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Integrated Pest Management Approaches to Increase
Productivity and Reducing Pesticide Exposure
Chow-Yang LeeUniversiti Sains Malaysia http://chowyang.com
Introduction• Over the past 30 years, pest management activity has been growing
rapidly in SE Asia over the past 20 years.
• Conventional pest control relies heavily on the use of pesticides. More than 95% of pesticides applied did not reach its targeted organisms.
• (1) accumulation of toxic residues (urban run-off, etc)
• (2) Impact on non-target organisms.
• (3) pesticide resistance.
• (4) occurrence of secondary pests.
• (5) pest resurgence. • Besides the ecological and biotic issues, irresponsible use of
pesticides may also lead to other economic and social consequences.
Conventional treatment
• Relying solely on the use of pesticides.
• Routine treatment - even when it is absolutely not necessary to treat.
• No consideration on pest population.
Examples of conventional treatments
• Residual sprays.
• Misting.
• Thermal fogging.
• Dusting.
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Impacts of conventional treatments
• Insecticide resistance.
• Urban runs off - pesticide contamination and impact on non-target organisms.
Urban run-off - pesticide contamination and affecting non-target organisms
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Pesticide dilemma
No pests in human
environment
No pesticide in human
environment
Important Pests in the Urban Environment in South East Asia
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• A pest management process that is designed through regular inspections, planning strategies and making decisions, treatment(s), evaluation and reevaluation, and inspection again.
• Emerged from the agriculture setting.
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Direct adoption of agricultural IPM into the urban ecosystem - not possible.
• Urban ecosystem - uniquely different from the agroecosystem - more challenging - multiple interacting factors.
Pest Status and Aesthetic Injury
• The pest status for an organism in the urban environment is because of its presence in-and-around the living space, and solely based on an intolerance of its presence, or because of a real or perceived medical threat.
• Unlike agricultural IPM where yield loss is often the primary measure to initiate a treatment, IPM in an urban setting makes decision to treat based on aesthetic, medical or even economic injury level that may vary with the pest involved, as well as time and location.
Integrated Pest Management in the Urban Environment
• Embrace the concept of ‘Integrated Pest Management’ (IPM), but with components feasible for the urban settings.
• Concentrates on inspection, maximizing their efforts on prevention, rather than cure.
• Emphasizes on ‘protecting’ the human life, buildings and structures, and the landscapes.
• Promotes responsible use of pesticides, only use them as and when they are absolutely required.
An IPM programme shall involve….
Pest identificationInspectionDecision-makingSanitation & EducationTreatmentPost-treatment monitoring and followup
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Inspection/Monitoring• Inspection - key activity in any integrated pest
management program. • Information obtained - help in deciding
whether a treatment is required, and the treatment method.
• Reduce unnecessary treatments (especially pesticides).
• New technologies in inspection.
http://www.altstudio.com.au/dtec/images/inspection2_sml.jpg
http://www.sitapest.com/img/termatrac.jpg
Source: John Ho, Aardwolf Pestkare
http://pestcemetery.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Picture-15.png
Source reduction and habitat modification
http://www.tnhealth.org/dphfacts/image004.jpg
Sanitation is a crucial factor for successful pest management….
• Good sanitation WILL NOT guarantee your premises to be pest-free.
• However, good sanitation will guarantee the performance of the treatment that eventually lead to the success of the pest management programme.
A single kernel of wheat (35 mg) can support development of......
3
21
1
Red flour beetle
Sawtooth grain beetle
Pyralid moth
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Pest proofing and building design
http://www.shurkill.com/images/large/sealing-wall-crack.jpghttp://www.ridacritter.com/Images/gallery/
dam/animal_exclusion_atlanta2.jpg
http://ohmyapt.apartmentratings.com/images/caulk.jpghttp://www.absolutewildlife.com/
sitebuilder/images/Misc._136-390x307.jpg http://foodquality.wfp.org/Portals/0/rat%20proof%20door.jpg
Physical Removal (eg. vacuuming, trapping)
http://media.thestar.topscms.com/images/0f/d1/70b39a16445bbe3ab3b9d5d35852.jpeg
http://chriswgale.typepad.com/.a/6a00d834523b8769e2011168959bdb970c-800wi
http://www.gemplers.com/img/fly-trap-glue-127498.jpg
Consultation with stakeholders
• Limited awareness, coordination and lack of cooperation among the stakeholders, especially between the one doing the job, the one paying for it, and the one owing the premises.
• Other stakeholders must UNDERSTAND that to achieve successful pest management requires the cooperation from all parties.
• The pest management professionals are hired to protect properties from pests, and not to spray!
Preferred treatment strategies
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Baiting, Limited Barrier Treatment, etc
http://www.fogmaster.com.my/termiteinterceptionbaitingsys.htm
Biopesticides, Bioagent, and Insect Growth Regulators
http://www.botanypictures.com/plantimages/azadirachta%20indica%2002%20(neem%20tree).jpg
http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/pesticides/virus-nil/bti/fig4.png
Physical Barrier/Air curtain/Light trap
http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/597461/4191728/0/1188018636/Folded_Portable_Mosquito_Net_Canopy.jpg
http://cloud.lbox.me/images/v/200909/nuef1253159027000.jpg
Physical Control Methods (eg. heat, cold, CO2, O3)
http://imgs.sfgate.com/c/pictures/2003/08/30/ho_heattreatment.jpg
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/images/heat1.jpg
http://www.aardwolfo-three.com/biosecurity.asp
https://sites.google.com/site/ukcryoniteinsectcontrol/_/rsrc/1269018159681/home/bigcheese_A129_645.jpg?
height=212&width=320
http://terminixwestmich.pestconnect.com/upload/88/images/tech%20with%20rapid%20freeze%20between
%20beds.jpg
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Integrated Pest Management
• Today, IPM is a reliable approach practiced especially by pest management professionals in the more progressive companies.
• In spite of all the benefits, surveys have shown that it has yet to be a popular practice among the practitioners in Southeast Asia.
Why?
Understanding of IPM• Not knowing what IPM is.
• Many actually think IPM is integrating a few methods of control.
• Some even think that by mixing several insecticides together and apply, they are doing IPM.
• Needs IPM education.
How much would you pay for a massage service?
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
S$20
S$100
S$200
S$1000
S$50
What about a brand new iPhone 6s or 6s Plus?
S$1388 for a new 128 GB iPhone 6s!
Why not S$50?
Perception on service• Marketing pest management service is just like any
service oriented jobs - skills and workmanship.
• Skill cannot be appreciated until the actual job is done.
• When your clients pay you an X amount of $$$ to solve his/her pest problems, they are aware that you will make a profit from that $$$.
• But they are not sure how much you will be making.
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
• Because of this uncertainty (and furthermore getting rid of pests may not be their main priority), it makes them reluctant and will bargain for a lower price, or seek other quotes for better prices.
• Hence a more expensive IPM-based programme would be less competitive, than a conventional treatment and therefore has poor client acceptance.
Perception on serviceUnlike a product that could be seen or held which your clients will have an idea of a price tag range,
services like pest management could only be appreciated after the actual task is completed.
How could a pest management service achieve a certain competitive price tag
even before even a service is performed
• Branding – returned customers (under promise, overdeliver), advertisement, niche, etc.
• Industry standards and policy – important role to be played by governments and pest management associations.
Famous service-oriented providers
Airlines Insecticide testing Hotels
Slimming Medical treatment Cloud storage
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Is IPM more expensive and time consuming than
conventional treatment?
Maybe (although not necessary) in short-term. However in the long-run,
it could be comparable in time as well as cost, or even cheaper!
Case Study 1(Sever et al. 2007)
• Found IPM to be cheaper.
• German cockroach control in homes.
• An average of US$281 per home for 12 months which involves trapping, counting and bait placements (IPM).
• On the hand, it costs US$475 per home for the same period when using conventional sprays.
• IPM reduced cockroach population by more than 90% compared to conventional sprays that only maintained reduction rate of ~50%.
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
Case Study 2(Penang, 1999 - 2000)
• Against 9 insecticide-resistant field populations of the German cockroach (resistant to propoxur, deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos)
• Carried out in kitchens in restaurants and hotels.
• Comparing conventional treatment (sprays using Fendona containing alpha-cypermethrin) (3 populations) versus IPM method using Siege gel bait (containing hydramethylnon) (3 populations), and Goliath gel bait (containing fipronil) (3 populations) and involving monitoring.
Treatment areasPremises Size (m2) Type Treatment No. treatments
in 3 months period
BBR 86.3 Hotel kitchen Fendona 3
May 75.4 Restaurant Fendona 3MT 285.6 Hotel kitchen Fendona 6
COPT 309.6 Hotel kitchen Goliath 1
PG 102.7 Club kitchen Goliath 1SUN 90.0 Restaurant Goliath 1
CB 62.5 Hotel kitchen Siege 1NZR 24.5 Restaurant Siege 1
PRPG 161.3 Hotel kitchen Siege 1
ResultsPremises Treatment Reduction
at 1-week
(%)
Reduction at
4 week (%)
Reduction at
8 weeks (%)
Reduction at
12 weeks (%)
BBR Fendona 35 40 55 46May Fendona -480 -65 -90 -150
MT* Fendona -15 20 24 55COPT Goliath 97 91 95 88
PG Goliath 83 80 86 88SUN Goliath 90 85 79 60CB Siege 94 81 85 88
NZR Siege N/A 91 93 99PRPG Siege 97 99 94 83
*Treatment was made every 2 weeks due to repeated callbacks
Comparative cost effectiveness and time spent on baiting versus
residual sprays
To obtain precise and reliable results, we took all costs and time incurred during the 12 weeks period for:
♦Treatment (Time) ♦Chemical (Cost) ♦Labour (Cost) ♦Monitoring (Time & Cost) ♦Call back (Time & Cost) ♦Transportation (Cost)
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016
ResultsPremises Treatment Total time
spent in 3 months (min)
Total cost (RM)
Total cost per m2
(RM)BBR Fendona 75 84.30 0.98May Fendona 135 86.70 1.15
MT* Fendona 235 186.63 0.65COPT Goliath 180 96.60 0.31
PG Goliath 120 56.10 0.55
SUN Goliath 110 68.75 0.76CB Siege 130 46.33 0.74
NZR Siege 50 27.78 1.13PRPG Siege 100 155.50 0.96
*Treatment was made every 2 weeks due to repeated callbacks
Conventional Pest Control versus IPM
Conventional
•No monitoring of pest population.
•Routine treatment activity irrespective of the pest population.
•Place no importance of site sanitation.
•The involvement of all stakeholders is limited or nil.
•Pesticide is unnecessarily used.
•Cheap solution short-term, but ineffective in the long-term.
IPM
✤Monitoring of pest population.
✤Treatment is done only when it is absolutely necessary.
✤Sanitation is one of the most crucial factors.
✤The involvement of all stakeholders is essential.
✤Pesticide is used only as and only it is required.
✤Seems expensive in the short-term, but cost-saving long-term
Summary and Conclusion• IPM is THE right approach that must be undertaken for
the management of all pest issues in today’s context.
• Gone were the days where pests are managed using a single unilateral treatment method such as chemical sprays.
• Although IPM may appear to be more expensive than the conventional treatment on a shorter period, the cost is actually comparable or even cheaper in the long-term.
• IPM reduces pesticide usage, and increase productivity in the long-term.
Pest Summit 2016 Presentation - ChowYangLee - 20 August 2016