Pesticide Diffusion Through Concrete

7/29/2019 Pesticide Diffusion Through Concrete

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CHEMICAL DIFFUSION THROUGH CONCRETE

A Study Showing That Concrete Is Highly Porous, Allowing

the Penetration and Diffusion of Chemicals

Collated & written by Murray Thompson (BAppSci Environmental Health 1998, Hons

I Social Ecology 1999, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury)

June 2004, February/April 2012

Web sites: http://poisonedpeople.com&http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au

Preamble

This study has been created in order to demonstrate clearly that available and

reputable scientific studies and industry experience highlight the fact that concrete

slabs upon which residences are situated are extremely porous, and to the extent

that almost any chemical situated under or next to the slab will be absorbed by theslab.

I have produced this study to specifically emphasize that it is much more than

probable that the synthetic pyrethroid termiticide Biflexthat was applied around,

and immediately next to, the concrete slab under myDepartment of Housing (DOH)

unit located at BLIGH PARK(north-west Sydney), on the 7th

December 2000, diffused

through that slab and outgassed into my unit as vapor for at least 1 years after

application (the period in which I could overtly smell an organic, kerosene-like odor

inside my unit). The presence, then, of the pesticide vapor in the living space of my

unit resulted in the production of a series of extremely distressing poisoning

symptoms over that period of time and beyond in both myself and my 8 year old

child, and also in my neighbour (whose unit shares the same concrete slab as mine).

At the very least, the gaseous solvent portion of the termiticide compound entered

my unit via the foundation slab. Note that only just before my trial against the

Department of Housing, which started in November 2010, I discovered that the

builders of the unit had dumped unused concrete around the perimeter of the units

foundation slab. This concrete dump (which was joined to the slab) was

immediately under where the Biflex pesticide was pumped during its main 7th

Dec.,

2000 application of hundreds of liters. See the following photos for evidence of this:

http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug.pdf

http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part2.pdf

http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part3.pdf

http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/anomalous-concrete.pdf
http://poisonedpeople.com/http://poisonedpeople.com/http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson-PlanofUnitShowingPesticideDrill&ApplicationLocations-72.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson-PlanofUnitShowingPesticideDrill&ApplicationLocations-72.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson-PlanofUnitShowingPesticideDrill&ApplicationLocations-72.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson-PlanofUnitShowingPesticideDrill&ApplicationLocations-72.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part2.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part2.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part2.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part3.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part3.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part3.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/anomalous-concrete.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/anomalous-concrete.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/anomalous-concrete.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/anomalous-concrete.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/anomalous-concrete.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part3.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part3.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part2.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug,Part2.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson_SequenceOfHoleDug.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson-PlanofUnitShowingPesticideDrill&ApplicationLocations-72.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/photos/unit/MurrayThompson-PlanofUnitShowingPesticideDrill&ApplicationLocations-72.pdfhttp://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au/http://poisonedpeople.com/


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Murray Thompson August 2004 CHEMICAL DIFFUSION THROUGH CONCRETE 2

And see the following video evidence of the concrete dump joined to the

foundation slab:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO_iW2qcLfE&fmt=18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5c0pUZkBdk&fmt=18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhdYhn5cdTw&fmt=18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eothnLHSXpI&fmt=18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQywGk7SDoY&fmt=18

Discussion

1. First, what is concrete?

Concrete is a heterogeneous material constituted of a rigid skeleton with sand and

aggregates embedded into a porous hydraulic binder. A hydraulic binder as Portland

cement is a finely ground material which is first in a plastic and workable state on

mixing with water and then reacts with water to form hydrates responsible for the

rigidity. The concrete behavior is linked to the evolution of the cementitious matrix

which can be considered as permanently aging material. Concrete is therefore the

site of chemical, mechanical and physical events like hydration, moisture transfer or

shrinkage that can cause premature cracking before any external loading occurs

(Lamour, Haouas & Moranville [online]).

Also:

Concrete is a porous material. Therefore, moisture movement can occur by flow,diffusion, or sorption (Advanced Cement Technologies [online]).

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Concrete structures are thus highlighted as porous, ageing, and the site of

mechanical and chemical events.

2. How open or consistently spread are the pores or spaces inside

concrete, and do these pores affect the concrete in any way?

Concrete contains two types of pore: capillary and gel pores.

Capillary pores (approx) 1,3 um in size are the largest and form an interconnected

system, randomly distributed throughout the binder, which provides a fairly direct

path for aggressive ions. Gel pores on the other hand comprise some 28% of the gel,

but are much smaller than capillary pores, and do not play a significant role in the

permeability of the paste. However, they do have an impact on time dependent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO_iW2qcLfE&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO_iW2qcLfE&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5c0pUZkBdk&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5c0pUZkBdk&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhdYhn5cdTw&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhdYhn5cdTw&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eothnLHSXpI&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eothnLHSXpI&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQywGk7SDoY&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQywGk7SDoY&fmt=18http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/http://herbalhungry.herbalhub.com.au/http://herbalhungry.herbalhub.com.au/http://organic.shoestringmall.com/http://organic.shoestringmall.com/http://murraythompson.greatshapetoday.com.au/http://murraythompson.greatshapetoday.com.au/http://murraythompson.greatshapetoday.com.au/http://organic.shoestringmall.com/http://herbalhungry.herbalhub.com.au/http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQywGk7SDoY&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eothnLHSXpI&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhdYhn5cdTw&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5c0pUZkBdk&fmt=18http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO_iW2qcLfE&fmt=18


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movements in concrete, such as shrinkage and creep (Eagle Cement (Natal Portland

Cement) [online]).

Also:

The presence of capillary pores and air voids influence concrete permeability to a

large extent. The ingress of aggressive agents into the pore structure is responsible

for various durability problems in concrete structure. The deterioration of concrete

in a structure is a result of several degradation mechanisms that [cause a decrease]

in the integrity of the structure. The state of deterioration is often invisible and is

only evident when there is a significant reduction in the load carrying capacity

(Sutan, Hamdan and Jin, 2002 [online]).

So, concrete, by its very nature, is porous. As well, concrete may then deteriorate

with chemical reactions of unhydrated cement and water, C 3A and chloride ions,

carbonic ions and calcium silicate hydrates (Watanabe [online]).

Further: Slab failures from caustic attack, in particular, can reduce the service life

of slabs down to as little as five years, with most slabs providing an average life of

only ten years, even though some predict a service life of 40 years with the

application of current best practice (CSIRO 2001 [online]).

There exist products designed specifically to take advantage of the porosity of

concrete. One such product is named Xypex, which is designed to penetrate and

react with the mineral constituents of cement-based materials. It can be applied on

concrete, concrete-block, cement stucco or the mortar between bricks (Xypex

Chemical Corporation 2002a [online]).

What is Xypex?

XYPEX is a non-toxic, chemical treatment for waterproofing, repair and protection of

concrete from a range of aggressive media, uniquely generating a non-soluble

crystalline formation deep within the pores and capillary tracts of concrete (Xypex

Chemical Corporation 2002b [online]).

Xypex is therefore designed to penetrate concrete in order to prevent the concrete

from allowing such penetration of fluids. Without this protection concrete would be

open to the ingress of any pesticide put in the soil next to or above/around the

concrete. Conceivably also, pesticide sprayed in the air would also move into

concrete structures.

3. By what process does Xypex penetrate concrete?

Why must the concrete be wet prior to a XYPEX application?

The active ingredients in XYPEX penetrate the concrete by a process of chemical


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diffusion in which chemicals in a highly concentrated solution (the XYPEX slurry

mixture) will spread through a solution of lower density (water in the pores and

capillaries of the concrete) until the two are equalized (Xypex Chemical Corporation

2002a [online]).

The above quote implies that water may be found inside a concrete slab, and that

this water offers a transmission route for chemicals to move via the agency of

chemical diffusion. Note what modern research on Diffusive Pollutant Transport has

to say about chemical diffusion:

The objective of controlling the hydraulic conductivity is clearly one of limiting

advective contaminant transport (ie the movement of contaminants with moving

water) through the liner. However, despite more than a decade of research and

the existence of good supporting field data, it is only recently that it has been

generally recognized that there is a second contaminant transport process which will

occur even through a very low hydraulic conductivity clay liner: that process is

chemical diffusion. ...diffusion may be the dominant contaminant transport

mechanism in a wellconstructed clay liner. Furthermore, contaminants can escape

from a waste disposal site, by diffusion through a liner, even if water flow in the liner

is into the landfill (Rowe,1994:219) (emphasis added).

Note too:

Baroghel-Bouny (1994) among others showed that water transport occurs in porous

cementitious materials through different modes: vapor diffusion, liquid water and

air pressure driven transports (Lamour, Haouas & Moranville 2004).

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Note also McGrath (2000 [online] who shows that large amounts of water can move

through concrete (even apparently dry concrete) in a vapor, gaseous or dissolved

ion state (in any direction, depending on flow direction dynamics set up by cooling

and heating cycles) from a region of high concentration or high chemical potential

through to low concentration or low chemical potential via diffusion. He clearly

shows that concrete cannot keep out anything unless it is treated:

On the largest scale water or chemicals may move through cracks, rock pockets,

construction joints and other large defects or joints in the concrete structure. This

scale of flow is of primary importance with respect to waterproofing and involves

keeping water out or in....

It is therefore clear that chemicals can be transported through concrete in either a

liquid or vapor form.

4. Can pesticide, specifically, enter a residence via a concrete slab?
http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/


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Note that the Healthy Home Association recognizes that soil around foundation

slabs is host to substances that are drawn into residences via the lower internalair

pressure gradient typical of homes. Further, the Association recognizes that these

substances enter the slab via pores in the concrete structure of the slab. However,

what are these substances? Soil gas, radon, biological decomposition gases and

PESTICIDE!(2003 [online]). Note:

Pesticide moisture flow upwards through the concrete slabs by vapor diffusion and

capillary transmission passes through the top surface of the concrete slabs as well as

through floor surface treatments (carpet, tile, wood floors) and leads to un-healthy

contamination problems.

Today's almost airtight buildings let in little fresh air and draw from the ground more

"soil gas", rich in moisture and vapors from pesticides below ground. Pores in

concrete draw in water by capillary action. The average (slab) lets in over (10)

gallons of water each day, several times more than showering and cooking

combined! (ibid.).

As well, so readily does the building industry accept that pesticides can penetrate

concrete slabs, that the XYPEX Product Features brochure entitled: UndersealTM

XT

750 Positive Side Vertical Waterproofing Membrane with Built-in Protection Board,

lists its products property, test method, and results (English and Metric) as:

Resistance to Penetration by Pesticides, ASTM F- 2130 percentage of

penetration, and 0.0 % 0.0%, respectively (Polyguard Products Inc. 2003 [online])

(my emphasis).

If cautions regarding the use of mildewcides in buildings are advocated in United

States product literature, then why are they not advocated by government

bureaucracies that deal directly and intimately with dwellings and tenants, such as

the DOH in Australia? Where does the DOH tenant fit into what should be an

ethical discussion in terms of chemical applications in and around a tenants home?

Are tenants worthy of consultation at all, especially given as in my case that I

had already made it patently obvious to the DOH prior to moving into my DOH unit

that I suffered from chemical sensitive asthma? Now in going back a step to the US

situation, note:

Safe Encasement Systems believes that the use of a coating that contains a

potentially harmful or poisonous substance such as an EPA-registered pesticide
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(mildewcide) is a step that should be taken only after extensive consideration and

discussion with all parties involved (Safe Encasement Systems Midwest 2001).

Concrete slabs are well known to soak up water and chemicals from their surrounds,

readily.

5. Can organic chemicals enter a residence any other way?

Recent investigations have found that organic chemicals may contaminate drinking

water by permeating buried plastic pipes and gasket materials... Many lipophilic

compounds tested were found to permeate to a detectable level in consumers tap

water within a month at one third of their aqueous solubilities. It was also found

that PB [polybutylene] was more permeable than low-density polyethylene to

toluene and that chlorinated hydrocarbons permeated PB faster than unchlorinated

hydrocarbons. Gasoline compositions such as benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, andxylenes appeared to be highly permeable to PB and gasket material (Park, Bontoux,

Holsen, Jenkins & Selleck 1991).

The Pesticides Act (1999) obviously needs a significant overhaul in order for it to

take into account the duel imperatives of the concept of Chemical Trespass and

basic human rights (the right to be notified of a chemical application). This is, in fact,

currently a task being undertaken by the Australian Chemical Trauma Alliance (ACTA)

in South Australia, which is making a submission to the DEC (old EPA) in respect to

prior notification rights for pesticide applications under the NSW Pesticide Act(Personal email, Mr. Don Want, 16

thMay 2004).

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As well, given that the reliability of concrete slabs is essentially an unknown factor

when chemical pesticide barriers are applied around a residence, building codes

also need to be seriously addressed. Slab integrity needs to be tested for porosity

before any decision to introduce a toxic nerve agent to a human habitation is made.

REFERENCES

Advanced Cement Technologies [online], Technical Bulletin 10.106 CONCRETE

PERMEABILITY High Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM) Engineered Mineral Admixture for Use

With Portland Cement,

http://metakaolin.com/member/10.106%20Concrete%20Permeability.htm, accessed: July

04, 2004)
http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/http://herbalhungry.herbalhub.com.au/http://herbalhungry.herbalhub.com.au/http://organic.shoestringmall.com/http://organic.shoestringmall.com/http://murraythompson.greatshapetoday.com.au/http://murraythompson.greatshapetoday.com.au/http://metakaolin.com/member/10.106%20Concrete%20Permeability.htmhttp://metakaolin.com/member/10.106%20Concrete%20Permeability.htmhttp://metakaolin.com/member/10.106%20Concrete%20Permeability.htmhttp://murraythompson.greatshapetoday.com.au/http://organic.shoestringmall.com/http://herbalhungry.herbalhub.com.au/http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/


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Baroghel-Bouny V. (1994), Caractrisation microstructurale et hydrique des ptes de ciment

et des btons ordinaires et trs hautes performances, Ph. D. thesis, Ecole Nationale des

Ponts et Chausses, LCPC Paris, pp. 467.

CSIRO 2001 [online], New Solution to Costly Alumina Industry Concrete Failure,http://www.cmit.csiro.au/innovation/2001-08/concrete.htm, accessed: July 27,

2004.

Eagle Cement (Natal Portland Cement) [online], Concrete Durability,

http://www.npc-eagle.co.za/site/awdep.asp?dealer=5011&depnum=2145 , accessed:

June 26, 2004)

Healthy Home Association 2003 [online],

http://www.healthyhomeassociation.com/1/hhmoisture.htm, accessed: June 25,

2004.

Lamour, V., Haouas, A. & Moranville, M. [online], Chemo-hydro-mechanical behavior

of concrete at early ages, LMT Cachan 61, Avenue du Pdt Wilson 94235 Cachan

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bled2004.scix.net/Files/acceptedpapers/Accepted/NATOVL.pdf, accessed: June 25,

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255 Lavington NSW 2641, Australia,

http://www.xypex.com.au/support/papers/200211121471.htm , accessed: May 15,

2004.

Park, J.K., Bontoux, L., Holsen, T.M., Jenkins, D. and Selleck, R.E. 1991 [online],

Permeation of Polybutylene Pipe and Gasket Material by Organic Chemicals,

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Download Center,http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=883493 ),

accessed: June 2004.

Safe Encasement Systems Midwest 2001, Technical Bulletin No. 01-5 December

2001; revised June 5, 2003, Encasement For Mold And Mildew Situations,

http://www.safeencasement.com/articles/MOLD%20and%20COATINGS-TB-01-5-

Rev.6.pdf, accessed: June 26, 2004.
http://www.cmit.csiro.au/innovation/2001-08/concrete.htmhttp://www.cmit.csiro.au/innovation/2001-08/concrete.htmhttp://www.npc-eagle.co.za/site/awdep.asp?dealer=5011&depnum=2145http://www.npc-eagle.co.za/site/awdep.asp?dealer=5011&depnum=2145http://www.healthyhomeassociation.com/1/hhmoisture.htmhttp://www.healthyhomeassociation.com/1/hhmoisture.htmhttp://arw-bled2004.scix.net/Files/acceptedpapers/Accepted/NATOVL.pdfhttp://arw-bled2004.scix.net/Files/acceptedpapers/Accepted/NATOVL.pdfhttp://arw-bled2004.scix.net/Files/acceptedpapers/Accepted/NATOVL.pdfhttp://arw-bled2004.scix.net/Files/acceptedpapers/Accepted/NATOVL.pdfhttp://www.xypex.com.au/support/papers/200211121471.htmhttp://www.xypex.com.au/support/papers/200211121471.htmhttp://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=883493http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=883493http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=883493http://www.safeencasement.com/articles/MOLD%20and%20COATINGS-TB-01-5-Rev.6.pdfhttp://www.safeencasement.com/articles/MOLD%20and%20COATINGS-TB-01-5-Rev.6.pdfhttp://www.safeencasement.com/articles/MOLD%20and%20COATINGS-TB-01-5-Rev.6.pdfhttp://www.safeencasement.com/articles/MOLD%20and%20COATINGS-TB-01-5-Rev.6.pdfhttp://www.safeencasement.com/articles/MOLD%20and%20COATINGS-TB-01-5-Rev.6.pdfhttp://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=883493http://www.xypex.com.au/support/papers/200211121471.htmhttp://arw-bled2004.scix.net/Files/acceptedpapers/Accepted/NATOVL.pdfhttp://arw-bled2004.scix.net/Files/acceptedpapers/Accepted/NATOVL.pdfhttp://www.healthyhomeassociation.com/1/hhmoisture.htmhttp://www.npc-eagle.co.za/site/awdep.asp?dealer=5011&depnum=2145http://www.cmit.csiro.au/innovation/2001-08/concrete.htm


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XT 750 Positive Side Vertical Waterproofing Membrane with Built-in

Protection Board, Ennis, TX, 75120-0755, accessed: June 25, 2004.

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http://www.cmit.csiro.au/research/special/se_asia/harm_conf1/paper_watanabe.p

df, accessed: July 27, 2004.

Xypex Chemical Corporation 2002a [online], Frequently Asked Questions,

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June 25, 2004)

* * *
http://www.ndt.net/article/v07n11/sutan2/sutan2.htmhttp://www.ndt.net/article/v07n11/sutan2/sutan2.htmhttp://www.ndt.net/article/v07n11/sutan2/sutan2.htmhttp://www.polyguardproducts.com/products/architectural/datasheets/750.pdfhttp://www.polyguardproducts.com/products/architectural/datasheets/750.pdfhttp://www.cmit.csiro.au/research/special/se_asia/harm_conf1/paper_watanabe.pdfhttp://www.cmit.csiro.au/research/special/se_asia/harm_conf1/paper_watanabe.pdfhttp://www.cmit.csiro.au/research/special/se_asia/harm_conf1/paper_watanabe.pdfhttp://www.hi-dry.com/faq/http://www.hi-dry.com/faq/http://www.xypex.com.au/http://www.xypex.com.au/http://www.xypex.com.au/http://murraythompson.unitedonlinebusiness.com/http://www.xypex.com.au/http://www.hi-dry.com/faq/http://www.cmit.csiro.au/research/special/se_asia/harm_conf1/paper_watanabe.pdfhttp://www.cmit.csiro.au/research/special/se_asia/harm_conf1/paper_watanabe.pdfhttp://www.polyguardproducts.com/products/architectural/datasheets/750.pdfhttp://www.ndt.net/article/v07n11/sutan2/sutan2.htm

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Pesticide Diffusion Through Concrete