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AS Revision Introduction to Physical Education G451
Why do you participate in Physical Activity (or not)?
Key
• ET = Exam TIP• KT = Key Term
Physical Activity
Physical BenefitsEg improved CV fitnessor maintenance of a healthy body weight
Mental BenefitsEg stress relief, mood Enhancement, or feel goodfactor
Personal BenefitsEg knowing own strengthsand weaknesses or Increasing self esteem.
Social Eg feeling of belonging orHaving healthy relationships
ET = you need to be able to give examples of physical, mental, personal and social benefits of regular participation in physical activity.
9 Components of Healthy Balanced Lifestyle
Nutritious Diet
Personal Hygiene
Hobbies/Social
Rest/Sleep
Injury and Illness
Prevention
Physical Exercise
‘Free Time’
Control of stress and pressure
Relationships
Sedentary LifestylesRecommendations
•Adults
30mins moderate intensityPhysical activity x 5 per week
•Children and young people
60mins of moderately intensePhysical activity each day. At Least two sessions shouldinclude higher impact activityTo improve bone health, muscle Strength and flexibility.
Barriers to Regular Participation
Lack of:•Energy•Perceived ability/skill•Friends who participate•Suitable facilities nearby•Money eg to join a gym•Suitable/correct kit
Also:•Anxiety about being out after dark•Preference to stay at home when it’s cold or wet•Dislike exercise or sweating•Embarrassed to show body
In brief
Lack of opportunityLack of provisionLack of esteem
KT
Key TermsPhysical Benefits – to do with the body Eg potential to reduce the risk of heart disease.
Mental Benefits – to do with the mindEg stress relief
Personal Benefits – to do with selfEg improved self-esteem
Social Benefits – to do with others Eg having positive relationships
Opportunity – The chance to take part based on factors such as time, money etc
Provision – the availability of facilities which allow for participation.
Esteem – Confidence to participate
ET - always use these key terms especially for ten mark questions
Using the following key terms:-
Physical Benefits, Mental Benefits, Personal Benefits, Social benefits, Opportunity, Provision and Esteem in describing the benefits of regular participation in Physical Activity and the possible barriers to regular physical activity amongst young people which leads to SedentaryLifestyle.
Physical RecreationWho?
Available to all who choose amateurs
Where?Decided by participants
How?Relatively unsophisticated level. Limited competition.
Limited Funding. Limited skill or fitness
Benefits?Physical, mental and
personal. Learn skills , health and well-being, stress relief, relaxation be sociable and
enjoyment
When? Decided by
participants in their free time
Physical RecreationEnjoyment is a keycharacteristic
ET - when asked to identify the characteristics of Phys Rec it is important to be specific and clear in your answers. If simple bland terms are used such as ‘anyone, anywhere at anytime’ to describe characteristics you will not gain marks. Be specific not vague!
Physical RecreationEmphasis on:-Participation not performanceTaking part, not winningEnjoyment and satisfaction, not record-breaking
Benefits of Outdoor Recreation
Appreciation of the natural
environment
Respect for the natural
environment
Gaining a sense of adventure
• A chance to be at one with nature• Escape from modern hectic lifestyle• Chance to tune in to one’s inner-self,
thoughts and feelings
• Being in the natural environment can intensify the appreciation of the need to preserve, conserve, value and protect the natural environment.
• Due to unpredictable, risky and sometimes potentially dangerous nature of the natural environment.
• Once all real risk has been eliminated and safety measures followed a sense of exhilaration and excitement can be experienced.
Remember that outdoor recreation is physical recreation in the natural environment eg a walking holiday
Exam Tips
You need to be able to compare characteristics of Physical
Recreation with characteristics of Sport
Remember that Outdoor Recreation means using the natural environment,
(eg hills, lakes or rivers) to gain physical, mental, personal and social benefits.
Outdoor Recreation is not simply playing a game of Hockey or golf which happens
to be outside.
Characteristics of Physical Education
Characteristics
Specialist Staff
Variety of Practical activities and
theoretical elements
Of
Opportunity for GCSE,AS/A level
National Curriculum
PE
Schoolchildren and
Young People
Benefits
PE can be defined as :-1. Learning about and through physical activity2. The learning of physical, personal, preparatory and qualitative values through formal physical activity in school
Benefits of Physical Education
Personal (and social)
Enjoyment, confidence, leadership, teamwork,
loyalty, responsibility, commitment, overcoming challenges, emotional
control, decision making, problem
solving, sportsmanship,positive behaviour,
respect
PreparatoryPreparation for leisure (eg joining a
club) or sport, a career or work
PhysicalSkill, health, fitness, physique, agility,
knowledge of activities/sports/coaching/leading/offi
ciating
Improved quality of life
Influence on lifestyle(eg
balanced healthy lifestyle),
experiencing excellence,
mental well-being,
opportunity for creativity, aesthetic
awarenessBenefits of Physical
Education
Outdoor EducationWho?
Young people qualified, specialist leaders /staff
Where?In the natural environment, (eg hills, lakes or rivers, coastlines,
mountains, caves )Sometimes using semi-natural or
artificial facilities
How?According to strict H & S regs
Sometimes by overcoming potential constraints eg
Distance for locationExpense of activitiesLack of expert staff
Time constraints
Benefits?Physical Health and Skill Learning
eg climbingPersonal and social development eg
leadershipPreparation for Active leisure eg
love the outdoorsEnhance quality of life eg
appreciation of environment
When? As part of a structured
school programmeSpecial trips or visits
Constraints of widespread participation In Outdoor Education by young people:-•Lack of adequate funding, specialist staff and transport costs•Distance from natural facilities•Insufficient voluntary contributions from pupils•Outdoor activities can take up too much curriculum time.•Parents anxieties over H & s concerns and staff reluctant to take responsibility
Perceived Risk Real RiskCompletely safe dangerous even fatal
Imagined challenging
Beginners Experts
Characteristics and Benefits of SportWho?
Those with Physical prowess (skill)Those with physical endeavour
(effort and Commitment)The Elite
Some Professionals
Where?At a designated space with specialist or purpose built
facilitiesWith fixed boundaries
How?High level organisation, that is:With officials formal rules NGBs
High level of competitionCommitment to training and coaching
Aesthetic qualitySportsmanship
Sponsorship and media interestElement of chance
Benefits?Intrinsic Rewards-
Personal satisfaction and achievementExtrinsic rewards-
money and/or fame
When?At a designated time and pre-determined
length of time
What makes a sport?1. Tradition2. Vigorous exertion3. Competition4. Administration5. Behaviour
Key TermsPhysical Prowess – Skill
Gamesmanship– Stretching the rulesTo gain an unfair advantage.
Physical Endeavour– Effort and Commitment
Sportsmanship– Fair Play
Deviance – seriously breaking the rulesSledging– Attempting to undermine anOpponent by verbally abusing , taunting
Aesthetic– movement that is beautifulto watch and pleasing to the eye
Characteristics of Surviving Ethnic Sports
Ritualistic
Local
Natural
Tourism
Rowdy
Relatively Isolated
Occasional/Annual
Social Traditional
Exam Tips
You need to remember specific surviving ethnic sports and games eg not Mob Football…. Royal Shrovetide Football
You need to describe the characteristics of surviving ethnic sports and give reasons for their continued existence and popularity. Eg Occasional/Annual often participated
during bank-holidays.
19th Century Public SchoolsCommunity Members
Community LeadersTeachers
Vicars/Priests
Industrialists
Army Officers
Parents
Oxbridge Blues
Assistant Masters
Move From Popular Recreation (B4 IR) to Rational Recreation (PIR)
• Popular Recreation Rational Recreation • Localised Local – regional – national • Uncoded Formal codification • Cruel/Violent Channelled aggression • Irregular/occasional Regular • Courtly/popular Gentry – middle – working • Rural Rural – urban • Ritual Moral• Wagering Gambling curtailed
Have a go! what do these key words mean
• An amateur
• A professional
• An amateur approach to sport
• A professional approach to sport
• Gentlemen amateur
USA
Franchise- The business that Owns, runs and has voting rights for a team
Conference- Similar to a league
American dream
Rags to riches
Win at all costs
300 million people In 50 states
Highly Commercialised State
Capitalist State
American football
Ivy League
AustraliaAustralia
Population 21,007,310 (2008 est.)Young Nation(1770) James Cook of England charted eastern coast, claimed it for British Crown Retained Colonial InfluencesRugby 2 codesCricketAssociation football (Socceroos)ImmigrationComplete time-line on map!
AustraliaReasons
• Favourable
Climate
Outdoor Lifestyle/Health Conscious
Sporting Success
Media support and interest
Sport for All
Give reasons for physical activity (physical education, physical recreation and sport) being of such high status in Australia. [5]
ColonialismWhite Australia PolicyBush Culture
Give reasons for physical activity (physical education, physical recreation and sport) being
of such high status in Australia. [5]
Reasons
• Favourable Climate
Outdoor Lifestyle/Health Conscious
Government Support• The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) leads the development of elite sport
and is widely acknowledged in Australia and internationally as a world best practice model for elite athlete development. The AIS is a pre-eminent elite sports training institution in Australia with world class facilities and support services. The AIS has 35 sport programs in 26 sports.
• AIS scholarship holders to become tomorrow's world-beaters and all the information on how to join the AIS family is available through the scholarships section.
• The AIS has been the nation's sports training powerhouse mainly due to the AIS facilities and the cutting edge Sports Science Sports Medicine support.
• The AIS campus is located in the suburb of Bruce in the Australian Capital Territory.
Sporting Success
Sport for All
Media support and interest
Tradition of Success
Unites a ‘Small Nation’
High status in Schools
Impact on young Peoples aspirationsFunding of Physical Activity
PublicFunding from
government and local authorities
including National Lottery Funding
VoluntaryFunding from
donations or charities or private clubs
PrivateFunding from businesses,
companies and investors often
by way of sponsorship.
In: taxes, gaming duties and National Lottery sales.Out:- Local authorities, awards and grants eg UK sport. Sportsmatch Sponsorship, Armed forces sport
In: business profit, ticket sales, TV rightsOut:- sponsor individuals, teams, running and maintaining private sports clubs and facilities, buying TV rights, Sport Aid Grants, National Sports Foundation
In: national lottery grants, awards for all, sportsmatch grants, local authority grants, NGBs, fundraising, Foundation for sports and arts, National sports Foundation, Commercial Sponsorship and members subscription Out:- facility building maintenance and development, developing performers (coaching), running a club
World Class Pathway Programme
World Class DevelopmentFor performers who are about 6 years from a medal
World Class TalentHighly gifted performers with world class talent are selected by NGBs.For performers who are a maximum of 8 years from a likely medal
Years from podium0
-2
-4
-6
-8Home country talent development systems
UK Sport’s OrganisationsPolicy
What is their political ideology?
• Winning Medals
• Participation
• Equal Opportunities
• Increasing our status
• Pursuit Of Excellence
Provision
How can we provide to meet our potential?
• More grassroots = more elite.
• Who are they targeting?
Administration
• How is sport structured, organised and funded?
• What role does each of the organisations play in the pursuit of participation and excellence?
Other Bodies Influencing and Promoting Physical Activity and Sporting Excellence
Name Overall Aims
To develop elite sport in the UK inc. Ethics, major events, administrative efficiency, works with home countries, helps elite sports development, supports world class performers/coaches etc
egTo provide the best performers with the practical support needed to win and compete at the highest level with: sports science and medicine, physiology and biomechanics, performance analysis, massage, physiotherapy, strength and conditioning, career and education advice etc
To get people more active and involved. Invests advises and promotes community sport. Promotes voluntary work such as coaching leadership and officiating. Focus on priority groups (minority groups). Supports school sport. Works closely with local, national and regional bodies in line with NGBs.To increase participation, improve performance and improve the image and management of sport in NI. Develop disadvantaged groups etc
To increase participation and improve performance in Scottish sports. Developing sporting people, organisations and facilities, create pathways and promote equality of opportunity tackling discrimination.To get more people more active more often. Active young people, active communities, high level performance and excellence focusing on talented performers.
Government Initiatives
School Sports
Partnerships SSPs
The PE, School Sport and Club Links Strategy
PESSCL strategy
National Curriculum
Gifted and talented
JAE programme
Kite MarkingActivemarkSportsmarkPartnerships
Exam Tip 1Key sporting bodies and orgssuch as UK sport are not toldwhat to do, however they areanswerable to the DCMSdue to the funding they receive.
Exam Tip 2You can only be asked questionson material that is in the specification, so you will not get a question specifically about PESSCLstrategy, you may have to identifycurrent government initiatives.
Exam Tip 3There will be five parts to your ASSocio-cultural studies q’s. The Final part will be an extended 10mark question. You have to ‘critically evaluate’, and thereforeprove how you can think and make judgements.
Answers
Answers ctd
Excellence and Participation in UK
Excellence
Performance
Participation
Foundation
•Highly skilled/elite•Fully committed with high level support
•Emphasis on winning and competing•District, county or regional commitment
•School or club participation, recreational•Non-competitive extra curricular - enjoy
•Introduction to sport-basic skills•Positive attitudes to physical activity
The Sports Development Pyramid
Exam Tip You could be asked to name and explain each layer of the sports development pyramid in the examination. Ensure you can recall the ones beginning with ‘p’, candidates often get these confused.
Mass Participation Sporting Excellence The continuum from mass participation to sporting excellence
Opportunity Provision Esteem
Ethnic Minorities
Groups who are different in their ethnic origin from the majority of the population.
Race
The physical characteristics of an individual.Stacking
This is where players are put into positions and sports on the basis of their ethnic background.
‘Self-fulfilling prophecies’
Countries may concentrate on a particular sport e.g. Kenyan and middle/long distance running.
‘White Flight’
Are we ‘guided’ into sports due to our race?
Do we avoid sports where our race has not traditionally or currently been represented?
How do we get Equal Opportunities?
Changing Attitudes
Allocate Funding
Access
Adaption/Modification
Awareness
Key TermsAttitudes: Outlooks, feelings or thought about something.
Social Exclusion– the negative result of factors such as low income, discrimination, poor housing etc thatcan put some communities at a disadvantage.
Stereotyping– Typecasting, labelling or pigeonholing people.
Myths– Untruths eg black males can’t swim and women can’t park cars.
Socialisation– the process by which peopleLearn acceptable cultural beliefs and behaviour including how to interact with people who are different to themselves.
Positive Discrimination– FavouritismOr special treatment for the focus Group in order to give them a chance
Drugs Media Sponsorship and Violence in Sport"In the name of all
competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams."
Reasons for Use Consequences
Possible solutions to Drug Use• Stricter more rigorous out-of season testing• Stricter punishments and life bans• Co-ordinated education programmes for
athlete and coach• More funding for testing programmes and
scientific research• Unified policies across NGBs• Role models promoting drug free sport
ET -If a question is asked for solution to the problem of drugs, make sure that you don’t list drug types, respond using the bullet points above.
Technology in SportSafety
Eg , Cricket helmets,
gumshieldsExam Tip:Be aware of modern technological products areup-to-date, technicalscientific or high-tech itemsthat impact on sport.The impact is usually Considered to be good, butIn some cases may increaseThe chance of injury Eg Football Boots
The roles of the mediaTo Inform•Eg informing about a match result, team analysis or player preparation and behaviour.
To educate•Eg on global sporting issues, sports, skills, coaching techniques, sporting issues or local sporting provision.
To entertain•Eg with live coverage of an event or information about star’s private lives or a documentary on a particular team’s pre-competition preparations.
To advertise•Either directly or indirectly through sponsorship
ET - If you are asked to critically evaluate the impact of the media on sport – it simply means that you should way up ( in good written form) the advantages and disadvantages of the media in sport eg additional funding for sport v rule changes and off-peak viewing times.
Media
Sport
Media
The Golden Triangle
Sponsorship
Golden Triangle -The Inter-relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media
Sport and MediaHigh level sport is a media commodity.Sport available 24/7Media control over some sportsCelebrities are created and role models can have +ive or –ive imageLow profile sports get little attention so minimal sponsorship opportunities.Relationship can increase matchfixing and other examples of deviance.
Sponsorship and Media; When sports are covered by the media sponsorship ultimately Increases.
Sport and SponsorshipSponsorship increases popularityand stability of sport.Sport is a relatively inexpensive form of advertising.Money from sponsorship can help improve spectator provision.Powerful sports such as premier league football have some control over their sponsors
Violence by Players
Causes Of Violence by Players
‘Cauldron Effect’
Provocation
Sledging Crowd Behaviour
Aggression
De-humanised
Cheating
Solutions to Violence by Players
Harsher Penalties
Greater authority
Technology
Rule changes
Education
• Add here
Violence by SpectatorsReasons and Solutions
Pre-match Hype
Primitive
Intimidate
Incite
Police Liaison
All-Seater
Segregation
Deterrents
Ethics and High Level Sport
Deviance Sportsmanship
Gamesmanship Fair play
Etiquette Letter and Spirit of ‘The Law’
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Charter
PrinciplesDesigned to link sport with culture and education. The
founders wanted to promote the practice in sport and the joy
found in effort. The Olympics would help build a better world
by bringing people together from all over the globe the spirit
of fair play and friendship
AimsTo enable and strengthen
sports, to ensure their independence and
duration.BPDC
PhilosophyBalance between body and
mind and will; effort-for the joy is can bring; role
modelling to educate and inspire others; tolerance,
generosity, unity, friendship, non-
discrimination and respect for others
KT Olympic Charter- The ‘rule book’ that governs how the Olympic Games and IOC are run.
The bringing together of people from 5 differentcontinents
Promotes Olympic games
Fund raises
Appoints official sponsors of 2012
Manages Team GBInc. transport and kit
Organises visits to Host City prior to games
Helps athletes andNGBs prepare forOlympic Games
Helps select Team GB Works on Olympic Bids
Key Terms
Centralised System
• A system where political and administrative power is held centrally with no regional or local government control
Shop Window Effect
• When sporting success equates with political success and positive role models promotethe country’s status
Communism
• A centralised political system that opposes capitalism and democracy
Elitism
• To be exclusive or to select the best and to forget the rest
Appeasement
• To pacify or provide a feel good factor
