PETER DORMER

DESIGN SINCE 1945

170 illustrations, 25 in colour

THAMES & H U D S O N

Contents

CHAPTER ONE

CHAPTER T W O

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER FOUR

CHAPTER FIVE

CHAPTER SIX

CHAPTER SEVEN

CHAPTER EIGHT

PREFACE

What is a Designer?

Industrial and Product Design

The Style of Product Design

Graphic Design

Furniture Design

Domestic Ware

Textile Design

Design Futures

CHRONOLOGY

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDEX

Index

Italic numbers refer to plate numbers

Aalto, Alvar 117 Abakanowicz, Magdalena 189;

' 5 4 ABS plastic 48, 130 Action OAice 134 Aicher, Otl 95, 104, 106; 71 Airforce One 14 Albers, Anni 184; 159 Albini, Franco 49 Alchyn~ia 27, 138 Alessi 157, 161, 162; 141 AIierz 44 Ambasz, Emilio 135, 162 Anker, Peter 158 Apple computers 36, 42, 44, 108,

112, 114; 18 Arabia 172 Arad, Kon 140; 116 Arai, Junichi 1 9 5 1 ; 196 Archigram 86, 136 Arch~zoom Associati 27, 84, 130,

192; 166 Arp, Jean 120 Art Nouveau 59, 156 artist, designer as 24, zoo; 15 Arts and Crafts Movement 156 Asaba, Katsumie 93 Avanti Studebaker 13; 5

BA3 Chair 125 Backstrom, Olaf 16; 7

( Bakelite 46 Balans seat 126 Ball and Spoke clock 35 Bang and Olufsen 76. 135; 5 5 , 5 6 Banal Design 138 Banham, Keyner 85 Barcelona Chair 123, 95 BAKT 86; 66 Basle School of Design 104, I 13 Bass, Saul 98-100; 79 Bauhaus 16, 59, 70, 87, B Bayer, Herbert 93, 94, 104 Bayley, Stephen 68, 71 Behrens, Peter 16, 17 Be1 Geddes. Norman 60, 61, 70; 40,

4' Bell Telephone 36; 37 Bellinl, Mario 76, 80, 82; 16, 17, 57

110 Benney, Gerald 154; 132

Berlln, Isaiah zoo Bernadotte, Sigvard 155, 166 Bertoia, Harry 124; 97 BIN, Max 59, 60 Bing and Grondahl 172; 130 Black, Misha 199-200 Bladertrrrr~er 42; 28 Blalch, Kobert zz bhsterpack 49 Blow chair 132; 106 B M W 39,202; 170 Bodum 140 Boeing 707 14, 17; 8 Boeing 747 86 Bonetto, Kodolfo 130 Bowlen, Nord 158 Brancusi, Constantin 120 Branzi, Andrea 28, 84, 130, 138,

139, 190, 192; 115 Braun 17, 39, 40, 41, 59, 81; 28 Breuer, Marcel 70, 71, 117. I23 British Airways 109; 89 British Design Council 62-3 Brody, Neville I 12; 90 Brummer, Arttu 171; 146 Burdick, Charles yz Biirolandschaft 134

CAD-CAM 38 Calder Hall 19 Calder, Alexander 121 Canon 89 carbon fibre 31 Cassandre, A.M. 93 Castelli, Giuho 168 Castiglioni, Achllle 128-9 Castle, Wendell 146-7; 123 Cellini, Benvenuto 156 Chermayeff and Geismar 102, 107;

82, 87 Cheti, Fede 186 CIA 121 Citroen DS 19 29, 67; 44 clay 52 Coates, Nigel 139-40; 117 Coca-Cola 109, 121 Colchester, Chloe 195 collage 92 Collins, Michael I 53 Colombo, Joe 130; 105 Colorcore 148; 125 Columbini, Gino 168 Comet, de Havilland 11; 2 , 3 Como tea and coffee service 153;

130

Compasso d'Oro 73 Complex i t y and Corltradictiorz in

Architecture 87 Composite materials 51 Computers 36, 42, 44, 80, 108, 112,

I 14; 18, 22, 24 Corlrarz Guider to Desigir 166 Constructiv~sts 92 consumers 30, 3 I , 64-5 corporate identity 23, 108; 13 corporations 14; 10 , 11 , 12 Cranbrook Academy 71, 119, 123,

180; 184, 158, 156, 187 Cross, Nigel 17, 22, 24 Crouwel, Wim 98; 7 8 Cubism 92, 93 C u l t Objertr 41

d'Ascanio, Corradino 46; 29 Dada 98 Dalila chairs 46 Dalisi, Kiccardo 85, 65 Danese 168; 143 Day, Lucienne 186 De Giudice, Frank 17, 18 De Pas 132; 106 De Stijl 92, 94 DEC 36 Deconstructiv~sm 64 Democracity 60; 39 D e s p ~n America I 19 Desk" Since 1945 55, 64 Design Since 1945 exhibition 124 designer 9, 10, 11, 12, 30, 31 designing 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 22,

24, 25, 27. 30. 31 Desiynir~ggfor People 18; 9 Desk-top publishing I 14-15 Deutscher Werkbund 16, 156, 172 Diam 142 Diamond-lattice chair 124 digital computer 36 Divisumma calculator 18, 73. 82 Dixon, Tom 141; 119 Do It Yourself movement 127 Domestic Animals 139; 115 Domus 73, 128 Douglas airliner 62 Dr Caligari cabinet/clock 147. 123 Dressin,? is Easy 192-3; 166 Dreyfuss, Henry 18, 21, 38, 60, 70;

9 Driade 128, 132, 149; 109, 127, 128 Dubreuil, Andre 141 Dumbar, Gert 98, 112

Du Punt 121 D2Urbmo, Donato 132; 106

Eames, Charles and Ray 117, 123;

90. 95. 97 Earl, Harley 68; 47, 48 Egg chair and ottoman 127 Egyptian desk 147 E~chler, Fritz 17 Ekco 64; 42 El Lissitzky 92 Elettrosumma calculator 73 engineer 9, I I Ergonomi Design Gruppen 161 ergonomics 11, 42, 161 Esherick, Wharton 145; 121 Esquire loo Ethospace ofice system 13(?37; 112 Evans, Sian 165 Excoffon, Roger 108 Executive typewriter 70 exhibitions 72 extrusion 47

Face, T h e 112 Ferrierl, Anna Castelli 130 Festival o f Britain 94, 188; 70 Festival Pattern Group 188; 162 Fiat I I U U 65, 67 Fiber Art 179, 190 Figura chair 135; 110 Finlandia vase 171; 142 Fiori, Leonardo 49 Fischer, Kichard 17 Fiskars 16; 7 Flight Sweep Styling 68 Flint kitchen tools 64; 42 Ford 25, 68, IZI

Form 2000 coffee set 152 Formica 148, 168; 125 Fornaroli, Antonio 74 Foster, Sir Norman 135; 1 1 1

free flow style 154 Frid, Tage 146 Frutiger, Adrian 95; 73 functionalism 55-60, 72, 74 Futurama 60; 40 Futurism 92

Games, Ahram 69 Gans, Herbert 160-61 Ga t t~ , P ~ e r o 132 Gaudier-Brzeska. Henri 120 Gehry, Frank 124 Geismar, Thomas (Chermayeff and

~eism'ar) General Motors 68, 121, 180 Gill, Eric g3

Glaser, Milton 106; 68 Global Tools 85; 65 Golden Eye Studio, The 162 g r a f i t ~ 102 Grange, Kenneth 89 Graphic Design Manual 108 Graphis magazine 95 Grapus I 12; 91 Graves, Michael 162; 141 Gray, Milner 109; 70 Greenberg, Clement 87 Greiman, Aprll I 12-13; 92 Greyhound bus 12; 4 Gropms, Walter 70, 176; 149 Gudmundsson, Annika, 161 Gugelot, Hans 17, 39, 60, 70; 25 Guilbaut, Serge 121

Hadid, Zaha 139-40; " 4 Hafner, Dorothy 176 Hamatani, A. Akio 190; 164 Hamilton, Kichard I O I

Hansen, Fritz 127 Harper's Bazaar ~ o o Heller 144 Helvetica 95; 74 Henrion, F.H.K 108; R8 Hepworth, Barbara 120 Herdeg, Walter 95 Herman Miller Inc. 136-37; 112 Heskett, John 21-22 Hiesinger, Katbryn B. 55, 64 Hochschule fur Gestaltung (Ulm)

16, 59 Hockney, David 121 Hofmann, Armin 108 Horizotls 62 Hot Horrse, T h e 28, 84, 190 Howell Company I 17 H o w New York Stole the Idea of'

Modern Ar t 121 Human engineering 14 Hyper-Hyper 190; 165

IBM 10, 36, 70, 71, 98, 107, 121; 49, 50. 80

industrial design (see Chapter 2) also 21; 10, 11 , 12

Ilid~rstrial D e s i p ~ 46 Instant City 86 Intel 38 Internatiorzal Des(?~l Yearbook 88, I (

International Style 59 Issigonis, Alex 68: 45. 46

Jacobsen, Arne 127, 158; 102, 137,

138 Japarrcse Graphic Desklr 104; 93

Jensen, Jakob 76; j j , 56 Jensen, Soren Georg 155; 133 Jincna, Eva 116 Jobs, Steve 36, 42 Johns, Jasper 102 Johnson, Pamela 3 I Johnston, Edward 93 jug electric kettle 48

Kamekura, Yusaku 83 Kartell 128, 130, 132; 107 Katz, Sylvia 166 Katavolos-Littell-Kelley 124 Katzunue, Masaru 105, 106; 84 Kanfmann, Edgar 72 Kawakubo, Rei 195 Kicherer, Sibylle 25, 80 Kilby, Jack 38 King, Perry 82 kitsch 87-88 Klint, Vibekc 184 KLM 88 Knoll International 122-23, 124,

141. 180; 97 Knoll, Florence Schust 122.23 Koppel, Hennlng 155-56; 134 Kovar, Zdenek 14-16; 6 Krohn, Lisd 88 Knhn. Beate 145 Kuramata, Shiro 151; 129

La Conica 157; 139 La Pavoni 74 Lambretta scooter 46 Land, Edwin 82; 63 Landor Associates 109; 89 Larsen, Jack Lenor 182-83; 1j7 Latham. R~chard 152 Le Corbusicr 56. 74 Learr~ir~y From Las Ve ,~as 87 Lesage, Frango~s 192 Lettera 22 typewriter 73 Lettera 25 typewriter 51 Lewis, John 93 Lexicon 80 typewnter 45 Liebes, Dorothy 183-4; 158 l ~ g h t bulbs 33 Lindberg, Stig 158 Llpchitz, Jacques 120 Loewy, Kaymond 12, 14, 24. 28,

38, 60, 173, 180; 1 , 4, 5 3 6 iz Lomazzi, l'aolo 132; 106

Lubalin, Herb 86 Lucky S t r ~ k e 12 Lunning Prlze 184 Lycra 195; 167

Macintosh (see Apple computers)

Mackintosh, Charles Kennie 156 Mairet, Ethel 188 Maldonado, Tomas 16, 104 Maloof, Sam 14(,: 122

Man Ray 92 Manzini Ezlo 176 Mari, Enzo 132, 168; 109, 143 Marimekko 187 market forces 71 marketing 12

Marx, Entd 187 Marxism 84 mass production 33 Material Evidence exhibition 148 Material of Invention, The 176 Matsushita 88 May 1968 102, 104 McCoy, Esther 55 MDF (Medium Density

Fibreboard) 147 Mcarlrre of Man, Tlre 18, 9 medla 91 Megaw, Helen 188 Meier, Kichard 157. 162 Melamine 166; 143. 144 Melior 98; 76 Mellor, llavid 157-8: 135 Memphis 27 Mendini, Alessandro 138 Mercedes 39, 42 n~etal 46, 51 metaphor 88 Mezzadro chair 128-29 micro-electronics 76 microchip 24 Mies van der Kohe. Ludwig I 17,

123: 95 Milan Triennale 73 Miller House 121 Miller, R. Craig I 19 Mini, Morris 68; 45, 46 miniaturization 33 Minton 172 Miranda, Santiago 82 Mir6 74 Mitterrand, Franqois 147 Miyake, lssey 195 Mobil 87 Modern Chair cxhibltion, The 118,

141 Moholy-Nagy, LaSzl6 92, 94 hlolhno, Carlo 125; loo Moore, Hmry 74, So; 52 Moore, Patr~cia 86. 120 Moore, Rosemary 195 Morgan, Jamie go Morris 1000 65 Morris Mini 68; 45, 46

Morrison, Jasper 140 Munarl, Bruno 104, 168 Muona, Toini 172 Museum of Modern Art, New

York (MOMA) 63, 64, 70, 71-72, 119

Myerson, Jeremy 166

Nader, Ralph 86 Nagai, Kazumasa I 13-14 Nakashima, George 145-46 NATO 136 Natta, Giulio I68 Nelson, George 56, 69; 35 Neoconceptual~sm 107 New Domestlc Landscape

exhib~tion, The 132 New Typography 93, 102 niche marketing 33 Nikon 89 Nizzoli, Marcello 45, 60, 70, 73, 80 No-Stop City 84; 64 Nomos 135-36; I I I

Noyes, Eliot 7071 . 98; 49, 50 Nurmesniemi, Antti 128 Nurmesniemi, Vuokko-Eskolin

187; 160, 161

Oberheim, Robert 17 obsolescence 69 Olivetti 10, 24, 25, 27, 45, 70, 80,

81; 15, 16, 17, 54, 61 On Dpsc~n 184 0 1 1 Weaoinf 184 Opsvik, Peter 149; 126 Optima 98; 77 Organic Design in Home

Furnishmgs Competition I 19 organic sculpture 74 Orwell, George 42 Otto, Frel 162, 165

Packard 67 Palatino 98; 75 I'allowski, Katrin 177 Panton, Verner loq Paolini, Cesare 132 Papanek, Victor 86, 201 Peacock chair 127 Pepsi-Cola 25, 102 Perrson, S. Sigurd 158; 136 Pcrsona chalr 135 Perspex 49 Pesce, Gaetano 46, 132; 30 Peugeot Simca 6 67 Pihal, Manuel 145 Philips 10, 20, 21, 22, 81, 88; 10, 11,

12, 13, 14 Photography 92

Pictograms 95; 71, 72 Pinlnfarina 65 Pirelli Tower 74 Piretti, Giancarlo 132 plastics 46-5 I

Plia chair 132 Plug-in City 86 Polaroid 82; 63 Pollock, Jackson 72, 121 pultrusion 47 polypropylene 168 polythene 48 polyurethane foam 46 Pont~, Gio 60, 73, 128, 186; 53, 103 Pop Art 10-01, 102 Porsche 67 Postmodernlsm 59, 87, 142. 148-

49, 161 Pride cutlery 157-58; 135 Private Eye Ior; 81 product semantics 11, 22 prototypes g Proust's New armchair 138 Psychedelic Art 104 pultrusion 47 Push Pm Studio 104

Quantel Paintbox I 12 Queensberry Hunt 173; 151

Race, Ernest 125; 101

Rams, Dieter 17, 39, 40, 70; 25 Rand, Paul 98; 80 Rauschenberg, Kobert 102 Red and Blue chalr 125 Rletveld, Gerrit 129 ritual 136-37 KOBO For Kids 58, 59, 60 Robotic assembly 22

Kodchenko, Alexander 92 Konchamp 74 Rosenthal 170, 172: 148, 152 Rossbach, Ed 182; 156 Kosselli, Alberto 74 Kossl. Aldo 157; 139 Round-up storage system 130 Royal College of Art 17 Royal Copenhagen 172 rubber upholstery 120

Saab 92 68 Saar~nen, Eliel 119, 180 Saarinen, Eero I 17, 123-24: 96, 98 Saarinen, Loja 180; I 54 Sahattini, Lmo 153; 130 Sacco seat 132 Sailors, Kobert D. 180-81; 155 Sampe, Astrld 187

San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit 86; 66

Sapper, Richard 76, 135, 162 Sarpaneva, Timo 173. 147 Sason, Sixten 68 Scandinavian deslgn I9 Srandinaviari Modevri Desigri 1880-

1980 158 Schwitters, Kurt 92 Scott, Hidley 44, 28 Sculley, John 42 Selectrlc typewriter 70 Sethi, Kajiv 162 Shinto 165 Shower radio Sy Sinclair, Chve 41, 26 Sinclair, Iain 41, 26 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill 180 Skogster-Lehtinen, Greta 184 Sof Sof chair 132; 109 Sony Corporation 40, 81, 82, 89;

27, 62 Sottsass, Ettore 10, 27, 80, 81, 130,

132, 138, 162; 61, 108, 113 Sowden, GeorgeJ. 138, 162; 140

space shuttles 3 3 Spiekermann, Etik 112 Sputnik I 36; 21

stainless steel 154 Starck, Philippe 149, 151; 127, 128 Straub, Marianne 187-88 streamlining 59, 60, 62 Strengell, Marianne 180; 153 Stumpf, B111 136-37; 112 Sudjic, Deyan 41 Suginra, Kohei 104 Sundherg & Ferar 86, 66 Superleggera chair 128; 103 Superstudio 27, 84 Surface and Ornament exhibition

148 Surrealism yz Sveinsdottir, Juliana 184 Swan chair 127 Swatch watches 49; 3 2 Swid Powell 161 Syniuga, S.M. I45

T chair 124 Taste 63, 200 Tawney, Lenore 190 Teague, Walter Dorwin 17, 38, 56,

70; 8 , 3 7 Technology 33, 42, 52-53 Tecno 128, 136 Teodoro, Franco 132 Textiles y, 1 7 ~ 9 8 thermoplastics 46 thermosetting plastics 46 Thornton Richard S. 10.4; 93 throw-away soclety 64-65 Thun, Matteo 138, 162 Tigerman, Stanley 148; 125 Tokyo Olympics 105; 83, 84 Total Design 98; 78 Towards PO-osr-Modevnisnr 153 TR 55 transistor radio 81; 62 transistor 36; 23 Trend tableware 151 Tschichold, Jan 9 5, I I 3 Tupper, Earl S. 48; 31 Tupperwarr 48; 31 T W A terminal, JFK Airport 119;

96 Typofrapkiscke Gertaltunz 95

Ulm, Hochschule fur Gestaltung at

16, 59 Univers y 5; 73 Unsafe ar A n y Speed 86 Uiio, Aklra 106; 85 USA (economy) 72 USSR 36 Utility furniture 126

Van der Put, Frans 21 Van Doren, Harold 46 Vasegard, Gertrud 172; 150 Veersema, Rein 21 Venini, Paolo 173 Venturi, Robert 87, 141-42, 162;

118 Verein Deutscher lngenieure 17 Vespa scooter 45, 67; 29 video cassette players 82

Viennese Secession I 56 Vignelli, Massimo 168; 144 V~gnellr, Lella 144 Vltrac, Jean-Paul 142 Vitra 110 Volkswagen 65; 43 Virtual Reality j4 Voulkos, Peter 121

Wagenfrld, Wilhclni I73 Waldenburg, Hermann 145 Walkman 23, 44, 81-82; 27 Warhol, Andy 102, 169, 170 Wassily chair 123 Wedgwood 172 Wegner, Hans 127 Weil, Daniel 51 Wemand, Herbert Jakob 145 Weinsart, Wolfgang 104. I 13 Weintranh, W ~ l l i a n ~ H. 98 Weiss, Ueinhold I7 Welch, Robert 131

Wesselmann. Tom 102 Westin~house 80 Wrston, Edward 92 w~cker 127 Wiegdndt, Brttina 145 Wlener Werkstatte 156 Wirkkala, Tapio 173; 148 Wohnen von Sinnen exhibition 142 Wolf, Henry loo Wolff Olins 109, I 12 Womb chalr 124 woodcraft movement I45 World's Fair, New York 60; 39 , 40 Wozniak, Strvr 42

Yatnahd 76; 57 Yashica 67 Yran, Knut 21-22

Zanuso, Marco 76; 107 Zwdrt, l'irt g8 zx 81 41 ZX Spectrum 41 Zapf, Herman 98; 75, 76, 77