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Peter Gärdenfors&
Massimo Warglien
Using Conceptual Spaces to Model Actions, Events and the
Semantics of Verbs
Conceptual spaces• Information is organized by quality dimensions• … that are sorted into domains (space, time,
temperature, weight, color, shape … )
• Domains are endowed with a topology or metric
The color domain
Intensity
Hue
Brightness
Green
Red
Yellow
Blue
Conceptual spaces• Information is organized by quality dimensions• … that are sorted into domains (space, time,
temperature, weight, color, shape … )
• Domains are endowed with a topology or metric• Conceptual spaces represent human cognition (not scientific models)
• Similarity is represented by distance in a conceptual space
Properties vs. concepts
Properties: A convex region in a single domain
The color spindle
Intensity
Hue
Brightness
Green
Red
Yellow
Blue
Properties vs. concepts
Properties: A convex region in a single domain
Concepts: A number of convex regions in different domains; together with (1) prominence values of the domains and (2) information about how the regions in different domains are correlated
Concepts ≈ frames + geometric structure
An example of a concept: ”Apple”
Domain Region
Color Red-green-yellow
Taste Values for sweetness, sourness etc
Shape "Round" region of shape space
Nutrition Values for sugar, vitamin C, fibres etc
Cognitive grounding of linguistic categories
• Properties Adjectives
• Concepts Nouns
• There is a shape bias in children’s learning of nouns
Shape space according to Marr
How is action space structured?
We know even less about the geometry and topology of action space
than we know about shape space
Dynamic domains
Marr & Vaina”Walk”
Gunnar Johansson’spatch-lighttechniquefor analysingmotion perception
Kinematic specification of dynamics(Runesson)
The kinematics of a movement contains sufficient information to identify the underlying dynamic force patterns.
Representational hypothesis• The fundamental cognitive representation of an
action is the pattern of forces that generates it
• Actions are more or less similar and show prototype effects
• An action category is a convex region in the space of force patterns
A two-vector model of an event• The force vector (pattern) acts on an patient
• From force space (categorized into actions)
• The result vector describes the changes of the properties of the patient
• Changes in location or in category space
• Cognitive account, not metaphysical
More components of events• Agent represented in agent space that
contains at least the force domain
• Patient represented in category space and physical space
• Counterforces exerted by the Patient
• Intentions of the Agent
Representing verb meanings• Main semantic hypothesis: A verb represents
either the force vector or the result vector of an event
• Explains the division of manner and result verbs
Manner verb: ”Push”
• Force applied to object• Prototypically, push leads to
change in position of object• However, this change is not
certain, due to counterforces• Expectations can be tested
with ”but”
Result verbs
• Describes change in object (”cut” and ”break” divide into several)
• Do not say anything about the forces that lead to the change
• Two basic kinds: change of position (”move”) and change of properties (”paint”)
Why either manner or result?
• Strong support from linguistic analyses
• Connection between force vector and result vector not direct (counterforces etc)
• Makes it difficult to learn the mapping
• Possible counterexample: ”dive”
Transitive/intransitive
• Intransitive: walk, jump, sleep, die
• In many intransitive verbs Agent = Patient
• Agent applies a force to him/herself
Mental forces
• I persuade you, I scare you, I praise you, I blame you
• Apply to different aspects of patient’s emotional or cognitive space
• These verbs presume a sentient patient
State verbs
• E.g. be, sleep, hate
• No change involved (identity vector in property space)
• No force applied
• Result verbs
Adverbs (modifying verbs)
• Function as scalars to multiply force or result vectors
• ”He strongly pushed the door”
• ”She slowly opened the door”
• Analogous to how adjectives modify nouns
Cognitive grounding of linguistic categories
• Concepts Nouns• Properties Adjectives• Spatial relations Prepositions• Force and change vectors Verbs• Modifying vectors Adverbs• Events Propositions