as is done in the following paragraphs.2.4.2 Historical Geology

Permian.- The period represented by the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permianrocks was one of great regional earth movements and local volcanic activity. TheCarboniferous rocks were bent into vast folds, the arches of which were then eroded;large areas were cut off from the ocean and inland seas formed comparable to thatof the modern Caspian. One of these stretched over most of northern and centralGermany and in it were laid down the Rothliegendes and Zechstein formations of thePer mian, the latter containing massive beds of rock salt with bands of potash. Theland to the south and west of this inland sea was probably steep and rugged, andperhaps contained glaciers.Triassic.- Lying upon the rocks of the Permian system of central Germany arethe formations of the Triassic, the lowest beds sometimes following conformablyupon the Permian and sometimes transgressing unconformably over older rocks. The

Triassic is divided into (1) an Upper or Keuper series of red marl and beds of gypsum and rock salt, overlying sandstones, marls, and clays, with thin coals; (2) aMiddle or Muschelkalk (shell limestone) containing thick beds of limestone and dolomite sometimes filled with crinoid stems and generally showing a middle zone ofdolomites with gypsum and rock salt; (3) a Lower or Bunter (variegated) series withthick beds of coarse red sandstones, with local layers of rock-salt and gypsum, andshales with occasional red and green mar ls. The German Triassic appears to havebeen laid down in an irregular basin of great extent and diversified surface. TheMuschalkalk was unquestionably deposited when there was communication with the opensea.Jurassic.- Overlying the Triassic are the formations of the Jurassic which occur in two main areas, namely, from the southern extremity of the Black Forestthrough WUrternburg and Bavaria to the boundary of Bohemia, and, in the northwestGerman area where the Harz Mountains and its branches decline in elevation and disappear in the surrounding plain. The Jurassic system is divided into: (1) the Upper or White Jura (malm); (2) the Middle or Brown Jura (dogger); (3) Lower or BlackJura (lias). From their character it is obvious that the Jurassic rocks were deposited in waters connected with the open sea.Cretaceous.- At the close of Jurassic time much of northern Germany was abovesea level, and the Wealden formation of the Cretaceous was laid down in a largelake or estuary. During Lower Cretaceous time the land, which was more or lesselevated and varied in character to the west, was undergoing slow subsidence interrupted by many oscillations so that the deposits are local and intermittent.Howev er, in Upper Cretaceous time the region was greatly depressed. The Gault andUpper Greensand deposits were laid down on subsiding land to the west while thearea to the east sank deeply below the invading waters of a continuous expanse ofopen sea. This period is referred to as the "Cenomanian Transgression".Tertiary to recent.- Overlying the Cretaceous are the formations of the Tertiary systimwhTciTwere deposited in comparatively shallow water. The beds are varied sandy and calcareous strata, lying in isolated basins uncomformably upon thechalk and contain distinctive faunae. Overlying the Tertiary beds and coveringmost of the area of the basins are recent and Pleistocene deposits.


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28 - PRODUCINGDistribution of salt domes


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PRODUCINGOil prospects 2

O I L P R O S P E C T S G E R M A N Y

NORTH GERMAN BASIN (Map on p a g e 2 8 )N ame

AhlftenAlhornAlvesse

Asohersleben

Aase

Bad BramstedtBahlburg-PattensonBarnebergBarnstorf-Brunswick

BechtsbQttel

Beesen-Laublingen

Beienrode (Dorm)

Blexen

BBstlingenBBhmteBremen-De

Documents

Petroleum Facilites of Germany 1945 100