PERU: Country ReportPERU: Country ReportTechnology Needs AssessmentsTechnology Needs Assessments

Dr. Eduardo TorresDr. Eduardo TorresCONCYTEC - PERCONCYTEC - PERÚÚ

National Council of Science and Technology

PERPERÚÚ: : AA country on the move country on the movePeru is a beautiful countrylocated in South America, andis an APEC economy membersince 1998.Its population is about 26million, distributed in 1’285,000sq. km. of territory.Peru is crossed over by AndesMountain Range, dividing thecountry in 3 principal regions:a desertical coast, amountainous highland and theAmazon rainforest. Thanks tothis particular geography, Peruhas more than 84 ecologicallevels from a total of 103existing in the world.

Identification of Technology Needs forIdentification of Technology Needs forEconomical Development and Green-HouseEconomical Development and Green-HouseEffect Gases Mitigation and Air PollutionEffect Gases Mitigation and Air Pollution

This information was compiled by The NationalEnvironment Council (CONAM) with theparticipation of multidisciplinary nationalconsultants. This estimation summarizes ournational technological needs which at the sametime could have a sound-effect in the mitigation ofgreen-house effect emissions (GHE) and couldreduce countries vulnerability against climaticchange.

Expenses in Research andExpenses in Research andDevelopmentDevelopment

914.00Estados UnidosEstados Unidos418.00CanadCanadáá164.70EspaEspaññaa41.70BrasilBrasil36.10AgentinaAgentina

331.60Costa RicaCosta Rica28.30ChileChile16.10UruguayUruguay14.80MexicoMexico11.60CubaCuba11.30PanamPanamáá9.90ColombiaColombia3.10BoliviaBolivia1.70PerPerúú1.60El SalvadorEl Salvador1.20EcuadorEcuador0.60Nicaragua

US$ per cápitaCountry

Sectors that should implementSectors that should implementprojects for technology transferprojects for technology transfer

�� AgricultureAgriculture�� FoodFood Industrie Industrie and agricultural industries and agricultural industries�� TourismTourism�� EnergyEnergy�� BiodiversityBiodiversity�� BiotechnologyBiotechnology�� InfrastructureInfrastructure�� Public HealthPublic Health

* Government will promote public and private participation

PerPerúú exportation projections exportation projections2000-20252000-2025

100100100100100100TOTAL21.322.521.921.521.521.5Services

19.515.814.613.512.712.1Manufactures

40.042.044.546.247.348.6Fuels an non-ferrousmetals

19.319.719.018.818.517.8Food,beverages&Tobacco

202520252020202020152015201020102005200520002000UniformUniform

classification ofclassification ofinternationalinternationalcommercecommerce

In 2025, Peru will export approximately 33 518 USD millions(Acummulated growth of 3,9 times in respect to 2000 year).

Emissions will increase 2,6 times between 1994-2025 (from 98 899.3 Ggtons to 259 109.9 Gg tons of CO2 equivalents. In the Energy Sector,emissions will increase more than 3 times and the Non-energetic Sector in2,5 times.

GEI emissions increment in CO2GEI emissions increment in CO2equivalent (equivalent (GgGg))

Energy sector:Energy sector:� Fuel Consumption: will increase 3.4 times

(From 22.25% in 1994 to 29% in 2025)� Industrial processes: From 10% in 1994 to

19% in 2025

Non-energetic sectorNon-energetic sector� Change of land use and silviculture: in

1994 the emissions were 41% of totalemissions; in 2025 will represent a loss of14% of the total forestry surface.

Technological OptionsTechnological OptionsReliable Energy Commercial ReservesReliable Energy Commercial Reserves

19971997

Coal8% Uranium

5%Oil

10%

NG liquids12%

Natural gas34%

Hydroenergy

31%

Perú has large energetical reserves: 467 FET (FuelEquivalent Tons), 65% from natural gas andhydroenergy

Primary Energy Production (1998)Primary Energy Production (1998)

Cane-remains

2.3%

Fire-wood30.4%

Ox-stall &Peat2.1%

Hydroenergy11.5%

Oil44.4%

Mineral Coal0.2%

Natural Gas9.1%

Perú just produces about 13 FET millions concentratingits present explotation in oil production and biomass.Hydroenergy in lower proportions.

Possible sequence of energeticalPossible sequence of energeticaloptions implementationoptions implementation

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Hidroelectric

Fuel-cells

Natural Gas

Solar

Technologies for electricityTechnologies for electricitygenerationgeneration

TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS:TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS: Natural Gas Natural Gas

Long term and coherent policies with astraight compromise from government topromote internal market

Actions and requiredpolicies

High impact in a high biodiversity areawith a fragil ecological equilibrium

Environmentalimpact

Big industries, cement processing andcars in lower percentage

Aplication

Under developed domestic marketBarriersBlocks ContractsCaptation Form

Pluspetrol, Aguaytía Energy / Kamiseaexplotation

Provider

Fossil fuel with lower environmentalimpact, great potential

DescriptionExplotation, Processing and distributionTechnological Option

Natural GasNatural Gas

Fuel Cells as Energy GeneratorsFuel Cells as Energy Generators

CircuitCircuit

Anode

H2 Source Polimeric

membrane

Catode

Air is taken And

oxygen captured

H

H+

Principle: Hydrogen is chemically secuestred from different sources( Air, Fuel,Gas, etc.) then the O2 separates in a proton and electron.The proton migrates to the catode and the electron to the anodegenrating electric energy. It is anon -combustion process.

Microturbines

Fuelsystem

Fuelsystem

Force Digital Control

Force Digital Control

MicroturbineMicroturbine

Fuel Flow Air

Communications

GasesOutput

ElectricalOutput

User Interface

BiodigestorsBiodigestors

To promote this technologyActions and requiredpolicies

Positive impact : management of solidwastes and mitigation of CO and Nox

Environmentalimpact

Electrical generators for publicilumination

Aplication

UnknownBarriersPublic perceptionCaptation Form

Farmers for their own consume;municipalities

Provider

Bacterial induced process undertemperature influence

Description

Fermentation processing andtransformation

TechnologicalOption

BiodigestorsBiodigestors

SmallSmall Hydroelectrical Hydroelectrical Systems Systems

Fiscal incentives and diffusionActions and requiredpolicies

NoneEnvironmentalimpact

Specially idoneous for remote localitieswithout electricity

Aplication

Interconnection possibilities to electric netBarriers

Equipment adquicsition and patentlicenses

Captation FormVariousProviderDifferent typesDescription

Microturbines, Propeller type turbines;Francis turbines; Pelton turbines.

Technological OptionSmallSmall Hydroelectrical Hydroelectrical Systems Systems

BiofuelsBiofuels

Companies must implement developmentplans for ethanol adquicsition, Laws andcontrols

Actions and requiredpolicies

Non-toxic CO2Environmentalimpact

Ethanol and oil mixtures to increaseoctanage

Aplication

Low ethanol demandBarriersPrivate and public sectorsCaptation Form

Various as universities; research centers;Oil companies

Provider

Possible vegetal sources from sugar-based vegetables

Description

Ethanol ProductionTechnologicalOption

BiodigestorsBiodigestors

Solar EnergySolar Energy

Fiscal incentives and marketingActions and requiredpolicies

NoneEnvironmentalimpact

In areas with high solar irradiationAplication

Public diffusion and level of localirradiation

Barriers

Cheap technology transfer, equipmentadquicsition, self-made, local patent

Captation FormRelative easy constructionProviderSolar concentration devicesDescription

Solar dryers,heaters,stoves andfotovoltaics cells

TechnologicalOption

Solar EnergySolar Energy

Oceanic EnergyOceanic Energy

Fiscal incentives, political decision andinitial inversion

Actions and requiredpolicies

Marine habitat alteration; OTEC noneEnvironmentalimpact

Only North part of Perú (high billow area)Aplication

Inversion and recuperation costsBarriersTechnical design; equipment adquisitionCaptation FormVariousProvider

Channel systems with water flow andreservoirs; hydroelectrical plants, etc.

Description

Billow use; tide use; OTEC systemsTechnologicalOption

Oceanic EnergyOceanic Energy

GeothermicalGeothermical Energy Energy

Technological transfer and prospectionstudies

Actions and requiredpolicies

Land profile cuttings and debrisEnvironmentalimpact

Reduction of green-house effect gasesAplication

Unknown geothermal potential;economical support

Barriers

Prospection and perforation studies.Thermic wells sustenance

Captation Form

Universities, Oil companies like Shell andMobil, research centers

Provider

Perforation of hot rocks wells injectingwater that is heated and can be used inturbines.

Description

Injection wells in hot fracturated rocks;springs and geisers

Technological OptionGeothermic EnergyGeothermic Energy

Eolic EnergyEolic Energy

Tributaries benefits needed as well asduties exonerations

Actions and requiredpolicies

Low because recquires a small land areaEnvironmentalimpact

Remote areas with high eolic potentialAplication

High costs in comparison with otherenergy sources

Barriers

Equipment adquicsition and patentslicenses

Captation Form

Vestas wind systems A/S Denmark andUS Dept of Energy & Sandia NationalLabs

Provider

Wind horizontal turbines connected withelectrical accumulators

Description

Wind turbinesTechnologicalOption

Eolic EnergyEolic Energy

TransportationTransportation

Favourable legislation and tributarialincentives

Actions and requiredpolicies

None or almost noneEnvironmentalimpact

General transportationAplication

Initial costsBarriers

Proper legislation, transportionenterprises development, incentives

Captation FormVariousProviderEnvironmental friendly transportationDescription

Dirigibles, gas-based engines, bicycleways and electric or magnetic trains

TechnologicalOption

TransportationTransportation

Agriculture and AgroforestryAgriculture and Agroforestry

Implementation of Agroforestry extensionsystem

Actions and requiredpolicies

Favorable and reduces deforestationEnvironmentalimpact

Local agriculture development, promotingnew crops, settlement increase

Aplication

Capital lack, capacitation, equipment andaccess to inversion capitals

BarriersFinancingCaptation FormINIA, NGOs, enterprises, IIAP, etc.Provider

Soil improvement, multicultivations,plants adaptation; new speciesintroduction

Description

Soils conservation; continuous crops andreforestation

TechnologicalOption

AgroforestryAgroforestry

Metodological AspectsMetodological Aspects in in technological needstechnological needsidentification processidentification process

Generation ofpriorized criteria &

Conciliation

Barrieridentification

Nationalneeds

Own &adaptedcriteria

Propercualitativecriteria ?

Technology offer(multisectorialmatrix

Technical &Commercialprofiles

Properquantitat

ivecriteria

Technologicaloptions /

Recommendations

NO

YES

TechnologyTechnology vs. vs.Sound EffectsSound Effects

�� Horizontal expenses Horizontal expenses reduction reduction in:in:TransportationTransportation, , Communications andCommunications andenergyenergy

�� AgricultureAgriculture, , CattleCattle, , Acuiculture andAcuiculture andForestry activitiesForestry activities expenses expenses reductionreduction

Competitive AdvantageCompetitive Advantage ProductionProductionandand TechnologiesTechnologies ProspectionProspection in in

addedadded valuevalue generationgeneration

““ Selected TechnologiesSelected Technologies mustmust offeroffer addedaddedvaluevalue toto thethe productionproduction andand quality lifequality lifenational standardsnational standards””

Generation of AddedGeneration of Added--valuevalue

““Selected technologies must offerSelected technologies must offeradded-value to national productionadded-value to national productionand quality life national standardsand quality life national standards””

Technological OfferTechnological Offer vs. Actual vs. ActualNeedsNeeds

In the practice any recommendation of technologytransfer must be supported by actions as:

� Neck-bottle elimination

� Information development and competences bothtechnic and commercial which could inducedevelopment and adaptability of technologicaloptions

� Know-how transference, habilities anddevelopment of local capacities for use andproportional tranfer technology adaptation andservice.

Priority CriteriaPriority Criteria

• National needs identification

• Priority quantitative and qualitative criteria

• Multisectorial matrix of technologicaloptions

• Profile group generation in differenttechnological options

• Recommendation generation fortechnological implementation in proposedsector (Energy, Transportation &Agroforestry)

Capacitation Needs Evaluation Capacitation Needs Evaluation forforTechnology TransferTechnology Transfer

Impact of Technology Needs overImpact of Technology Needs overEconomical Development andEconomical Development andGHG emissionsGHG emissions

�Until 2025 a rate between 6 to 7% of nationalInternal Rough Product (PBI) increase isexpected

�Social and economical development

�GHG emissions decrease

� Impulse of technology in the 3 areas proposed:Energy generation, Transportation,Agroforestation and pastures.

Action planAction plan• Constitution of Consultant Group for Technology Transfer

• Promote and defense of a Regional or sub-regional Centrefor Technology transfer sited in Perú as well as aCapacitation Centre.

• More effective measurements to allow technology transferfrom industrialized countries to less developed countriesand a improvement in financing programs and projects.

• To coordinateTechnology Transfer policies portfolio ofdeveloped countries so there will a real agreementsimplementation.

• To facilitate technology transfer reducing royalties costsand patent use in under developed countries usinginstead colective negotiations and alternatives incentivesproposed by multinational insitutions.

• To create a special financial support project to strengtheninternal capacities in research, development, innovaationand training.

THANKS FORTHANKS FORYOUR ATTENTIONYOUR ATTENTION