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Virginia, have revealed that the fog slows down rapidly as it
pierces the atmosphere, and on reaching the ceiling rollsaround
like a cloud for a number of seconds wh ile it evaporates. Fog dro
plets that float in air are said to be betwee n1 - 100p n
diameter.In the highest energy shots, the tip of the fog jet is
pointed, indicating that it was travelling at supersonicspeed,
pushmg a conical shockw ave of air ahead of it. With less energy in
the explosion, the head of the fog jet hasa mushroom shaped front
which show s that it travelled at subsonic speed. Larger drops of
water are seen to followbehind the fog, som e of which are
millimeters in diameter and travelling at velocities of only aro
und 1 d s .
1.5-provides too much resistance to the high speed fog
movingwater clearly has a beneficial effect, which may be due theup
from the bottom electrode. However a certain amount offact that it
inertially confines the h igh cu rrent arc region soforces do not
spread apart too far be fore the later acting Estored
1 o-that the fog droplets formed by the fast electrodynamic
Ewater -chemical forces take over.There is now a large body of
evidence confirmingthis n ear breakeven beh aviour, howev er all of
the existingexperiments do suffer from shot to shot variability.
This is
0.5-
presuma bly due to the statistical nature of arc breakdown,
0.0,
Balsa-Wood ProjectileWhen a balsa wood cylinder was stood on the
muzzle of the accelerator, the fog pen etrated deep in to theporous
material and transferred mom entum to the wood. To limit the throw
height of the balsa-woo d pro jectile, itwas inserted into a tight
fitting brass cap. Th is also stopped the balsa-wood from b eing
shattered by the e xplosion.Weighing the projectile before and
after a shot made it possible to determ ine the dry mass M of the
projectile andthe absorbed fog mass, m. Since the two masses
travelled together at the initial projec tile velocity,
vo,momentumconservation requireswhere U, , was the average velocity
of the absorbed fog. The fog dam age to the balsa w as so severe
and the d ivisionbetween the velocities of the fog and slow water
so distinct, that it is cons idered a safe assumption that all of
the highspeed fog was a bsorbed by the wood. From energy
conservation it follows that
m u a v = ( M + m ) v o (1 )
1 / 2 ( M + m ) v 0 = ( M + m ) g h or v o = J2gh (2 )where g is
the acceleration due to gravity and h is the maximum height gained
by the projectile measured by videocamera. From Eqs .(l) and ( 2 )
, he average fog velocity could be calculated with
en
n 0U/ 8 g O 7- 0 00 0
0
I I I I I I 1 I , I I 1 '
and thus the minimum estimate of the lunetic energy of the fog
is(M + m ) 2 g h
m= 1 / 2mu ,2 , =E k , m i n = Ew a t e r (4)
Figure 2 : energy gain vs. water volumeTheoretical
UnderstandingThe most likely explanation of the fog explosions is
that they are caused by the liberation of intermolecularbonding
energy when the bulk water is transformed in to tiny fog droplets.
This bonding is caused both b y hydro genbonds and Van der Waals
forces, and the energ y stored by the bonds is roughly equ al to
the latent heat of the water,and is found to be 2.3kJ/gm at room
temperature. The creation of a large number of droplets is thought
to be causedby the mechanical effects of the electrod ynam ic
forces in the arc disch arge. A certain amount of mechan ical
energyis thus used to create the d roplets and is conse quently
stored as surface tension energy. How ever the m olecules in
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potential energy from (a) the molecule anddroplet infinitely far
apart and (b) in the bondedposition, and represents the quantity of
energynormally referred to as latent heat. In figure 3,this is
represented by %+E4. This processrepre sents th e creation of
atmosp heric heat as a& & (Capacitor energy)
References
6
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(attracted b y the drop let) with othe r vapour and
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(Low Accelerator Rain waterDroplets
