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Petras Vestartas KADK Generics in Newham
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KADKDEP.8LONDON
GENERICS IN NEWHAM
2013
PETRAS VESTARTAS
4
5COMPARISON BETWEEN 6 BOROUGHS OF LONDON
SELECTION...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6-7
3D SITE MODEL......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8-13
NEWHAM..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14-15
ENFIELD...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16-17
HAMSTEAD..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18-19
BARNET................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20-21
TOWER OF HAMLETS..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................21-22
SOUTHWARK........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23-24
COMPARISON......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26-37
SUMMMARY GENERICS IN NEWHAM
MAPPING OF NEWHAM
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38-43
SHORTEST DISTANCE NETWORK MAP...............................................................................................................................................................................................44-45
JANE JACOBS MAP .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................46-47
ATTRACTOR POINTS MAP....................................................................................................................................................................................................................48-49
TRANSPORT INTERSITY MAP ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................50-51
ENDOSKELETON MAP ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................52-53
OVERCROWDING MAP................................................................................................................................................................................................................./.......54-55
CONCEPT MEDIUM PROGRAM
CONCEPT MEDIUM PROGRAM...........................................................................................................................................................................................................58-61
SUPERPOSITION
BORDER CONDITION..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................62-65
SHORTEST PATHS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71-68
ISOVIST............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72-77
OUTPUT
RESEARCH
6SE
LE
CT
ION
7MAP OF SELECTED LOCATIONS
LOCATIONS WERE SELECTED BY:
A) SOCIAL DATA;
B) BUILDING TYPOLOGY; C) UNUSED SPACES; D) POPULATION DENSITY;
E) MONO & MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN FABRIC;
8ENFIELDDEPOPULATED SCHEME
3D
SIT
E M
OD
EL
9NEWHAMOVERCROWDED SCHEME
10
HAMSTEADRICH SCHEME
3D
SIT
E M
OD
EL
11
BARNETMANSIONS SCHEME
12
SOUTHWARKMODERNIST SCHEME
3D
SIT
E M
OD
EL
13
TOWER OF HAMLETSMIXED-USE SCHEME
NE
WH
AM
15
LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA
TYPOLOGY
URBAN FABRIC
EN
FIE
LD
17
LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA
TYPOLOGY
URBAN FABRIC
HA
MS
TE
AD
19
LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA
TYPOLOGY
URBAN FABRIC
BA
RN
ET
21
LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA
TYPOLOGY
URBAN FABRIC
SO
UT
HW
AR
K
23
LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA
TYPOLOGY
URBAN FABRIC
TO
WE
R O
F H
AM
LE
TS
25
LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA
TYPOLOGY
URBAN FABRIC
26
SECTION A-A
PLAN FRAGMENT
SECTION A-A
BB
A
42
A
NE
WH
AM
27
SECTION A-A SECTION B-B
URBAN BLOCK COURTYARD DENSITY
SECTION B-B
28
SECTION A-A
PLAN FRAGMENT
SECTION A-A
BB
AA
48
EN
FIE
LD
29
SECTION A-A SECTION B-B
SECTION B-B
30
PLAN FRAGMENT
SECTION A-ABB
AA
48
SECTION A-A
HA
MS
TE
AD
31
SECTION B-B
SECTION B-B
32
PLAN FRAGMENT
SECTION A-A
BB
AA
SECTION A-A
BA
RN
ET
33
SECTION B-B
SECTION B-B
34
SECTION A-A
SECTION A-A
TO
WE
R O
F H
AM
LE
TS
35
SECTION A-A SECTION B-B
SECTION A-A SECTION B-B
36
37
38
TRANSPORT INTENSITY MAP
THIS MAP CALCULATES INTERSECTIONS BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ROADS.
IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS BIG YOU GET VALLEY.
IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS SMALL YOU GET PEAK.
THEN AVERAGE NUMBER IS CALCULATED.
AS A RESULT, THIS MAP SHOWS HOW INTENSE STREETS ARE IN DIFFERENT IN POINTS. BY JOING ALL POINTS INTO 2D SURFACE MAP YOU GET MORE AND LESS ACTIVE AREAS AROUND THE STREET.
130
110
101
104
161
99
123
173
[
0 500 1000 M1 : 10 000NEWHAM TRAFFIC SCHEME
BUS/TRAIN STOP
TRAIN LINESECONDARY ROADPRIMARY ROADTRUNK
SITE FOR ANALYSIS
130
110
101
104
161
99
123
173
[
0 500 1000 M1 : 10 000NEWHAM TRAFFIC SCHEME
BUS/TRAIN STOP
TRAIN LINESECONDARY ROADPRIMARY ROADTRUNK
SITE FOR ANALYSIS
MA
IN TR
AFFIC
MA
PTR
AFFIC
INTE
SITY
IN S
EC
TION
STR
AFFIC
INTE
SITY
IN 2D
PLA
N
NEWHAM FUNCTION MAPGREEN SPACE EDUCATION HOTELS RELIGION PUBLIC
PRIVATE COURTYARD
N
MA
PP
ING
39
SHORTEST DISTANCEMAP
THIS MAP CALCULATES SHORTEST DISTANCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST.
AFTER GREAT FIRE OF LONDON IN 1666 THERE WERE MULTIPLE PLAN PROPOS-ALS FOR CONNECTING ATTRACTORS OF THE CITY WITH BOULEVARDS. LAT-ER REGENTS STREET WAS ERECTED BY ENOURMOUS FORCE OF GOVERMENTAL LAW. NEWHAM HAS INVERT SITUATION, WHEN THESE ATTRACTORS DO NOT STAND OUT OF NEIGHBOUR BUILDING MASS.
HOWEVER, LOCAL RESIDENTS ORIENTS IN A CITY BY THESE ATTRACTORS EXCEPT FROM SHOPPING STREETS AND HOUSING UNITS.
GA
RD
ER
N C
ITY S
CH
EM
ED
ELA
UN
AY S
HO
RTE
ST D
IST.
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y S
TRE
ET M
AP
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSINGSCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARMMAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAYGRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
40
JANE JACOBSMAP
THIS MAP CALCULATES SHORTEST DISTANCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST.
ONE OF THE TRUISMS OF ORTHODOX PLANNING IS THE IDEA THAT PARKS AND OPEN SPACE ARE IN AND OF THEMSELVES HEALTHY, POSITIVE ADDITIONS TO URBAN AND SUBURBAN LIFE GENUINE AND INARGUABLE IMPROVEMENTS OVER THE ASPHALT AND CONCREATE OF URBAN STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. JACOBS TURNS THIS IDEA AROUND BY SUGGESTING THAT IT IS CITIES (THEIR ACTIVITY, THEIR DENSITY, THE INTEREST THAT THEY BRING IN THE FORM OF FOOT TRAFFIC, THE ENCLOSURE THEY PROVIDE BY WAY OF BUILD-INGS AND STREETS, THAT MAKE PARKS SUCCESS-FUL. THE LACK OF SUFFICIENT CITY LIFE REN-DERS PARKS BOTH DLL AND DANGEROUS.)
THERE IS LITTLE COMMERCE OR STREET LIFE TO KEEP EYES ON THE STREET. PROJECTS ARE TURNED INWARD ONTO COURTYARDS, AWAY FROM STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. GANG WARFARE BY THE POOR AND FORTRESSING BY THE WEALTHY.
WHICH STREETS JANE I COULD DEVEL-OP?
SH
OR
TES
T DIS
TAN
CE
MA
PS
UP
ER
PO
SITIO
N O
F PATHS
B
AB B
B
B B B
BB
B BB
BB
B
B
B
B
B
BBB
BBB
B
BB
B
BB
B
BB
B
B
B
BB
B
BB
BB
BB
B
B
B
BB
B
BB
BB
B
B
BB
BB
BB
B
BBBB
B
B BB B
B
B B
B B
B
B BB
B
BB
B
B
BBB
B
BBBBB
B B
B
B
Shortest ways between point A and multiple points of interest B in a superimposed map.
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
MA
PP
ING
41
ATTRACTOR POINTSMAP
THIS MAP SHOWS BUILDING AND SPACE AROUND THAT REPRESENT ALL THE FUNCTIONS EXCEPT FROM HOUSING ANDRETAIL
IF THE FUNCTION UNIT IS FAR AWAY FROM THE SAME FUNCTION UNIT IT BE-COMES LESS IMPORTANT. ONE TEND TO GO TO PLACE THAT ARE CLOSE TO YOU RATHER FAR AWAY.
NEWHAM - INDUSTRIAL URBAN FABRIC WITH ROW OF SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES. THEY ARE CLOSED IN PRIVATE COURT-YARDS.HOWEVER THEY ARE INTERUPT-ED BY FRAGMENTED PUBLIC FUNCTION IN THE SAME 4 CORNER URBAN BLOCK BOUNDARY AREA.
DIS
TAN
CE
FUN
CTIO
N M
AP
PATH IN
TER
SE
TION
AS
NO
DS
TRA
FFIC IN
TES
ITY IN
2D P
LAN
Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities
Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces
Green Spaces
Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities
Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces
Green Spaces
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
Modernist approach = New development
Connection of urban blocks
Jane Jabos = Active Street(instead of closed urban courtyard)
Modernist approach = New development
Connection of urban blocks
Jane Jabos = Active Street(instead of closed urban courtyard)
Modernist approach = New development
Connection of urban blocks
Jane Jabos = Active Street(instead of closed urban courtyard)
Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities
Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces
Green Spaces
Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities
Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces
Green Spaces
42
RE
TAIL FU
NC
TION
MA
P
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
ENDOSCELETONMAP
THIS MAP SHOWS TRANSPORT STOPS AND RETAIL FUNCTION MERGED IN ONE LAYER.
AS A RESULT, MAIN STREETS OF NEWHAM BECOMES LIKE EDOSCELETON WHERE MAJOR FLOWS OF BOUROUGH HAPPENS.
1. THERE MUST BE CLEAR BOUNDARY BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACE.
2. THERE MUST BE EYES ON THE STREET, MEANING THAT INHABITANTS AND OWN-ERS GET INVOLVES WHAT IS HAPPENING ON THE STREET AND TAKE ACTION IF NECESSARY.
SIDEWALKS SHOULD HAVE CONTINOUSLY USERS
MA
PP
ING
43
POPULATION DENSITYMAP
THIS MAP SHOWS POPULATION DENSITY IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF NEWHAM. HIGHLIGHTED AREAS ARE BETWEEN MIN AND MAX DENSITY VALUES.
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
FORTRESS
HOUSING
STA
TION
HOUSING
INDUSTRY
FOR EVERYONE
RETAILINDUSTRY
STA
TION
HOUSING
HOUSING
SCHOOL
PUBLIC
INDUSTRY
HOUSING
OPEN
HOUSING
HOUSING
INDUSTR
Y
PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD
CLOSED
FOR PRIVATE OWNER
HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?
WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?
POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY
RETAIL
2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.
3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it
PUBLIC
STREET LIFE
GARDEN STREET
GARDEN
STREET
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET
LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY
THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS
PRIVACY
1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.
GARDEN CITY
FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE
In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).
Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy
ALLOTM
ENTS
Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.
FARM
MAIN ROAD
BOULE
VARD
BOULEVARD
RAILWAY
GRAND
There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.
The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:
...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH
UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS
One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.
PARK
PUBLIC
CULTURE
AVEN
UE
AVENUE
GRAND
B
A
STREET TYPE
BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE
INDENTITY
PUBLIC
SHARED
SOCIAL HOUSING
SEPARATE
CONNECTED
FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.
GATES
LIGHTING
LEGIBILITY
DEFINEDSPACE
INFORMALSURVEILLANCE
ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples
FORM FOLLOWS FEAR
While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.
NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood
JANE JACOBS
HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY
RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.
SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.
HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS
DISADVANTAGES:
A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY
Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.
1997 - ELLIN
SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.
THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS
SOCIAL AGEDA:
OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;
TRADITIONAL AGENDA:
CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED
UNIFORMITY
SUBURBS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSING
HOUSIN
G
HOUSIN
G
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
NEWHAM IS ONE THE MOST OVERCROWD-ED AREAS IN LONDON. THREE STORY BUILDING VOLUME DO NOT SATISFY THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS LIVING HERE. HOW CAN WE TRANFORM IT?
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUNDPUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
ELEMENT2D/3D
COMPOSITION
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING
SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING
FUNCTIONSECTION
SYMMETRY AXIS
HOUSINGHOUSING
HOUSING
STREET TYPES
GROUND RELATION
HOUSING
HOUSING
ENTRANCE
PLANCONFIGURATION
NEWHAM
TRAFFIC
TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET
PARKING
MAIN STREET
RECREAT.
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
RECREATION
UNDERGROUND
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREAT.
AIR
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
UNDERGROUND
AIR
RECREATIONRECREATION
TRAFFIC
BUS
PEDESTR
IANS
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
AIR
UNDERGROUND
ONE WAY STREET
PEDESTR
IANS
PRIVATE
GARDEN
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PUBLIC
44
SH
OR
TE
ST
DIS
TA
NC
E M
AP
45
0.399534
0.399534
0.3995340.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.898950.89895
0.89895
0.89895
0.099883
0.89895
0.799067
0.799067
0.199767
0.799067 0.799067
0.799067
0.799067
0.799067
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.499417
0.299650.399534
0.199767
0.099883
0.399534
0.499417
0.299650.199767
0.399534
0.3995340.29965
0.7990670.699184
0.29965
0.29965
0.399534
0.299650.499417
1
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.199767
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184 0.29965
0.5993
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.299650.29965 0.29965
0.1997670.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.399534
010 30 50 100 m
INTERSECTION
SECONDARY STREET
VISUALCONNECTION
Shortest ways between point A and multiple points of interest B in a superimposed map.
46
JA
NE
JA
CO
BS
MA
P
Shortest ways between point A and multiple points of interest B in a superimposed map.
47
SHORTEST PATH TO ATTRACTORS
SPECULATED STREET NETWORK
Shortest ways between point A and multiple points of interest B in a superimposed map.
0.399534
0.399534
0.3995340.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.898950.89895
0.89895
0.89895
0.099883
0.89895
0.799067
0.799067
0.199767
0.799067 0.799067
0.799067
0.799067
0.799067
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.499417
0.299650.399534
0.199767
0.099883
0.399534
0.499417
0.299650.199767
0.399534
0.3995340.29965
0.7990670.699184
0.29965
0.29965
0.399534
0.299650.499417
1
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.199767
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184 0.29965
0.5993
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.299650.29965 0.29965
0.1997670.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.399534
010 30 50 100 m
NEWHAM FUNCTION MAPGREEN SPACE EDUCATION HOTELS RELIGION PUBLIC
PRIVATE COURTYARD
N
48
AT
TR
AC
TO
R P
OIN
TS
MA
P
49
0.399534
0.399534
0.3995340.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.199767
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.099883
0.898950.89895
0.89895
0.89895
0.099883
0.89895
0.799067
0.799067
0.199767
0.799067 0.799067
0.799067
0.799067
0.799067
0.399534
0.399534
0.399534
0.499417
0.299650.399534
0.199767
0.099883
0.399534
0.499417
0.299650.199767
0.399534
0.3995340.29965
0.7990670.699184
0.29965
0.29965
0.399534
0.299650.499417
1
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.499417
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.5993
0.199767
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184
0.699184 0.29965
0.5993
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.299650.29965 0.29965
0.1997670.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.29965
0.399534
010 30 50 100 m
NEWHAM FUNCTION MAPGREEN SPACE EDUCATION HOTELS RELIGION PUBLIC
PRIVATE COURTYARD
N
0.199767
0.199767
0.299650.399534
0.399534
0.1997670.29965
0.499417
0.5993
0.4994170.399534
0.29965
0.199767
0.29965
0.3995340.5993
0.499417
0.699184
0.799067
0.89895
0.199767
0.099883
0.299650.399534
0.29965
0.199767
0.099883
0.199767
0.89895
0.5993
0.299650.499417
0.399534
0.6991840.5993
0.799067
0.499417
0.5993
0.699184 0.29965
0.399534
0.199767
0.0998830.399534
0.29965