Pesquisa em Bioenergia em São Paulo - USPPesquisa em Bioenergia em São Paulo Carlos H de Brito Cruz Scientific Director The São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP · 2009-9-28

Pesquisa em Bioenergia em São

Paulo

Carlos H de Brito Cruz

Scientific Director

The São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESPhttp://www.fapesp.br

http://bioenfapesp.org

123092009; FAPESP BIOEN

http://www.fapesp.br/

http://bioenfapesp.org/

Rationale

Global Climate Change: Reducing GHG emissions

Scarcity of resources

– Oil is finite

• (But note that “the stone age ended, but this was not because of a

lack of stones”)

Energy security (as Food Security)

– Each nation would like to generate its own energy, or at

least most of it, or at least as much as possible of it while

not having to pay too much for the rest and having a secure

source


46% of Brazil’s energy comes

from renewable sources

3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Renewable

En

erg

y f

rom

Ren

ew

ab

le s

ou

rces, B

razil 2

006

Other

Cane

Wood

Hydro

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Non-Renewable Renewable

En

erg

y s

ou

rce

s in

Bra

zil,

20

06

cane

15%

Renewables in Brazil: 46%; World: 13%; OECD: 6%


Ethanol costs x Gasoline

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Eth

an

ol

an

d G

aso

lin

e co

st

(in

20

04

US

$ p

er G

J)

Ethanol price paid to producers (2004 US$/GJ )

Rotterdam regular gasoline price (2004 US$/GJ)

Source: Goldemberg, 200523092009; FAPESP BIOEN

Increase in productivity

through R&D

5

40

50

60

70

80

90

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

(tc

/ha

or

lts/

tc)

lts de álcool/tc

tc/hectare

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

(li

ters

/hec

tare

)

Agricultural and Industrial product. Total productivity

+ 4% per year


Sugarcane energy content

1 Ton of Cane = 1,2 Barrels of Oil

Sucrose → Ethanol

Bagasse → burnt for heat for the mill

and electricity sold to the grid (1/2

Itaipu)

Leaves and Stalks → burnt on the field

– Burning phasing out in SP until 2014/2017

6

Bagasse

Cellulose

Sucrose

Leaves

and Stalks

Cellulose


Brazil: 1% of arable land displaces

30%+ of the gasoline

7

Source: UNICA


São Paulo: Land Use Change,

1970-2006


Forest

Agriculture

Pasture

Source: Boddey, R.M, “GHG Emission Mitigation Though Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil”, Circular Técnica Embrapa 27 (04/2009)

Sugarcane x Pasture:

fixation of 0,5 Mg C/ha.yr

Sugarcane for ethanol uses 0,5%

of total area

9

Area used for sugarcane for ethanol (3,4

MHa, 0,4%)

Area used for agriculture (76,7 MHa, 9%)

Rural properties area (355 MHa, 42%)

Total country area (851 MHa, 100%)

Source: Horta Nogueira e Seabra (2008)

Small bioenergy footprint



615 GL of Ethanol will substitute

for 30% of the world’s gasoline

2004 2025

Gasoline consumption 1,200 GL 1,700 GL

Ethanol consumption 30 GL

Ethanol substituting 30% gasoline 615 GL


Área disponível no Brasil: 60 Mha (Zoneamento para Cana, Set 2009,

aptidão Alta e Média)

@ 10 kL/Ha (usando somente sacarose da cana) 600 GL por ano

@ 20kL/Ha (usando sacarose e celulose) 1.200 GL/ano

Novos desafios

Competição internacional

Mais base científica

– Genomica

– Bio processos

– Química e bioquímica

Disputa política e comercial que requer ciência

– Sustentabilidade

• Água, fertilizantes, balanço energético e de GEE

– LUC; iLUC

Debate internacional

23092009; FAPESP BIOEN12

Solar Energy, v. 31, 1982


GHG and Energy Balance:

evolving knowledge


Macedo IC, Seabra JEA, Silva JEAR. Green house gases emissions in the production

and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: The.... Biomass and Bioenergy (2008),

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.12.006

Goldemberg J et al., “Energy Balance for Ethyl Alcohol Production

from Crops”, Science 2001 p. 903-906 (1978)

23092009; FAPESP BIOEN 15

FAPESP (The São Paulo Research

Foundation): SUCEST Program, 1999

Started 1999

Molecular Biology tools for

improving sugarcane

Science and Technology

of sugarcane

– Articles, thesis and patents

– Human resources

FAPESP: Sugarcane genomics

2000



Herbivory

Endophytes

ABA

MeJA

Phosphate

Drought

CO2

Lignin

Fiber

Sucrose

Biomass

Sugars

SUCEST-FUN Project


Maps and Markers

SUCEST: Gene Discovery and

Functional Genomics


Genes associated to traits of interest

In association with planters R&D center– Sugarcane Transcriptome Project (University of São

Paulo, USP)• Over 1,000 trait genes (sucrose, herbivory, drought, nutritional

responses) identified through genomics tools applied to the study of the Brazilian germplasm (Pat pending USPTO11/716,262)

– Sugarcane Molecular Marker Development Project (University of Campinas, UNICAMP)

• A functional map and markers associated to sucrose content developed for breeding populations


Ethanol fuel, biomass, sugarcane

Main sources of scientific articles

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

USA

Brazil

São Paulo State

Australia

India

Japan

China

Cuba

France

Mexico

Canada

Spain

South Africa

Scientific publications 2001 - 2005, ISI

Sugarcane research


Main Research Initiatives in Cane

and Ethanol in Brazil

CTC: private center to assist industry

Ridesa: public/private network for cane breeding

IAC: public center on agronomic research

Universities

INMETRO: Certification

CTBE: Bioethanol Research Center

EMBRAPA Agroenergy Center

Fapesp Initiatives on Bioenergy


Desafios para a Pesquisa em

Bioenergia no Brasil Produtividade

– Produção de biomassa

– Processos

– Uso da celulose (eletricidade x comb. liquido)

– Uso de menos área

Sustentabilidade

– Emissões (LUC, ILUC, N)

– Uso de água

– Agricultura para Alimento E Energia

– Impactos ambientais

– Impactos sociais


Três frentes na FAPESP

Rota científica e tecnológica

– Projeto do Programa Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas

BIOEN

– Programa de Pesquisa; 5-10 anos

– Núcleo de pesquisa fundamental

– Conexões com pesquisa aplicada via empresas parceiras

Centro Estadual de Pesquisa

– Sediado nas três universidades


www.apta.sp.gov.br/cana


www.apta.sp.gov.br/cana


Temas Abordados

I - Photosyntesis

II – Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology

III – Energy Cane

IV – Social and Economic Sustainability

V –Agricultural Modelin

VI – Pests and Deseases

VII – Residues Application (stillage, filter cake)

VIII – Environmental Aspects

IX – Cane Industrial Quality

X – Cogeneration

XI – Biomass-to-Liquid – BTL

XII – Hydrolysis

XIII – Logistics (cane, stillage and ethanol)

XIV – Instrumentation and Automation

Workshops Topics


FAPESP’s Research Program on

Bioenergy (BIOEN): 5 areas

1. Improvements in the feedstock: building a better cane plant

for energy - EnergyCane

2. Production of Ethanol and other products: hydrolysis,

pyrolisis, gasification, fermentation, distillation

3. New processes in alcohol-chemistry

4. Ethanol based engine and fuel cell developments

5. The Economics of Ethanol, Ethanol production and the

environment, Social impacts, the new agriculture of food and

energy


BIOEN Program Comittee

Gláucia Mendes de Souza

Marcos Buckeridge

Marie-Anne van Sluys

Anete Pereira de Souza

Rubens Maciel

Heitor Cantarella

André Nassar


Plus consultants during the

preparation phase:

• Luiz Cortez

• José Goldemberg

BIOEN FAPESP


Division Qtd ValuePlant 20 32.937.882,78Processos 23 18.607.503,37Biorefinery 3 1.139.996,57Sustentabilidade 7 1.789.021,46Motores 1 539.329,00Total 54 55.013.733,17

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

6 10 13 18 21 26 31 50

Weeks after CO2

A (

µm

ol C

O2 m

-2 s

-1)

Ambiente

Elevado ******

***

*

(a)

Ambient

Elevated

Microarray analyses 5000

genes

Sugarcane in increased CO2


Buckeridge M. Et al. Plant Cell and Environment, vol.31, p. 1116 (2008)

ElevatedAmbient

Productivity

60% more Biomass

Syntenic regions: rice, sorghum,

two cane alleles


Rice

Sorghum

Cane Ssp_148

Cane Ssp_095

Blue, green and red are genes

Grey correspond to repetitive regions

M.Anne van Sluys et al., in preparation

Sucrose related genes



Demonstration Plant for Acid

Hydrolisis: FAPESP - Dedini

Project started in 2002

Dedini-Fapesp proprietary process

Demonstration plant

– 5,000 liters per day

– Mixed with input for fermentation

Planta DHR

http://www.ethanolproducer.com/issue.jsp?issue_id=84

BIOEN Workshops

Bioenergy – Aug, 2009

Genome Sequencing – Aug, 2008

Cellulosic Ethanol – Sep, 2009

Photosynthesis – Feb, 2009

Sugarcane improvement – Mar, 2009

Soil Carbon – Jun, 2009

Processes – Sep, 20093523092009; FAPESP BIOEN

State of São Paulo Bioenergy R&D

– BIOEN Academic Basic and Applied Research

– Advancement of knowledge – US$ 24M (2008) + 2009,..

• Plus US$ 140 M (10 years) for a Statewide Research Center

– Young Investigator Awards – US$ 6 M (2008) + 2009..

• Open to foreign scientists who want to come to Brazil

Joint industry-university research (5 years)


Company Subject Value by industry

Oxiteno Lignocellulosic materials US$ 3,000,000

Braskem Alcohol-chemistry US$ 25,000,000

Dedini Processes US$ 50,000,000

Centro de Pesquisa em

Bioenergia

Proposta dsa FAPESP, USP, Unicamp e UNESP ao

Governo Estadual

Áreas de pesquisa do Programa BIOEN

Investimentos

– R$ 100 milhões do governo estadual

– R$ 100 milhões das universidades

– R$ 100 milhões da FAPESP


Comitê de redação da proposta

Antonio Roque Dechen – Diretor, ESALQ/USP

Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez – FEAGRI/UNICAMP

Nelson Ramos Stradiotto – IQ/UNESP/Araraquara

Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz – Diretor Científico,

FAPESP


Centro (USP, Unicamp, Unesp) de

Pesquisa em Bioenergia Um “Centro de Pesquisa em Bioenergia”, de classe internacional,

capaz de criar a base científica necessária para a competitividade paulista e brasileira em bioenergia.

C&T para primeira, segunda e terceira gerações, bem como sobre os impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais da produção e uso de bioenergia

Soma-se a outras iniciativas existentes no país

Diferencia-se por buscar avanços baseados na criação de ciência avançada e associá-los à formação de pessoal qualificado

A base em ciência avançada visa preparar o país para a transição tecnológica mundialmente em curso na área de Bioenergia


Levantamento USP, Unicamp e

Unesp


Divisão Principal

Division USP Unicamp UNESP Total

Application on Automotive Motors 8 10 5 23

Bioenergy (Fuel, Heat, Electricity) Production 57 39 32 128

Biorefineries, Alcoholchemistry, Oil Chemistry 8 10 5 23

Production of Biomass for Bioenergy 55 14 22 91

Sustainability Aspects (Biofuels Economics, Social and Environmental Impact)

42 39 20 101

Total 170 112 84 366

Áreas com 10 ou mais

pesquisadores


Area USP Unicamp UNESP Total

Second Generation Technologies 26 13 13 52

Environmental Aspects 23 16 10 49

Agriculture 26 2 15 43

Agribusiness of Ethanol 12 18 6 36

First Generation Ethanol Production 12 16 5 33

Genetic Improvement 17 5 4 26

Basic Sciences II (Processes) 7 5 9 21

Products 6 10 3 19

Agricultural Engineering 7 4 2 13

Basic Sciences IV (Appl. Automotive Motors) 6 7 0 13

Co-Products 6 1 5 12

Social Aspects 5 4 1 10

Total 153 101 73 327

Áreas com menos de 10

pesquisadores


Area USP Unicamp UNESP Total

Basic Sciences I (Biomass production) 5 3 1 9Biomass Preparation 5 4 0 9Basic Sciences V (Impacts) 2 1 3 6Alcohol Engines 1 0 4 5Basic Sciences III (Alcohol Chemistry) 2 0 2 4Fuel Cells 0 3 0 3Fuel Quality 1 0 1 2Third Generation Technologies 1 0 0 1New Engines/Uses 0 0 0 0Use of Water 0 0 0 0Total 17 11 11 39

Motores

Áreas sem pesquisadores


Alcohol Engines Sensors ethanol-gasoline

Alcohol Engines Redesign of Internal Combustion Engines

Alcohol Engines Use of Ethanol in Motorcycle Engines

Basic Sciences Energy Conversion

Fuel Cells Direct use of Ethanol

New Engines/Uses Development of New Stationary Engines Using Solid Biofuels (e.g. Stirling Engine)

New Engines/Uses Development of New Systems for Ethanol Use: as LPG substitute

Produção de Bioenergia



Basic Sciences Biocatalyzers

Basic Sciences Biofuels Quality

Basic Sciences Unified micro organisms for the extraction of sugar for fermentation

Biomass Preparation Baling, Briquetting, Pelletizing

Co-Products Production of Lisine

Co-Products Production of Furfural

Co-Products Production of RNA

First Generation Ethanol Production Development of New Industrial Arrangements for Ethanol-Energy Plants

First Generation Ethanol Production Fermentation Temperature Control

First Generation Ethanol Production Development of “in situ” Technologies for Stillage Disposal

First Generation Ethanol Production Development of “in situ” Tecnologies for Stillage Disposal (e.g. incineration)

First Generation Ethanol Production New Fermentation Routes (e.g. using bacteria)

Second Generation Technologies Gasification for Synthetic Biofuels (e.g.: Fischer-Tropsch)

Second Generation Technologies Biomass processing by Atmospheric-Pressure plasma

Second Generation Technologies Biomass processing by FT-NIR (near-infra red spectroscopy irradiation)

Second Generation Technologies Combustion of Cane Trash

Second Generation Technologies Other Hydrolysis Methos (e.g.: Supercritical Hydrolysis)

Use of Water Reduction of Water Use

Use of Water Zero Water Utilization in Ethanol Production

Biorefineries, Alcohol Chemistry



Basic Sciences Systems biology and Synthetic Biology approaches

Basic Sciences Chemistry of CO2

Basic Sciences Photochemical catalysis for vegetable oils cracking

Biomass for Bioenergy



Agricultural Engineering Cane Logistics (from field to the factory)Agricultural Engineering Development of Semi-Mechanized Harvesting MethodsAgricultural Engineering Filter Cake and Ash Distribution in Cane FieldsAgricultural Engineering Stillage Distribution in Sugarcane FieldsAgricultural Engineering Trash RecoveryAgriculture New FertilizersAgriculture Biological Fixation of Nitrogen Agriculture Development of Direct Planting Technology for Sugarcane Agriculture Machinery Operations under Wet conditionsGenetic Improvement Transgenic Sugarcane for Other CompoundsGenetic Improvement Eco-physiological Characterization of germplasmGenetic Improvement Plant Synthetic BiologyGenetic Improvement Polyploid Statistical GeneticsGenetic Improvement Creation of a Public Germoplasm Collection

Sustainability



Agribusiness of Ethanol Logistics

Environmental Aspects Carbon Capture and Sequestration(CCS) Technologies

Global Sustainable Bioenergy:

Feasibility

Key Question:

– Is it physically possible for bioenergy to meet a substantial fraction of

future world mobility and/or electricity demand while our global society

also meets other important needs.?

Staged structure

– Meetings, assemble international team, scope project, get support

– Address key question posed above unconstrained by current realities

– Work back to the present considering policy, economic, transition, and

development issues


Representation Host Institutions, Location Meeting Chairs/Organizing Committee Members

Dates

European Union Kluyver Center for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Delft, The Netherlands

Andre Faaij, Utrecht University

Patricia Osseweijer, Delft University of Technology

February, 24-26, 2010

Africa University of Sellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Emile van Zyl, University of Stellenbosch

August Temu, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi

March,

17-19, 2010

South America University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

José Goldemberg, University of São Paulo

Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz, FAPESP, São Paulo

March,

22-24, 2010

North America University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, USA

John Foley, University of Minnesota May, 2010

Asia, Oceania TBD Reinhold Mann, Battelle Science and Technology, Malaysia

June 2010?

GSB Project: Stage 1 Meetings &

Organizing Committee

Steering Committee: Nathanael Greene, Natural Resources Defense Council

Lee Lynd (Chair), Dartmouth, Mascoma Corp

Tom Richard, Pensylvania State University



Documents

Pesquisa em Bioenergia em São Paulo - USPPesquisa em Bioenergia em São Paulo Carlos H de Brito Cruz Scientific Director The São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP · 2009-9-28