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Peter Singer on Eating Ethics. Bioethics & Animals (Spring 2013) Laura Guidry-Grimes. Review: Peter Singer. Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University Act-utilitarian An act is right only insofar as it maximizes net utility (happiness over suffering) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Peter Singer on Eating Ethics
Bioethics & Animals (Spring 2013)Laura Guidry-Grimes
Review: Peter SingerProfessor of Bioethics, Princeton UniversityAct-utilitarian
An act is right only insofar as it maximizes net utility (happiness over suffering)
Analyze the act directly (as opposed to rule-utilitarianism)
Principle of equal consideration: Give equal consideration to comparable interests
Photo: Denise Applewhite/Princeton University
How Does Singer Eat?“I’ve been a vegetarian since 1971. I’ve gradually
become increasingly vegan. I am largely vegan but I’m a flexible vegan. I don’t go to the supermarket and buy non-vegan stuff for myself. But when I’m traveling or going to other people’s places I will be quite happy to eat
vegetarian rather than vegan” (Interview in Mother Jones)
Utilitarianism as a Basis for Vegetarianism
“Whether we ought to be vegetarian depends on a lot of facts about the situation in which we find ourselves” (327)
Focus on severe suffering of billions from factory farmingFundamental interests of non-human animals and humans
at stake Non-human: extreme pain, confinement, stress, lack of
freedom, etc.
Human: pollution, climate change, exploitation of workers, inability to feed the world’s poor
Weighing the Costs & Benefits:Abolishing Factory FarmsCosts
Some pleasures of tasteOnce-only financial costs of transition
BenefitsEliminate unnecessary suffering and wasteHealthIncreased food supply overall (when replace
with cropland)Gradual change, phasing out of factory farming is the best hope.
Strongest Arguments in Favor of
Factory Farms – and Singer’s ResponsesCan help ameliorate hunger in developing countries
Response: Industries cater to middle and upper class; good health possible with low meat intake
Cropland will lead to more animal deaths than farmlandResponse: When we adjust for amount of food produced per acre,
far fewer animals are killed on cropland.These animals would not exist were we not breeding
them for meat and meat products.Response 1: If land were left to go wild, the total number of
unconfined animals in existence would increase.
Response 2: The lives of factory farm animals are not worth living now.
From The Ethics of What We Eat
Possibility for Morally Acceptable Meat-Eating?
All of these conditions must be met:1. Animals are raised on land that cannot
be used for crops.
2. The animals have good lives.
3. The animals would otherwise not exist.
From The Ethics of What We Eat
Personal Responsibility?Factory farming might be evil…but why should I change my
eating habits?Remember: Stuart Rachels considers the same question.
Some threshold of meat consumption determines how many factory farms will be in existence
Vegetarianism “as something which ‘underpins, makes consistent, and gives meaning to all our other activities on behalf of animals’” (336)Should be in combination with other active forms of advocacy
Humanely Raised, Vegan, or Vegetarian?Humanely Raised?
Sliding worry: “as long as we continue to eat animals there is a danger of our sliding back into the methods of treating animals in use today” (332)
Transparency problem (hard to discern which meat is from humanely raised animals)
Better uses for land
Vegetarian?Cannot have laying hens without male chickens, which are killed once they
have been sexed
Vegan?Still part of consumer chain…but best option
Supplemented with passages from The Ethics of What We Eat
Paris ExemptionPossible exemption: A vegan is permitted to eat whatever
he/she wants when in an extraordinary restaurant.Derives from Christian Science Monitor article about Daren
Firestone’s eating ethics.Singer’s response:
Not concerned about “trivial infractions”
Should consider how much support is being given to factory farms with these exceptions
Occasional self-indulgence can help someone’s faithfulness to veganism
Source of significant disagreement between Singer and ReganFrom The Ethics of What
We Eat
Discussion QuestionsDo you think that utilitarianism provides a
strong enough philosophical basis for being vegan or vegetarian?
Has Peter Singer adequately refuted the strongest arguments in favor of factory farming?
What do you think of the Paris exemption?What is potentially problematic about being
flexible with a vegan/vegetarian diet?
Additional Sources“Chew the Right Thing” –Interview with Peter Singer:
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2006/05/chew-right-thing
The Ethics of What We Eat by Peter Singer & Jim Mason
Intelligence Squared– Full debate on eating ethics (includes Peter Singer): http://youtu.be/mNED7GJLY7I
Peter Singer on utilitarian.net (includes extensive list of resources written by and about Singer’s work): http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/
“A New Year of Hope for Animals” (2013) by Peter Singer: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/progress-on-animal-rights-in-the-europe-and-the-us-by-peter-singer
Questions? Comments?