Perth Air Quality Management Plan

Perth Air QualityManagement Plan

December 2000

Department of Environmental Protection

ISBN 0 7307 6623 3

Printed on recycled paper

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

iiiDecember 2000

ForewordI am pleased to release this document as a positive step towards improving Perth’s air quality.

The Perth Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) outlines key strategies and actions to ensure that thepeople of Perth have clean air. This blueprint for air management over the next 30 years is important not onlyto the many national and international tourists that visit our city each year, but more importantly forus, our children and their children for generations to come.

The Plan provides a comprehensive guide and direction for air quality management in Perthon a pro-active basis. In the past, management plans have been reactive to changes in airquality. But the AQMP offers short term and long term actions through a range ofinitiatives that will provide immediate solutions and longer-term benefits. A number ofactions are already underway.

Some hard decisions will need to be made to ensure that Perth’s air quality, mostnotably haze and photochemical smog, show signs of improvement. It will mean thatfor us to live in a cleaner air environment we will in some cases need to change ourattitudes and our behaviour.

The AQMP will be implemented over a 30 year period with a particular emphasis onactions commenced or completed within the first five years. These immediate actions willlay the foundations for ensuring that Perth’s air quality will remain at a level the communityhas declared, through consultation on developing this plan, it deems acceptable.

This Plan fulfils a State Government promise at the 1996 election to develop a plan to improve thequality of Perth’s air.

It has been developed by the Air Quality Co-ordinating Committee in conjunction with the Department ofEnvironmental Protection and reflects the direction provided by the Parliamentary Select Committee onPerth’s Air Quality in its 1998 report and recommendations.

Ensuring better air quality will help provide a better environment, a healthier lifestyle and a cleaner, clearerskyline for ourselves, our visitors and our children.

CHERYL EDWARDES (Mrs) MLAMINISTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

December 2000 v

ContentsForeword i Contents v

Part 1 – Introduction and background to the Perth Air Quality Management Plan 1

Air quality in Perth 3

Developing the Perth Air Quality Management Plan 8

Part 2 – Managing Perth’s Air Quality – Objectives, Strategies & Actions 11

Air quality objectives, strategies and actions 13

Health Effects Research (HER) 13

Monitoring, Modelling and Research (MMR) 17

Land Use and Transport Planning (LTP) 26

Vehicle Emissions Management (VEM) 34

Domestic Activities Emissions (DAE) 44

Burning Emissions Management (BEM) 50

Industry Emissions Management (IEM) 58

Community Information and Education (CIE) 64

Part 3 – Implementing the Perth Air Quality Management Plan 71

Development of an Implementation Plan 73

Part 4 – Appendices 93

Appendix 1 – Glossary of terms 95

Appendix 2 – Acronyms 105

Appendix 3 – Air Quality Co-ordinating Committee 107

Appendix 4 – Working Groups 108

Appendix 5 – Submissions 111

Appendix 6 – Legislation relevant to managing Perth’s air quality 112

Appendix 7 – Management responsibilities for controlled burning activities in Australia 114

Appendix 8 – Agreed arrangements for smoke management decision making in Western Australia 115

Appendix 9 – WA greenhouse initiatives corresponding to the strategies and actions of the 117Perth Air Quality Management Plan

Appendix 10 – References 119

List of tables

Table 1 – NEPM ambient air quality standards and Perth’s status 4

Table 2 – Other ambient air quality guidelines and Perth’s status 5

Table 3 – Air quality parameters measured at Perth air quality monitoring sites 18

Table 4 – Meteorological parameters measured at Perth air quality monitoring sites 19

Table 5 – Contribution of air pollutants from vehicle emissions to the Perth airshed 34

Table 6 – Fuel quality standards (current and future) 36

Table 7 – Particulate standards and guidelines 50

Table 8 – Contribution of air pollutants from industry to the Perth airshed 58

Table 9 – Perth Air Quality Management Plan: Proposed implementation schedule 78

Perth Air Quality Management Planvi

List of figures

Figure 1 – Major sources of carbon monoxide (CO) due to human activities 6

Figure 2 – Major sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) due to human activities 6

Figure 3 – Major sources of reactive organic compounds (ROC) due to human activities 6

Figure 4 – Major sources of sulfur dioxide (SO2) due to human activities 7

Figure 5 – Major sources of particles due to human activities 7

Figure 6 – Ambient air quality monitoring sites in the Perth metropolitan region 18

Figure 7 – Metropolitan Transport Strategy Targets 27

Figure 8 – Emission contribution of major air pollutants from vehicles (by type), estimated for 1998/99 35

Figure 9 – Travel extrapolation based on population growth patterns 35

Figure 10 – Variation in pollution emissions based on bus fuel type and quality 42

Figure 11 – Potential emission improvements based on bus fuel type and quality 42

Figure 12 – Aggregated area-based sources of particles in the Perth airshed, 1998/99 45

Figure 13 – Domestic (area) source contributions to ROC, CO and NOx in the Perth airshed, 1998/99 46

Figure 14 – Seasonal contribution to particles emitted in Perth, 1998/99 50

Figure 15 – Particulate (PM10) levels at four Perth metropolitan sites between January 1996 52and December 1998, using DEP hi-vol monitoring data

Figure 16 – Source contributions to average PM2.5 concentration in the Perth metropolitan region 52between winter 1994 and winter 1995, recorded as part of the Perth Haze Study

Figure 17 – Contribution of air pollutants from industry emissions to the Perth airshed 58

Figure 18 – Contribution of various categories to NOx emissions to the Perth airshed, 1998/99 59

Figure 19 – Contribution of various categories to ROC emissions to the Perth airshed, 1998/99 59

PerthAir Quality Management Plan

Introduction and background to thePart 1

Perth Air Quality Management Plan

December 2000

Air quality in Perth

Purpose of the Perth Air QualityManagement Plan

The Perth Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP)has been developed to ensure that clean air isachieved and maintained throughout the Perthmetropolitan region over the next 30 years. TheAQMP seeks to achieve this by reducing theemission of those air pollutants that are causingoccasional episodes of unacceptable air quality now,and by preventing the development of future airquality problems. The aim of the AQMP is tosteadily improve Perth’s air quality so that we havecleaner air to a level that is acceptable to thecommunity.

The overall objective of the AQMP is to achieve thevision originally outlined by the Parliamentary SelectCommittee on Perth’s Air Quality in its 1998 report:

“Perth’s air quality should be a reflection of the city itself.Clean air that is safe to breathe means that the city hasan effective and efficient public transport system that isfully integrated with its urban design; where animaginative blend of urban residential densities hascreated a community that uses the fullest range oftransport methods and is therefore not car-dependent; andwhere industry provides employment and economic wealthwithout detracting from the city’s attractive natural andsocial environments” (Legislative Assembly, 1998).

Where we are now?

Perth is on the threshold of having an air qualityproblem.

The levels of photochemical smog in Perth duringsummer regularly exceed guidelines established byinternational health experts and other scientificbodies. Likewise in colder months, a smoke hazefrequently hangs over Perth. In most cases theseepisodes of unacceptable air quality are perpetuatedby weather conditions that prevent air pollutantsfrom dispersing rapidly. The management of the keypollutant sources is therefore essential.

A detailed analysis of the air quality experienced inthe Perth metropolitan region is contained in theDepartment of Environmental Protection’s (DEP)State of Knowledge (DEP, 2000c) report. In summarythe report shows that:

• ozone (O3) levels in summer are tending to remainhigh, approaching or exceeding the limits of theacceptable standard; and

• particle levels in winter are relatively high, andduring spring and autumn are relatively low.

The report also highlights that there are manypollutant sources, ranging from emissions from motorvehicles to domestic sources such as wood heatersand lawn mowers.

While Perth’s air quality may be unsatisfactory forrelatively short periods of time each year, there is noroom for complacency, with the combination ofpopulation growth in the region and increasing airemission sources expected to exacerbate thedeterioration in Perth’s air quality. Immediate actionis needed to tackle photochemical smog and air-borne particles so their levels continue to complywith national environmental standards.

The major pollutants

The two main causes of air pollution in Perth arevehicle emissions and smoke. The findings of thePerth Photochemical Smog Study (Western PowerCorporation & DEP, 1996a) and the Perth Haze Study(DEP, 1996) conclusively showed this andhighlighted the importance of developing effectiveand long term management strategies.

In summer, the key air quality problem is thecreation of photochemical smog - caused by sunlightreacting with nitrogen dioxide and reactive organiccompounds (ROCs) (such as petrol vapours).

In winter, the key problem is haze caused mainly bydomestic wood-burning heaters.

There are six main air pollutants found in all urbanareas such as Perth. They are:

• carbon monoxide;

• nitrogen dioxide;

• photochemical oxidants (measured as ozone);

• sulfur dioxide;

• lead; and

• inhalable particles.

These major pollutants can adversely affect humanhealth and the environment. Table 1 provides asummary of the major pollutants in Perth’s air. Itincludes a comparison between air quality and theNational Environment Protection Measure (NEPM)ambient air quality standards. Table 2 shows airquality compared to air quality guidelines adopted inother jurisdictions.

3


• Carbon monoxide (CO): Is an odourless,colourless, toxic gas produced by the incompleteburning of carbon-containing fuels. CO affects thebody’s ability to deliver oxygen to its tissues.Numerous studies indicate that even moderatelyraised levels of CO pollution can trigger or worsencardiovascular problems. Increasing daily COconcentrations have also been associated withincreased mortality, according to studies in LosAngeles. In Perth, up to 80% of all CO emissions

are from motor vehicle exhausts. Other sourcesinclude industrial processes, and area-based sourcessuch as bushfires, wood stoves and gas heating.Figure 1 shows the major sources of CO due tohuman activities.

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): Is a brown, acidic gasproduced - along with nitric oxide - by motorvehicles and industrial boilers and furnaces. Othersources of NO2 are gas home heaters and stoves.

4

Table 1: NEPM ambient air quality standards and Perth's status (DEP, 1999).

Criteria pollutant NEPM standard Number of times monitored air quality was above the NEPM limit (from 1990 to 1998)

Carbon monoxide 9 ppm 8-hour average, not to be 2 - 1990 (Queens Buildings) exceeded more than one day a year

Nitrogen dioxide 0.12 ppm 1-hour average, not to be 1 - 1991 (1 Queens Buildings)exceeded more than one day a year 2 - 1992 (2 Queens Buildings)

1 - 1993 (1 Queens Buildings)

0.03 ppm annual average, not to be no exceedences recorded during period 1990 - 1998 exceeded

Photochemical oxidants 0.10 ppm 1-hour average, not to be 2 - 1991 (2 Caversham)(measured as ozone) exceeded more than one day a year 2 - 1992 (2 Caversham)

2 - 1993 (1 Caversham, 1 Rolling Green)1 - 1994 (1 Caversham)4 - 1996 (2 Caversham, 2 Rolling Green)3 - 1997 (1 Quinns Rock, 1 Rolling Green, 1

Swanbourne)2 - 1998 (1 Caversham, 1 Rolling Green)

0.08 ppm 4-hour average, not to be 2 - 1991 (2 Caversham)exceeded more than one day a year 1 - 1992 (1 Caversham)

1 - 1993 (1 Rolling Green)3 - 1994 (2 Caversham, 1 Rolling Green)1 - 1995 (1 Swanbourne)8 - 1996 (1 Caversham, 1 Rockingham, 5 Rolling

Green, 1 Swanbourne)7 - 1997 (3 Caversham, 1 Quinns Rock, 2 Rolling

Green, 1 Swanbourne)4 - 1998 (2 Caversham, 2 Rolling Green)

Sulfur dioxide 0.20 ppm 1-hour average, not to be 1 - 1992 (1 Hope Valley)exceeded more than one day a year 3 - 1993 (1 Hope Valley, 1 Miguel Road, 1 Wattleup)

2 - 1994 (1 Hope Valley, 1 Rockingham)

0.08 ppm 24-hour average, not to be no exceedences recorded during period 1990 - 1998 exceeded more than one day a year

0.02 ppm annual average, not to be no exceedences recorded during period 1990 - 1998exceeded

Lead 0.5 µg/m3 annual average, not to be no exceedences recorded during period 1990 - 1998 exceeded

Inhalable particles 50 µg/m3 24-hour average, not to be 3 - 1990 (1 Caversham, 2 Queens Buildings)(PM10) exceeded more than 5 times a year 2 - 1991 (1 Caversham, 1 Queens Buildings)

1 - 1992 (1 Queens Buildings)3 - 1994 (1 Duncraig, 1 Queens Buildings, 1

Swanbourne)2 - 1995 (2 Duncraig)4 - 1996 (1 Caversham, 1 Duncraig, 1 Queens

Buildings, 1 Swanbourne)4 - 1997 (1 Caversham, 1 Duncraig, 1 Queens

Buildings, 1 Swanbourne)3 - 1998 (1 Duncraig, 1 Queens Buildings, 1

Swanbourne)

December 2000

NO2 can render people more prone to respiratoryinfections and asthma attacks, and may increasethe severity of attacks. Exposure to high levels ofNO2 causes severe lung injury. High levels of NO2can also cause reduced growth and visible injury inplants. NO2 is a major component of urban hazeand a precursor to ozone. Figure 2 shows the majorsources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) (as NO2) due tohuman activities.

• Photochemical oxidants (measured as ozone):Photochemical oxidants - usually referred to asphotochemical smog - are common air pollutantsin Australia’s large urban centres. Photochemicalsmog is produced when (NOx) mix with ROCs(such as fuel vapours) in sunlight. Theconcentration of ozone is usually taken as anindicator of the amount of photochemical smog -since smog is about 85% ozone. Ozone is acolourless, highly reactive gas with a distinctiveodour. Ozone close to the earth’s surface is apollutant - not to be confused with its presence inthe stratosphere where it serves the useful functionof screening the sun’s harmful ultra-violet rays.Symptoms of exposure to ozone include irritationof the airways and minor lung function changes.Ozone concentrations have been associated withboth increased hospital admissions and mortality.There is a significant difference between summerand winter emission rates of ROCs from humanactivities. Figure 3 shows the major sources ofROCs, a precursor of photochemical smog, due tohuman activities.

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2): Is a colourless gas with asharp odour. It is produced by the burning of fossilfuels such as diesel or coal. Coal-fired powerstations are a major source of SO2. SO2 actsdirectly on the respiratory system, triggering rapidresponses within minutes. The most commonsymptoms are coughing, wheezing and shortness ofbreath. Asthmatics are most sensitive to SO2.Several scientific studies have reported anassociation between hospital admissions and SO2concentrations in the air. Figure 4 shows the majorsources of SO2 due to human activities.

• Lead: In urban areas, the overwhelming source ofairborne lead has been the use of leaded petrol invehicles. The level of airborne lead has declinedvery significantly in recent years with the growthin use of unleaded petrol. Lead may get into aperson’s body by inhalation or ingestion. The mostvulnerable to adverse effects from lead are thefoetus, babies and young children. Lead tends toaccumulate in the human body, particularly in thebones. Studies have shown that increased leadlevels in young children can impair intellectualdevelopment, and that this effect may persist foryears. There is no known threshold level for theseeffects. Ambient air lead levels have been belowthe NEPM standard over the past few years, andappear to be static.

• Inhalable particles: These are small airborneparticles capable of being inhaled deep into therespiratory system. Those with a diameter of lessthan 10 micrometres (µm) are known as PM10. Acomponent of inhalable particles are fine particles,

5

Table 2: Other ambient air quality guidelines and Perth's status (Government of Victoria, 1999; Australian and New Zealand Environment Council(ANZEC), 1990; United Kingdom Department of Environment (UK DOE), 1996).

Other pollutants Guideline Compliance achieved from 1992-98 Source

Visibility reducing 20 km 1-hour average, with allowable At all the visibility monitoring sites around (Government ofparticles exceedence maximum 3 days a year. Perth, there are numerous breaches of this Victoria, 1999)

guideline value each year, especially during winter. The visual distance loss varies with location. Duncraig and Leeming experience more than 100 hours a year of visual distance loss, while other monitoring sites around Perth experience less than half ofthis.

Fluoride Averaging General Specialised Exceedences occur regularly at Caversham (ANZEC, 1990)period land use land use and Middle Swan, but have not been

(HF µg/m3) (HF µg /m3) recorded at Hazelmere in recent years.

12 hours 3.7 1.81 day 2.9 1.57 days 1.7 0.8

30 days 0.84 0.490 days 0.5 0.25

Benzene 5 ppbm annual average (UK guideline) No record of guideline exceedences in (UK DOE, 1996)Perth, but the goal has been exceeded.

1 ppbm annual average (UK goal) Data available for 1997-98 only.

Perth Air Quality Management Plan6

Figure 3: Major sources of ROCs due to human activities (DEP, 2000b).

Industrial and commercialpoint sources

Area-based

Motor vehicles

Tonnes per year (ROC)

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000


Area-based

Motor vehicles

Tonnes per year (CO)

Figure 1: Major sources of CO due to human activities (DEP, 2000b).

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 30,000


Area-based

Motor vehicles

Tonnes per year (NOx)

25,000

Figure 2: Major sources of NOx due to human activities (DEP, 2000b).

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Air QualityPerth


Area-based

Motor vehicles

Tonnes per year (particles)

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

which have a diameter of less than 2.5micrometres (PM2.5). Inhalable particles areproduced by the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coaland gas), biomass burning, industrial andphotochemical processes and the wearing down oftyres and roads. Airborne particles are associatedwith increases in respiratory illnesses such asasthma, bronchitis and emphysema. PM10particles have been strongly associated with serioushealth effects, and very recent evidence suggeststhat the smaller PM2.5 particles may be stronglyimplicated as the major cause of the health effects.Seasonal differences in particle levels arenoticeable in Perth, both as source dominance andemission rate. Figure 5 shows the major sources ofparticles due to human activities.

Other pollutants of concern include:

• Air toxics, such as benzene (a carcinogen) andtoluene, may be present in the air at lowconcentrations. Samples taken around Perth overthe past few years revealed surprisingly high levelsof benzene (a derived annual averageconcentration of 1.44 parts per billion) andtoluene (2.56 ppb). What is of concern is that

these levels are comparable with Sydney and LosAngeles, which have much larger populations, andfar greater vehicle usage. In Western Australia,regulations have been introduced to reduce thebenzene content of petrol.

• Visibility reducing particles: Wood heaters,vehicles, some industrial burning processes,incinerators and bushfires produce these small,airborne particles. The particles range in size from0.1 to 2.0 µm. By scattering light, they reduce ourability to see objects at a distance. Clean air isdefined as having a visual distance of 20 kilometresor more. No national standard has yet beenestablished for visibility. For visual amenity orhaze, Western Australia uses the Victorianstandard as measured by the backscatter of light,that is, a visual distance of 20 km.

• Fluoride: Fluoride, in both gaseous and particleform, is discharged in the manufacture of bricks,clay tiles and ceramic products. Gaseous fluoridegenerally occurs in the form of hydrogen fluoride,silicon tetrafluoride and fluorsilicic acid. Highlevels of hydrogen fluoride are known to causedamage to sensitive plants, including grapevines

7December 2000

Figure 4: Major sources of SO2 due to human activities (DEP, 2000b).

Figure 5: Major sources of particles due to human activities (DEP, 2000b).


Area-based

Motor vehicles

Tonnes per year (SO2)

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

and stone fruits. Guidelines to protectcommercially valuable plants sensitive to fluoride,and plant species generally, have been set byAustralia and New Zealand Environment Council(ANZEC, 1990).

Health and environmental effects

Research has identified a range of health problemsassociated with air pollution, including:

• respiratory disease and illness such as asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia;

• decreased lung function; and

• damage to the nerves, brain, kidneys and liver.

Those most at risk are the young, the elderly andthose with pre-existing illnesses.

Environmental effects resulting from air pollutantscan include deposition into marine and estuarineenvirons, reduced visibility and direct impact onplant and animal life, such as phytotoxicity. Thephytotoxic impacts of sulfur dioxide and fluoride havebeen outlined in this document.

Developing the Perth AirQuality Management Plan

Background

The routine monitoring of ambient air quality in thePerth metropolitan region commenced during the1970s and continues today. A number of scientificstudies have also been carried out in that time. Thesestudies (including The Kwinana Air Modelling Study(Department of Conservation & Environment,1982), Perth Photochemical Smog Study (WesternPower Corporation & DEP, 1996a) and the PerthHaze Study (DEP, 1996)) have provided a solidfoundation on which to base decision making forfuture actions. The need for strategies to improve airquality was specifically highlighted in the 1996 PerthPhotochemical Smog Study and the 1996 Perth HazeStudy.

Scientific studies

The Perth Photochemical Smog Study measured themagnitude and distribution of photochemical smogconcentrations experienced in the Perth metropolitanregion. Its key findings included the following:

• the control of photochemical smog is complex, andnot amenable to simple and uniform solutions;

• while Perth is not yet experiencing acutephotochemical smog problems, the potential existsfor the photochemical smog problem to grow;

• continued monitoring of regional photochemicalsmog levels and meteorological conditions will berequired to characterise individual smog events formodelling and management purposes;

• further assessment of chemistry models is needed;and

• further work is needed to improve the accuracy ofbiogenic emissions estimates.

The Perth Haze Study (DEP, 1996) investigated thenature and sources of fine particles in the Perthmetropolitan region. These particles are responsiblefor reduced visibility. Amongst the findings of thisstudy were the following recommendations:

• all efforts should be made to reduce airborneparticle loadings;

• investigations should be undertaken to identifyother locations, similar to Duncraig, where smokemay be a problem;

• public education on efficient burning conditionsfor domestic wood heating is necessary, and if thisfails, tighter regulation on domestic smokeemissions may be required;

• controlled burning should not be undertaken whenmeteorological conditions are such that populationcentres will be fumigated either on the same day orsubsequently after transport of the smoke;

• monitoring of fine particle matter should be givenhigh priority; and

• moves toward making PM2.5 the relevant standardand adopting continuous monitoring should becontinued and extended so that the wholepopulation is adequately represented.

As a result of these studies, the Parliamentary SelectCommittee on Perth’s Air Quality was established inMay 1997. It was the first step in the StateGovernment’s four-year program to develop a basis toimprove Perth’s air quality, through the developmentof an AQMP.

Parliamentary Select CommitteeÕsreport

The Select Committee’s terms of reference were toinvestigate Perth’s air quality and how it could beimproved for current and future generations, withparticular consideration of community attitudes andconcerns.

The Select Committee investigated air qualitymanagement in other Australian cities and citieselsewhere in the world. The Select Committee alsopublished five discussion papers outlining potentialstrategies for dealing with major issues identified forPerth. These were:

8 Perth Air Quality Management Plan

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

• smoke from domestic sources;

• smoke from biomass burning;

• vehicle emissions;

• industrial emissions; and

• land use and transport planning.

The Select Committee reported to Parliament on 21May 1998, making 96 recommendations. It noted thereport of the Independent Inquiry into Urban AirPollution as a key document and referred to theoutcomes of the Perth Photochemical Smog Study(Western Power Corporation & DEP, 1996a) and thePerth Haze Study (DEP, 1996).

A key recommendation of the Select Committeecalled for the establishment of a co-ordinatingcommittee to facilitate implementation of air qualitymanagement strategies. It recommended that thiscommittee represent all stakeholders, includingrelevant Government agencies as well as business,industry and the general community, because ifimprovements to Perth’s air quality are to beachieved, then action from everyone is essential.

The Select Committee also went out of its way tostress the link between air pollution and health. Itgave priority to the need to undertake research todetermine the effects of air pollution on people. Italso emphasised the importance of letting peopleknow, in plain language, the results of monitoring tohelp clarify misconceptions about air quality.

Government Response to the SelectCommitteeÕs report

In its formal response to the findings of the SelectCommittee, the State Government gave its supportto 93 of the Committee’s 96 recommendations,noting that it had already started implementing manyof the proposed measures.

In particular, the Government established therecommended Air Quality Co-ordinating Committee(AQCC) to oversee development of the PerthAQMP, with the chair and membership (seeAppendix 3) largely in line with the SelectCommittee’s recommendations. The establishment ofthe AQCC was further acknowledgment thatmanagement of air quality requires co-ordination andco-operation amongst the key state governmentagencies, local government, industry, business andthe community.

The Government Response identified the followingkey areas for action:

• preparing the AQMP;

• implementing established land use and transportplanning processes;

• developingprograms formanagingvehicleemissions;

• developingcommunityeducation programsto deal with domesticsmoke;

• improving co-ordinationof hazard reductionburning activities;

• supporting home designsthat incorporate energyefficiency; and

• working with industry to improveenvironmental performance.

The Air Quality Co-ordinatingCommittee

The AQCC first met on 13 October 1998, with thepurpose of overseeing the development of the PerthAQMP. The AQCC established working groups (seeAppendix 4) to ensure wide consultation indeveloping the Perth AQMP. The working groupsmet four times in formal sessions, but a considerableamount of their work was undertaken outside thesesessions, particularly in drafting material andproviding comment on drafts.

This Plan has been put together by the AQCC withinput from more than 70 representatives fromgovernment, industry and the community, and withthe help of the DEP.

How the Air Quality Management Plan willtackle PerthÕs air quality problems

The Perth AQMP presents a strategy to managePerth’s air quality for the next 30 years - until theyear 2029. The aim is to steadily improve Perth’s air

9December 2000

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quality so that we have cleaner air to a level that isacceptable to the community.

The AQMP is a comprehensive plan to improvePerth’s air quality on three levels. These are the:

• local level (the immediate neighbourhood);

• regional level (the suburban or local governmentarea); and

• entire Perth metropolitan region.

The AQMP is a combination of state and localgovernment regulatory and planning measures,education (including monitoring and research) andvoluntary actions.

The AQMP is tackling Perth’s air quality in eight keyareas, which are outlined in subsequent sections.These are:

• Health Effects Research;

• Monitoring, Modelling and Research;

• Land Use and Transport Planning;

• Vehicle Emissions Management;

• Domestic Activities Emissions;

• Burning Emissions Management;

• Industrial Emissions Management; and

• Community Information and Education.

Community consultation and finalisationof the Perth AQMP

Community feedback was taken into account infinalising the Perth AQMP following a five weekcommunity consultation phase.


Objectives, Strategies and Actions

Managing PerthÕs Air Quality -Part 2


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Air quality objectives,strategies and actionsThis Plan is for the management of Perth’s air qualityover the next 30 years. The Plan’s focus is not just onthe immediate future but on the longer term. Thissection contains the detail of the Plan - theobjectives, strategies and actions. Since Perth isconsidered to be on the threshold of an air qualityproblem, a number of actions have already started.

The Plan is a combination of state and localgovernment regulatory and planning measures,education (including monitoring and research) andvoluntary actions. The actions are broad ranging anda staged implementation approach has been adopted.

Further analysis of the strategies and actions wasundertaken during the public consultation period.This included prioritising the actions forimplementation and funding.

The key areas for action addressed in the Plan are:

• Health Effects Research (HER);

• Monitoring, Modelling and Research (MMR);

• Land Use and Transport Planning (LTP);

• Vehicle Emissions Management (VEM);

• Domestic Activities Emissions (DAE);

• Burning Emissions Management (BEM);

• Industry Emissions Management (IEM); and

• Community Information and Education (CIE).

Each key area is addressed in turn including thespecification of objectives. The objectives are alsoreflected in the strategy statements and actions.

Health Effects Research(HER)Part 1 of the AQMP provides an outline of the keypollutants of concern in Perth, and their potentialhealth and environmental effects. A more detailedsummary is contained in the DEP’s State of Knowledgereport (DEP, 2000c).

Numerous studies have investigated the relationshipbetween ambient air quality and the effect on humanhealth. These studies have found associationsbetween air pollution and a number of human healtheffects, including respiratory diseases, asthma,bronchitis, pneumonia and cardiovascular diseases.

Those most at risk are the very young, the elderlyand those with a pre-existing illness. One of the most

common study designs used to investigate the healtheffects of air pollution is the time series study. Thesestudies have been replicated in many cities aroundthe world, including Sydney, Brisbane andMelbourne, with similar results. They have comeunder increasing scrutiny, due to concerns about therobustness of the statistical methods employed, theability to take into account confounders, and theimportance of the resultant risk estimates.Nevertheless, time series analysis combined with theother study designs and measured health outcomesprovide general agreement that air quality isassociated with a range of health effects, andrefinement of the analysis methods and study designcontinues.

Perth’s air quality is similar, in composition andconcentration ranges, to other cities in Australia andother developed countries, indicating that the healthof Western Australians may similarly be affected byair quality. Other factors unique to Perth such asmeteorology and lifestyle may differ, and influencewhether health effects can be observed.

These issues were highlighted in the Report of theSelect Committee on Perth’s Air Quality (LegislativeAssembly, 1998). In particular, the need to review airpollution effects on the Perth community wasemphasised. In response to the Select Committee’srecommendations, the State Government hasundertaken to:

• evaluate the research requirements in this arearelevant to Perth;

• establish an initial investigative project to assist inthe determination of the research requirements;and

• seek support for appropriate research andinvestigations from various funding sources.

To facilitate the progression of this work, the HealthResearch Working Group (HRWG) was establishedunder the AQCC. Health and epidemiologicalresearch specialists within Western Australia wereinvited to make up the membership of this technicalworking group. The role of the working group is toprovide informed and competent expert advice,principally on whether there is a measurable healthimpact on the Perth population resulting fromcurrent ambient air quality. To date the workinggroup has completed a review of literature, anassessment of studies which have been conducted orare in progress and has completed the first of theinitial investigative studies to determine therelationship between Perth’s air quality and varioushealth outcomes.

13December 2000

Objective for Health EffectsResearch

To improve understanding of the effects of airquality on people by:

• identifying research priorities to determine the potential impact of air quality parameters on health;

• undertaking research into air quality related health effects, and reporting findings; and

• reviewing and improving research methodology.

Strategies for Health EffectsResearch

The key strategies are to:

1. assess the relationship between Perth’s air quality and human health effects;

2. identify other research priorities;

3. identify future research priorities and funding;and

4. investigate the community health impacts of smoke from prescribed burning and bushfire.

Actions for Health Effects Research

HER 1Assess the relationship between Perth’s air qualityand human health effects.

One of the priorities identified by the HRWG wasthe need to identify whether the associationsbetween air quality and mortality and morbidity, asobserved in other Australian cities, could also beobserved in Perth.

Exposure to pollutants in Perth may differ fromSydney and Brisbane for a number of reasons, such aslifestyle, meteorology, topography and the mix ofpollutants. The key pollutants considered forinvestigation include particles, ozone, NO2, CO andSO2. Concentrations of SO2 are considered very lowin the Perth area and have not been consideredfurther for a time series study of health effects. WhileNO2 and CO levels are also below nationalstandards, NO2 has been included for study due to itspotential to influence the human response to ozone.CO has been included due to the potential healtheffects observed in other studies at lowconcentrations, notably cardiovascular disease.

The preliminary research is presented as part of theAQMP and its implementation has been co-ordinated by the HRWG.

HER 1.1Investigate the relationship between Perth’s dailyair quality and mortality.

As an initial step in the investigation of the healthof Perth’s population in relation to air quality, therelationship between daily mortality and daily airquality has been investigated. Available mortalityand ambient air quality monitoring data have beenanalysed for correlations, using time series analysisbased on the Air Pollution and Health EuropeanApproach (APHEA) protocol and a case cross-over logistic regression analysis. Results will bereported in a peer-reviewed scientific publication.

Lead Agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HealthDepartment Western Australia (HDWA)Start date and duration: Start 1999 with report dueend 2000.

HER 1.2Investigate the relationship between Perth’s dailyair quality and hospitalisation.

In addition to HER 1.1, the relationship betweenhospital admissions for a range of diseases(including respiratory and heart diseases) and dailyair quality has been investigated. Availablemorbidity (hospitalisation data) and ambient airquality monitoring data have been analysed forcorrelations, using time series analysis based on theAPHEA protocol and a case cross-over logisticregression analysis. Results will be reported in apeer-reviewed scientific publication.

Lead Agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HDWAStart date and duration: Start 1999 with report dueend 2000.

HER 1.3Investigate the relationship between Perth’s dailyair quality and hospital emergency departmentattendance.

Scientific literature provides evidence that thosewith pre-existing illness, the very young andelderly are at increased risks of health impacts dueto poor air quality. Presentation at an emergencydepartment may provide another useful healthoutcome measure and may be a more sensitiveindicator of effect than hospitalisation. As afollow-up study to the mortality/morbidity timeseries studies, an investigation of the relationshipbetween emergency department attendance and airquality needs to be undertaken. Emergency datafor 1992-1998 is available for use. Prior tocommencing such a study however, the sample sizeneeds to be evaluated to determine whether thereis sufficient statistical power to observe anyrelationship, should one exist.


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Lead Agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HDWA,Curtin UniversityStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin one year.

HER 1.4 Undertake a project to trial the routine recordingof General Practice (GP) health data in astandardised way.

Many people may suffer health impacts which donot result in hospital attendance but may requiremedical attention. Symptoms such as coughing,wheezing, decreased lung function and asthmahave been shown to be associated with airpollution. At present the data from GPs is in arange of different forms. The ability to useroutinely recorded GP data needs to beinvestigated and the feasibility of utilising the dataneeds to be determined. It is proposed to workwith a specific Division of General Practice tostudy the prospective collection of data, allowingan in-depth picture of one region in Perth.

Lead Agency: HDWASupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, HRWG,GP Divisions of WAStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin one year.

HER 1.5Investigate the relationship between re-admissionof patients and daily air quality.

As previously described those with pre-existingillness, the very young and the elderly are moreprone to health problems due to poor air quality.The HDWA has a linked database which allowsfor an investigation of hospital re-admission andindicators of air pollution. The investigation willfocus on people with and without priorhospitalisation for different groups of causes, andon hospitalisation for different groups of causes inpeople with and without prior admissions for thesame cause. It is proposed to undertake thisresearch for disease groups shown to be influencedby air quality for the years for which hospital re-admission data is available.

Lead Agency: HDWASupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, HRWGStart date and duration: Start 2002 and completewithin one year.

HER 2Identify other research priorities.

The above actions meet the Government’s currentcommitments to undertake an initial investigativeproject to determine health impacts on thecommunity. The HRWG looked at further areas

requiring research work. These included the potentialhealth effects of local variations in daily air quality.

HER 2.1Investigate the potential for local variations inPerth’s daily air quality to have any impact onhuman health.

Local variations in air quality occur based on anumber of factors, including location andprevalence of pollution sources and localtopography that influences dispersion.International studies have considered variations inthe presence of asthma amongst children in areaswith differing levels of wood smoke.

Particle concentrations in Perth are variable and itis proposed to investigate whether local variationshave an impact on health. The appropriateness ofdifferent study designs to conduct the research willneed to be determined.

Lead Agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CollaborativeProject with Australian Research CouncilStrategic Partnerships with Industry – Researchand Training (ARC SPIRT) Grant, HDWAStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reportwithin three years.

HER 2.2 Develop a program to investigate exposure ofPerth’s residents to air toxics (specificallyVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)).

VOCs have been monitored in Perth. Benzeneconcentrations have been shown to be highlyvariable with some elevated concentrations. Themonitoring program conducted to date has beenpreliminary and further study is required tocharacterise VOCs in ambient air. The nature ofexposure needs to be defined using either mobileor personal sampling.

Environment Australia has funded a program toinvestigate personal exposure which willcommence in 2001.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HDWA,Universities, HRWGStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin two years.

HER 2.3Investigate the relationship between personalexposure, ambient air quality and defined healthoutcomes.

One of the deficiencies identified in the range ofavailable national and international studies is theassessment of individual exposure to air pollution.In particular there are few studies which relate

15December 2000

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personal exposure to a defined health outcome. Forexample, in-cabin vehicle air quality and indoorair quality may significantly influence exposure. Toaddress this, better measures of personal exposureare required. Studies to investigate the relationshipbetween defined health outcomes and levels of airtoxics need to be undertaken. The HRWG willinvestigate options for improving exposureassessment and facilitate applications fromacademic organisations for funding.

Lead Agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HDWAStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reportwithin three years.

HER 2.4 Develop a program to investigate thecontribution of indoor air exposure to personalexposure.

In recent years there has been increasing concernabout indoor air quality. The population nowspends about 80% of its time indoors. It has beenshown that for many airborne contaminants, thehome presents much higher concentrations andhence is a more significant contributor to

exposure. Indoor air quality is aconfounder in studies of

ambient air quality. Little isknown about air

contaminants indoorsin Western

Australia.Availableinformationneeds to bereviewed anda programdeveloped toinvestigate thecontribution of

indoor airexposure,

includingallergies, and the

potential effect onthe health of people,

particularly susceptiblegroups in the population.

Lead Agency: HDWA & DEP SupportingAgencies/Organisations: HRWGStart date and duration: Start 2003 and reportwithin two years.

HER 3Identify future research priorities and funding.

Based on the findings of studies undertaken as part ofHER 1 and HER 2, it will be possible to determine

the future research needs and their fundingrequirements. In addition, a number of avenues existfor pursuing collaborative studies and alternatesources of funding. Consideration will also be givento long term exposure studies.

HER 3.1Periodically review research needs and fundingsources.

In order to ensure that improvements to the levelof understanding are maintained, a program ofreview will be adopted. This will includeidentifying priorities, recommending andsupporting research programs and identifyingappropriate funding sources.

The HRWG composition enables up-to-dateinformation on funding organisations and grantprocesses to be available. For example, optionsinclude involvement in collaborative studies suchas the ARC SPIRT Grant being conducted withGriffith University in Queensland, a collaborativeprogram to evaluate the various study designs andtheir robustness. Further funding is to be pursuedthrough involvement in Co-operative ResearchCentre (CRC) programs.

Lead Agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HDWAStart date and duration: Start 2000 and reviewevery three years, ongoing.

HER 3.2Periodically review the health impacts of airpollution or potential airborne contaminants.

The HRWG is comprised of experts who are ableto provide advice to government on the impact ofair pollutants on health. It is recommended thatthe HRWG maintain this composition, so thatwhen there is a requirement for advice onconcentrations of air pollutants, the HRWG canprovide such advice.

Lead Agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HDWAStart date and duration: Start 1999 and reviewevery three years, ongoing.

HER 4Investigate the community health impacts of smokefrom prescribed burning and bushfire.

There is great degree of uncertainty as to the actualimpact of smoke arising from prescribed burning andbushfire on public health. The burning emissionsworking group considered it imperative that researchbe undertaken to support further actions to minimisethe community health effects of burning activitieswithin and surrounding the Perth metropolitanregion (see the BEM section for further detail). Priorto undertaking studies, a review of existing studies


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

17December 2000

will be conducted in order to avoid overlap of similarresearch and unnecessary commitment of resources.

HER 4.1 Assess the community health impacts of smokefrom prescribed burning and bushfire.

Little is currently known concerning the healtheffects of smoke from burning emissions onresidents in the Perth metropolitan region.

A research protocol will be developed andimplemented to specifically assess theconsideration of VOCs, polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs), particles and othercomponent emissions, and the composition of theemissions.

Lead agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Department ofConservation and Land Management (CALM),Fire and Emergency Services Authority of WesternAustralia (FESA), HDWAStart date and duration: Start 2002 and completewithin 18 months.

HER 4.2 Undertake a comparative risk assessment ofmortality and morbidity influenced by smokefrom prescribed burning and bushfire.

The purpose of this investigation is to providebetter information to fire managers and air qualitymanagers involved in government policy anddecision making. This comparative risk assessmentwould investigate the risk of mortality andmorbidity resulting from the implementation ofburning activities, and the estimated results in theevent these activities were not undertaken. Thiscan only be undertaken following the completionof action HER 4.1. Consideration also needs to begiven to the relative risks to fire control officersdirectly involved in prescribed burning or bushfiremanagement.

Lead agency: DEP & HRWGSupporting Agencies/ Organisations: CALM,FESA, local government Start date and duration: Start 2004 and completewithin two years.

Monitoring, Modelling andResearch (MMR)To achieve an overall improvement in Perth’s airquality, supporting information needs to be gatheredto assist in determining and prioritising subsequentactions. This supporting information includes anupdate of the air emissions inventory, gathering ofmonitoring data, computer modelling and continuedresearch, much of which is currently available orunder way.

The availability of an updated and reliable airemissions inventory is essential to further decisionmaking on priority issues. Such an inventory detailsemissions information contributed by individualindustries, and estimated for motor vehicles, area-based sources (eg. paints, solvents, wood heaters andlawn mowing) and biogenic sources (eg. vegetation).Information from this inventory may then be used inair quality management activities, such as airshedmodelling work. The first comprehensive airemissions inventory for Perth was developed in 1992,and an update was completed in 2000.

Monitoring ambient air quality provides information(data) essential for appropriate air qualitymanagement. This information is required forreporting, calibrating airshed models and researchwork.

The DEP currently maintains a network of tenambient air quality monitoring stations measuring arange of parameters across the Perth metropolitanregion. From time to time this network has beenaugmented to support investigations of specific areasor specific pollutants. For example, additionalmonitors were used during the Perth PhotochemicalSmog Study (Western Power Corporation and DEP,1996a) and the Perth Haze Study (DEP, 1996).

In addition to this network, three monitoring sitesare maintained by the Kwinana Industries Council(KIC) to measure sulfur dioxide and/or particles(monitored as PM10). Fluoride monitoring isconducted in the Caversham area, and data isprovided by the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) frommany of their weather monitoring sites that measurelocal wind speed and direction, relative humidity andtemperature. Ambient air quality monitoring sitesacross the Perth metropolitan region are shown inFigure 6.

Table 3 details the parameters measured at each fixedmonitoring station in the Perth metropolitan region.Other parameters, including VOCs such as benzeneand toluene, have been measured at various locationsacross Perth using portable equipment.

When analysing monitoring data, meteorologicalparameters such as wind direction and solar radiationmust be included as they influence the movementand chemical transformations of constituents in theair. The formation of ozone, for example, isdependent on the amount of available sunlight.Ozone concentrations are relatively higher in thePerth airshed during the warmer months of the year.Table 4 highlights the meteorological parameters

measured at the various air quality monitoring sitesin the Perth metropolitan region.

Given that monitoring is undertaken for the purposeof air quality management, the objectives of theambient air quality monitoring network include:

• determining the current and future need for airquality management at current levels or projectedlevels of air quality;

• evaluating the effectiveness of control measures;

• verifying compliance with statutory requirementssuch as regulatory standards (eg. NEPM);

• informing the community about the state of airquality;

• providing input data for air quality models;

• assessing and improving the accuracy of air qualitymodels; and

• providing input data for models to assesspopulation and ecosystem exposure.

Air quality monitoring objectives may change withtime and circumstances, and it is necessary to reviewthe reasons for conducting the monitoring and thedata that is needed as well as assessing the adequacyand effectiveness of data in meeting the monitoringobjectives. Periodic review of the data qualityobjectives is necessary to ensure that they arerelevant.


Swanbourne

Quinns Rocks

Queens Buildings

Caversham

Rolling Green

Hope Valley

North Rockingham

Roads

DEP Monitoring Sites

KIC Monitoring Sites

0 5 10 15 20

Scale (km)

Leeming

Wattleup

Abercrombie Road

Miguel Road

Henderson Road

Duncraig

NIndustry FluorideMonitoring Sites

l

WesternAustralia

Perth

Figure 6: Ambient air quality monitoring sites in the Perthmetropolitan region (DEP, 1999).

Table 3: Air quality parameters measured at Perth air quality monitoring sites (DEP, 1999).

Parameters Measured

SITE CO Fluoride NOx O3 Lead PM2.5 PM10 SO2

Abercrombie Road l l

Caversham l l l l l l l

Duncraig l l l l l

Hazelmere l

Henderson Road l

Hope Valley l l l

Leeming l l l l

Middle Swan l

Miguel Road l l

Queens Buildings l l l l l l

Quinns Rocks l l l

Rockingham l l l

Rolling Green l l

Swanbourne l l l l l

Wattleup l

TotalSuspended VisibilityParticles

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Table 4: Meteorological parameters measured at Perth air quality monitoring sites (DEP, 1999).

The DEP is currently finalising a review of theadequacy and effectiveness of the monitoringnetwork, and will report the outcome to the Ministerfor the Environment.

This review includes an assessment of:

• trends in air quality;

• the identification of geographical “hot spots”; and

• the redundancies or gaps in the network whichrequire relocation or augmentation of monitoringstations, and addition or removal of specific airquality parameters from the set monitored.

Computer modelling is an essential tool tointerpolate or predict pollutant concentrations and tooptimise strategies to maintain or improve Perth’s airquality. Computer models enable examination,comparison and simulation of ambient air qualityresulting from various management options, as wellas the consequences of no action. The accuracy of acomputer model depends on many factors, includingthe accuracy of the source emissions data, the qualityof knowledge of meteorological conditions in thearea, and assumptions about physical and chemicalprocesses in the atmosphere involving the transportand transformation of the pollutants.

The Perth Photochemical Smog Study (Western PowerCorporation & DEP, 1996) and the Perth Haze Study(DEP, 1996) resulted in the development of aphotochemical smog model and a haze modelrespectively. Future priorities include assessing themodels for use as educational tools.

While there is a substantial amount of informationavailable on air quality relevant to Perth, in someareas there are deficiencies. Further research isneeded to establish a more complete picture of thecharacteristics of the Perth airshed. In particular,focus on the quantification of air toxics in theairshed, an accurate estimate of biogenic emissionsand the investigation of the status of indoor airquality is required.

19December 2000

Parameters Measured

SITE WIND AT DT RH SR NR UV RAIN

Abercrombie Road l l

Caversham l l l l l l l l

Duncraig l l

Henderson Road l l

Hope Valley l l l l l

Leeming l l

Miguel Road l l

Queens Buildings l

Quinns Rocks l l

Rockingham

Rolling Green l l

Swanbourne l l

Wattleup l l l

Legend:

Parameter Description Parameter DescriptionWIND Wind speed, direction and sigma (ie variation in wind direction) SR Solar radiationAT Air temperature NR Net radiationDT Delta temperature (air temperature difference between 18 m and 6 m) UV Ultra violet radiationRH Relative humidity RAIN Rainfall

Objective for Monitoring,Modelling and Research

To improve knowledge and understanding ofPerth’s air quality, and to steadily improve airquality so we have clean air to a level that isacceptable to the community, by:

• undertaking regular reviews and updates of the Perth airshed emissions inventory, ambient air quality monitoring networks and computer modelling;

• providing the data required for rational and effective air quality management and research;

• disseminating information useful to industry, government and the community; and

• supporting community information and education programs on air quality.

Strategies for Monitoring,Modelling and Research


1. maintain an up-to-date, comprehensive, effective and publicly accessible air emissions inventory;

2. maintain and improve the existing monitoring network in the Perth metropolitan region;

3. review and enhance air quality models, and communicate results; and

4. encourage research into the nature and sources of emissions contributing to the Perth airshed.

Actions for Monitoring, Modelling andResearch

MMR 1Maintain an up-to-date, comprehensive, effectiveand publicly accessible air emissions inventory.

The Government is committed to the provision ofinformation to the public as far as is reasonablypracticable. For example, the emissions inventorywork undertaken as part of the Perth PhotochemicalSmog Study (Western Power Corporation & DEP,1996a) and the Perth Haze Study (DEP, 1996) ispublicly available. The DEP has recently updated the1992 Perth emissions inventory and participated inthe preparation of the National Pollutant Inventory(NPI), including a trial in the Kalgoorlie region. TheNPI includes information about a range of emissions(including a number of air toxics), and is publicly

available via the Internet, CD-ROM and publishedreports.

The Perth air emissions inventory considersemissions in four basic source groups:

• motor vehicles;

• major industrial sites;

• area-based (eg. service station vapour losses,surface coatings and thinners, aircraft, lawnmowing, domestic solvents and off-road engines);and

• biogenic (from native and cultivated vegetationand soil microbes).

It is important to note that this air qualitymanagement plan and the actions it contains aredesigned to address pollutant sources resulting fromhuman activities, and therefore does not addressmanagement of biogenic sources of pollutants.

In preparing the updated Perth air emissionsinventory, the emission of pollutants important inthe development of photochemical smog (NOx andROCs) were estimated for all sources, along withcarbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, particulate matterand lead. The year 1998/99 was the base year for theupdated inventory (DEP, 2000b).

Periodic reviews and updates of the Perth airemissions inventory will provide the information onemission sources necessary for achievingimprovements in Perth’s air quality.

MMR 1.1Update the Perth air emissions inventory.

The Perth air emissions inventory needs to beupdated periodically utilising information from theNPI and other data sources. This will provideaccessible information about a range of emissionsto the Perth airshed, and the sources of theseemissions. The inventory will be updated everythree years, including area source, point source,mobile source and biogenic source emissions. Theupdated inventory will be made publicly available(see MMR 1).

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Industry, localgovernment, relevant government agenciesStart date and duration: Completed in 2000,review and update in 2002, and review every threeyears.

MMR 1.2Link data acquisitions of emissions inventories.

In order to provide an integrated emissionsinventory for Perth, a management system will bedeveloped to enable access to the combination of


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

data acquired for the NPI, available licensedpremises monitoring data and the existing Perthair emissions inventory.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: LicensedindustriesStart date and duration: Start 2002, completewithin two years.

MMR 1.3Quantify significant emissions sources outsidethe Perth metropolitan region contributing toPerth’s air quality.

Smoke emissions from bushfires and hazardreduction burning, particularly in the South-Westregion, contribute significantly to pollution in thePerth airshed, and are not currently included inthe Perth air emissions inventory. Weatherpatterns can result in the transport by winds ofparticles from bushfires and hazard reductionburning from the South-West to Perth,contributing to haze levels in the Perth airshed.

Contributions from these external sources ofsmoke will be identified and quantified.Information procured from the ambient air qualitymonitoring network in the Perth metropolitanregion (see Figure 6) will facilitate this procedure.These revised estimates will be required in order tomodel fine particle impacts.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CALM,FESA, BoM, local governmentStart date and duration: Start 2001 and updateevery three years, ongoing.

MMR 1.4 Validate emissions estimates within the Perthairshed.

Additional measurements to be investigatedinclude emissions from timbers burned in woodheaters, and biogenic, aviation and marine craftemissions. The aim will be to determine significantemissions from other sources via monitoringinformation, and to include them as appropriate inthe Perth air emissions inventory.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, Western Australian MunicipalAssociation (WAMA), BoM, relevant industrysectors, Conservation Council of WesternAustralia (CCWA), Pollution Action Network(PAN)Start date and duration: Start 2001, completewithin one year.

MMR 2Maintain and improve the existing monitoringnetwork in the Perth metropolitan region.

An ambient air quality monitoring network in thePerth metropolitan region is necessary to provideinformation on air quality and its long term trends. Itis important that the network adequately representsvariations across the Perth airshed, so that resultantinformation meets the needs of effective air qualitymanagement. Monitoring also provides a “hands-on”educational opportunity for schools and universities.

The pollutants monitored within the Perth airquality monitoring network are detailed in Table 3.Pollutants of particular concern regarding humanhealth in the Perth metropolitan region are oxides ofnitrogen, ozone, and airborne particles(PM2.5 and PM10). Furtherinformation is contained in the HERsection.

Efficient and effectivemethods of monitoring airtoxics requireconsideration. Air toxicsaffect ambient air qualityat a local level, withcontributing sourcesincluding vehicles on aheavily trafficked road, asingle industrial premisesor an industrial estate.Classes of chemicalsdefined as air toxicsinclude VOCs such asbenzene and toluene, andmetals such as nickel andcadmium. These chemicals aretoxic at low concentrations and areof concern for human health and theenvironment.

Ongoing monitoring of and research on air toxics isan essential component in devising a successfulapproach to reduce the levels of air toxics in theambient air. The recent release of the DEP’s airtoxics report Volatile Organic Compounds Monitoring inPerth: Baseline Air Toxics Project (DEP, 2000a), willfacilitate the development of an effective air toxicsmonitoring program.

MMR 2.1 Review current Perth ambient air qualitymonitoring data.

Existing monitoring data for Perth has beenreviewed to determine whether the currentlocations of monitoring stations and parametersmeasured (shown in Figure 6 and Tables 3 and 4)are adequately representative. The review iscurrently being finalised.

21December 2000

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On the basis of this review, it may be necessary toamend the existing monitoring network to ensuresufficient representation of the Perth airshed. Thismay include considering alternative or additionalmonitoring sites and the use of mobile monitoringstations for a more accurate reflection of localisedconditions.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: WAMA,CCWA, industry, universities, PANStart date and duration: Completed 2000 andreview every five years, ongoing.

MMR 2.2 Review and improve current monitoringequipment.

Alongside the review of the Perth monitoringnetwork (see MMR 2.1), a review will beundertaken of the condition and type of theapproved monitoring equipment currently in use.DEP is seeking National Association of TestingAuthorities (NATA) accreditation for thenetwork, which encompasses a review ofequipment. Monitoring technology will be updatedwhen necessary.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, KICStart date and duration: Underway and ongoing.

MMR 2.3 Encourage universities and other centres to beinvolved in air quality monitoring for educationalpurposes.

This may include setting up a monitoring programand providing educational information about airquality monitoring to the participating group.Regular reviews of the program would be included.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: EducationDepartment of Western Australia (EDWA),universities, PANStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reviewannually, ongoing.

MMR 2.4 Evaluate the effectiveness of mobile monitoringstations.

The usefulness of mobile monitoring stations indetermining localised “hot spots” that may becontributing to health effects (such as wood heateror vehicle emissions) will be investigated. Anevaluation of their cost effectiveness, includingmaintenance costs and other costs that may beincurred, will be assessed. Opportunities for jointfunding of mobile monitoring stations via DEP and

Local Government or Main Roads WesternAustralia (MRWA), as well as other options, willbe considered.

If the evaluation process provides positive results,mobile monitoring stations will be used in areas oflocalised concern within the Perth metropolitanregion.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, MRWAStart date and duration: Start 2001, review everyfive years, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

MMR 2.5Establish an effective VOCs monitoring programin Perth.

Based on the findings of the DEP’s report onVOCs (DEP, 2000a) and source testing andpersonal monitoring of VOCs, as well as a reviewof other data sources, a VOC monitoring programwill be established throughout the Perthmetropolitan region. This action is linked to HER2.2.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Industry,Chemistry Centre (Western Australia).Start date and duration: Start July 2002, establishwithin one year and review every three years,ongoing.

MMR 2.6Establish an indoor air quality monitoringprogram in Perth.

The DEP will review existing literature todetermine a cost effective and representativemethod to monitor indoor air quality in Perth.This method will be used to obtain information foruse in HER 2.4. Based on the outcome of MMR2.4, mobile monitoring of indoor air quality maybe adopted to monitor both home and workplaceenvironments. Consultation with indoor airquality specialists at Murdoch and Curtinuniversities will be undertaken and a trial of theproposed program conducted prior to itsimplementation. Once established, the program’seffectiveness will be reviewed every three years.

Lead Agency: HDWA & DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: universities,local governmentStart date and duration: Start 2002, complete trialwithin three years, review every three years, andassess effectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

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MMR 3Review and enhance air quality models, andcommunicate results.

Computer modelling aims to provide accuratesimulations of Perth’s air quality to the generalcommunity, industry and government for a variety ofpurposes. Air quality modelling may be utilised forincreased prediction capabilities, determination ofairshed characteristics, impact assessment of majorproposals and to raise community awareness. Modelsprovide answers to many questions regardingenvironmental pollution, and are an importantdecision making tool for air quality management.Some examples of air quality modelling applicationsinclude scientific research, air pollution controlstrategies and environmental impact assessment.

It is desirable to provide industry, government andthe general community with graphical presentationsof Perth’s air quality for education and informationpurposes. Greater understanding of the processesinvolved will lead to a variety of solutions towardsthe goal of improving Perth’s air quality.

It will be necessary to model air quality scenarioswhich are likely to arise over the next 30 years todetermine whether any actions are needed now toimprove air quality in the Perth metropolitan region.Further modelling options require investigation intotheir applicability as tools for research, managementand education.

MMR 3.1Periodically review modelling development andmaintenance requirements, and update models asnecessary.

Air quality modelling is subject to frequent changeas knowledge and technology improves.Furthermore, as Perth’s population increases thepossible air quality outcomes may change from thecurrent state and predictions. The Perthphotochemical smog model, developed by the DEPin 1996, and other scenario models are simulationsof dynamic processes, and therefore it is imperativeto keep up with ongoing changes.

The DEP will review air quality modellingdevelopment and maintenance requirements everytwo years. Improvements will be undertaken onthe basis of these reviews, taking into accountavailable resources and funding.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: BoM, industryStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reviewevery two years, ongoing.

MMR 3.2Refine the Perth hazemodel.

As a priority, thePerth haze modeldeveloped by theDEP in 1996,should be furtherdeveloped toprovide a moreaccuraterepresentation ofthe behaviour ofinhalableparticles (PM10and PM2.5) in thePerth airshed. Workon the furtherdevelopment of thePerth haze model iscurrently in progress.

Lead Agency: DEPStart date and duration: Start 2000,complete modelling development withinone year and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

MMR 3.3Improve the graphical display of the Perthphotochemical smog model.

The Perth photochemical smog model, developedby the DEP in 1996, is used to simulate themeteorological and chemical dynamics ofphotochemical smog episodes across the Perthmetropolitan region. The graphical display of thissimulation is currently limited in its visualeffectiveness.

It is recommended that graphical display softwarebe developed for education and informationpurposes. This software could be used to enhancethe visualisation of output from the photochemicalsmog model.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/ Organisations: EDWA,Western Australian Museum, all industry sectorsStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin one year.

MMR 3.4Use output from the BoM mesoscale model asinput to the photochemical smog model andother airshed models.

The BoM mesoscale model depicts simulationsbased on meteorological conditions in the Perthmetropolitan region. Output from the BoMmesoscale airshed model may be useful for air

23December 2000


quality modelling developments, includingphotochemical smog and smoke plume modelling.

The initial steps undertaken will involveidentifying the output requirements.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: BoM, CALMStart date and duration: Start 2001, completeinitial studies in six months, and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

MMR 3.5Use air quality models as an educational tool.

Air quality models assist in simulating the complexreactions that take place in the Perth airshed,resulting from meteorological conditions affectingthe movement and chemical transformation ofpollutants.

As an educational tool air quality models can beused to give a visual presentation of the complexprocesses affecting ambient air quality.

The available air quality models will be assessed fortheir suitability. Based on this assessment, themodels will be used as an educational tool forapplicable courses in secondary and tertiaryinstitutions.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: BoM, relevantindustry sectors, CALM, EDWA, universitiesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reviewannually, ongoing.

MMR 4Encourage research into the nature and sources ofemissions contributing to the Perth airshed.

The Perth airshed is influenced by emissionsgenerated either naturally or by human activities.The management actions contained in this Plan aredesigned to address air pollutants resulting from

human activities.

Understanding the compositionand determining the sources

of air emissions is acomplex task, but one

that is essential forunderstanding the

effects andimpacts of airemissions.

Extensiveresearch hasbeenundertaken inareas relating toair quality, both

in Australia and worldwide. However, studies relatingspecifically to the Perth airshed and its characteristicsare required so that further understanding on how toimprove air quality in Perth may be gained.Published research material should be utilised as itwill provide guidance for the methodology of aparticular study. Priority areas requiring researchinclude the improvement of biogenic emissionsestimates, air toxics and fluoride emissions.

Another area where ongoing research is required isindoor air quality, covered in HER 2.4.

MMR 4.1Commission research into the improvement ofbiogenic emissions estimates relevant to thePerth metropolitan region.

There is some concern regarding the emissions ofVOCs from vegetation, during bushfires andprescribed burning in particular. Some plantspecies may emit chemicals that contributesignificantly to total Perth airshed emissions. Asyet, little work has been conducted in Australia inestablishing the composition and sources ofemissions from different vegetation types.International research results are not alwaysrelevant due to the differences in nativevegetation. However, the techniques applied inprevious studies may be useful.

Current methods used to estimate biogenicemissions from both native and cultivatedvegetation can involve a degree of uncertainty thatwould be considered inappropriate for modellingpurposes, but in general provide an indicativeestimate suitable for proposing managementoptions.

A research protocol will be developed to reviewthe existing research material on estimatingbiogenic emissions in Australia, with a view to re-estimating the biogenic emissions (type andquantity) from vegetation, including those frombushfires and prescribed burning. The use ofavailable image analysis, such as the data used inPerth’s Bushplan (Ministry for Planning (MfP),1998), will be investigated. The results of thisstudy will be published.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: UniversitiesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin three years.

MMR 4.2Commission research into air toxics(constituents, sources and impacts).

As yet, little research relating to air toxics hasbeen conducted in Perth. When air toxics areemitted from a source (eg. industry, vehicles, wood

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fires, aircraft), there are a multitude of subsequentreactions in the ambient air as chemicals combineto form a range of compounds. Further study intothe nature, origins and effects of air toxics isrequired, so that levels in the ambient air may bemanaged effectively.

DEP will initiate a desktop study in the firstinstance to identify the air toxics of concern in thePerth airshed. Information on VOCs has alreadybeen collected (DEP, 2000a). Monitoring data willbe utilised, particularly data from monitoringstations located in industrial areas, as these are theareas of greatest concern regarding air toxicsemissions. Relevant air toxics monitoringinformation may be available from industrialorganisations. The results of this study will bepublished. Further research will be undertakenpending the results of the desktop study.

In addition, a number of projects are underwaythrough Environment Australia’s Living Cities –Air Toxics Program.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry sectors, MRWA, HDWA, universitiesStart date and duration: Start 2002 and completewithin two years, review every two years.

MMR 4.3Commission research into fluoride and acid gasemissions (sources and impacts).

Research has been conducted on the impacts offluoride emissions on crops, both in Australia andoverseas. Fluoride levels are monitored at severalsites within the Perth monitoring network, in thevicinity of existing brickworks. At times, thefluoride levels measured have exceeded levels setfor the protection of sensitive or commerciallyimportant plant species.

Based on recent literature and monitoringinformation, the sources and impacts of fluorideemissions in Perth will be reviewed, withconsideration given to the use of mobilemonitoring to assess localised fluoride levels. Theresults of this study will be published.

A recent review of Swan Valley brickworksindicates an investigation of acid gas (hydrogenchloride and sulfur trioxide) sources, emissions andenvironmental and public health impacts isrequired.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry sectors, local governmentStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin two years.

MMR 4.4Periodically review the status of emerging airquality issues and actions available to addressthese issues.

Extensive research into the causes andconsequences of air pollution is taking place bothin Australia and worldwide. It is important thatthe results of this research and any important newinformation are closely monitored and madeavailable, as bases for informed decision makingand education strategies in the future.

The review will be annual with the mostimportant issues highlighted in the DEP annualreport. The review should be a useful tool forpublic policy makers, and interested stakeholders.The referenced material could be made availablefrom a central clearing house with the widestpossible access for government, industry andcommunity stakeholders. Therefore the materialwill be available in both printed and electronicformats, available either on CD ROM or theInternet.

This action would also rely heavily on theoutcomes of HER 3.2 – Periodically review the healthimpacts of air pollution or potential airbornecontaminants and MMR 1 – Maintain an up-to-date,comprehensive, effective and publicly accessible airemissions inventory.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Universities,relevant government agencies, industry andcommunity groupsStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completefirst review within six months, then maintain as anongoing service on annual basis.

25December 2000

Land Use and TransportPlanning (LTP)The objectives, strategies and actions contained inthis section reflect the Select Committee on Perth’sAir Quality’s vision for the Perth metropolitan region(see Part 1), and address the key areas of:

• transport planning;

• land use planning;

• integrating land use and transport planning; and

• energy efficiency.

Australian cities have higher energy resource flowsthan many of their counterparts in Europe and NorthAmerica, that is, they use more resources andproduce more wastes. Consumption levels have beenincreasing over the past few decades, both in totaland on a per person basis. This issue was consideredin the Federally funded inquiry into Urban AirPollution in Australia (Australian Academy ofTechnological Sciences and Engineering, 1997). Thestudy indicated that the Australian States needed togive greater consideration to:

• the shape of urban development;

• better integration of transport and land use;

• minimising the amount of travel required and theamount of inter-regional traffic; and

• encouraging higher levels of self-containment, thatis, encouraging social, commercial andemployment opportunities in the localenvironment.

Planning influences where people live, work andrecreate, and predicates our mobility options betweenthese activities. Planning decisions are therefore amajor contributing factor to the quality of our air.Perth has high private vehicle ownership andincreasing vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT). Insome areas there is good public transport provision,cycling and/or pedestrian access.

The Western Australian Planning Commission(WAPC) and the Ministry for Planning developPerth’s transport, land use and developmentstrategies. Input is also provided by Transport,MRWA and a wide range of government agenciesincluding the 29 local governments in the Perthmetropolitan region. The land development industryplays an important role in designing, advocating andproviding an urban structure that meets theanticipated demand for new residential dwellings.There are also numerous agencies andinstrumentalities which have a role and input intothe land use and transport planning processes, suchas the DEP, planning consultants, Westrail,Fremantle Port Authority and the WAMA.

There are a number of existing State Governmentpolicies, plans and guiding documents that embodythe current and developing transport and land useplanning approaches for Western Australia. The keydocuments are listed below:

• Metroplan (1990- 2021), (Department of Planningand Urban Development (DPUD), 1990);

• Metropolitan Transport Strategy (MTS) (1995-2029), (Transport, MRWA, MfP, Fremantle PortAuthority, Westrail & Metrobus, 1995);

• Better Public Transport Ten-Year Plan for Transperth(1998-2007), (Transport, 1998a);

• Bike Ahead: Bicycle Strategy for the 21st Century(1996-2029), (Transport, 1996a);

• Perth Walking: A Pedestrian Strategy for the PerthMetropolitan Region (Transport, 2000)

• TravelSmart 2010: A 10 Year Plan, (Transport,1999)

• State Transport Policy: Western Australia (1996-2029), (Transport, 1996b);

• State Planning Strategy (1999-2029), (WAPC,1997b);

• Liveable Neighbourhoods: Community Design Code(1999-2029), (WAPC, 1997a); and

• Transform WA: Securing Western Australia’s Future,(MRWA, 1998).

Of these, both Metroplan (1990-2021) and the PerthMetropolitan Transport Strategy (1995-2029) will beundergoing review in the near future. Metroplancontains the current framework for urban growth inthe Perth metropolitan region, for the period to2021. Metroplan provides a general framework forgrowth and change, but it is not a detailed blueprintand is not a statutory plan. The WAPC has recentlyresolved to undertake a major review of Perth’sstrategic planning, known as Future Perth, followingthe release of Metroplan in 1990. Air qualityconsiderations will be taken into account as part ofthis review. The detail for implementing Metroplan iscontained in the following policies, strategies andprograms:

• Strategic Policy Statements (eg. Urban ExpansionPolicy);

• Structure and Centre Plans;

• Metropolitan Development Program;

• Metropolitan Region Scheme; and

• Metropolitan Transport Strategy (1995-2029),(Transport et al., 1995).

The Perth MTS outlines the methods ofimplementation of the relevant sections of the State


December 2000

Transport Policy: Western Australia, to 2029. TheMTS aims at a more balanced and effective transportsystem in which the majority of people will have avariety of transport options to meet their needs(Transport et al., 1995).

The major themes contained in the MTS include:

• better co-ordination of the components of thetransport system;

• greater integration between the transport systemand land use planning; and

• improved efficiency in the use of transportinfrastructure and services.

Its aim is to reduce the overall total number ofpersonal trips made in the Perth metropolitan region,as well as achieving changes in the preferred modalchoice. The MTS targets are indicated in Figure 7.

By any international comparison, Perth is a very wellplanned city. Nevertheless, degraded air quality doesoccur.

Both national and international practice indicatesthat air quality objectives can be achieved byinfluencing urban form and structure, particularly ifurban planning and transport objectives are aligned.Modelling by research organisations, such as theCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation (CSIRO), demonstrates that carefulurban planning can improve air quality. Some studiessuggest that from an air quality perspective,development towards a compact city may be the mostdesirable path to follow. A compact city structurewould encourage greater residential densities andurban infill, and require major destinations to beserviced by good public transport. This approach canalso be applied to the development of regional focalpoints within the Perth metropolitan region, where

residential, commercial and other business facilitiesco-locate and encourage the development of localemployment opportunities. The planning andprovision of public transport facilities and services inthe early stages of development in a regional area isessential if air quality gains are to be achieved.Allowing urban development in locations separatefrom existing urban areas that are not connectedwith good public transport is problematic both in theimmediate and long term.

Rapid change in urban growth has occurred over thelast 10 to 15 years in the Perth metropolitan region,and is clearly evident by the extent of developmentthroughout the region. This expansion is expected tocontinue in the future. Strategic urban policies andinfrastructure investments could lead to a re-shapingof the Perth metropolitan region, in general, to amore positive and sustainable form. The emphasiswould be on strategic regional centres, includingJoondalup, Midland, Fremantle and Armadale.

Many of the actions in this AQMP will lead tooutcomes consistent with the objectives of theNational and draft State Greenhouse Strategies(Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO), 1998).These strategies reinforce the need to limit urbansprawl and to promote energy efficient patterns ofdevelopment. Similarly, the Cities for ClimateProtectionTM program operating at the localgovernment level is providing a framework toachieve emission reductions (Cities for ClimateProtectionTM Australia, 1998). The implementationof greenhouse strategies supports the goals of regionalair quality management.

The principal aim of this section is to ensure thatrelevant State government policies, strategies, plansand actions take into account the potential influenceof land use and transport planning on air quality.

27

Figure 7: Metropolitan Transport Strategy Targets (Transport et al., 1995).

Number of personal trips

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Objective for Land Use andTransport Planning

To steadily improve Perth’s air quality so wehave clean air to a level that is acceptable to thecommunity, by:

• creating and implementing a more sustainabletransport system;

• better integration of land use and public transport to reduce car dependence; and

• promoting the use of energy efficient design in domestic, government, commercial and industrial building development.

Strategies for Land Use andTransport Planning


1. develop a more sustainable mix of transport modes and transport planning in the Perth metropolitan region;

2. review and improve land use planning;

3. integrate land use and transport planning; and

4. encourage the adoption of energy efficiency principles in planning, building design and construction.

In doing so, these initiatives should take a holisticview and consider environmental impact andgreenhouse issues as well. Future relevantgovernment policies, strategies and plans for thePerth metropolitan region should address air qualitymanagement issues, and be co-ordinated in workingtoward achieving the outcomes of this AQMP.

It is important to note that changes in urban formare very slow and will occur over years and decades.There is considerable stability in the existing city; 50to 60% of year 2029 development is already in place.Evidently, well-structured and co-ordinated land useplanning can make a positive difference in the longterm.

Actions for Land Use and TransportPlanning

LTP 1Develop a more sustainable mix of transport modesand transport planning in the Perth metropolitanregion.

The Perth transport system (in regard to peoplemovement) is heavily used by single occupant privatevehicles. The long term effects of the currenttransport system impose costs and negative

externalities onto the community, such as degradedlocal and regional air quality and increased healthimpacts. Development towards a more sustainabletransport system, such as the one proposed in theMTS (Transport et al., 1995), would encourage modeshift away from single occupant vehicles towardsmulti-occupant vehicles and green transport modes(pedestrian, cycle and public transport). This shift toalternative forms of transport would reduce theimpacts of motor vehicles on air quality.

Improvements within the public transport system willencourage more people to consider trains, buses orferries as a commuting option. Transport’s BetterPublic Transport: Ten-Year Plan for Transperth(Transport, 1998a) details the intentions for publictransport over the period 1998-2008. Thecomplementary TravelSmart® program is aimed atinforming the community of the alternative transportmodes available and encouraging their use. Theextension of this program to cover the wider Perthmetropolitan region is desirable.

Other approaches to encourage people to drive lessinclude car pooling, teleworking, home business andparking restrictions. Different strategies will workmore effectively for different sectors of thecommunity. Trials have been conducted of carpooling and teleworking programs, primarily withingovernment agencies. Results from these trialsindicate that car pooling is less effective thanteleworking, in that it requires considerable effort toorganise. Emphasis on strategic regional centredevelopment, along with restrictions on parking inmajor employment, shopping and recreationalcentres will provide people with the incentive toconsider alternative means of transport to the privatevehicle. Restrictions could include reducing thenumber of available parking spaces and increasingparking fees, with the aim to reduce trafficcongestion and emissions in major regional centres.

Planning for transport has a major impact on futureland use planning outcomes. The impact on airquality should be taken into consideration whenplanning a road network, development orredevelopment. It is at the planning stage that thegreatest influence on the transport infrastructure ispossible. By planning for the most desirable outcomein terms of air quality (as well as other factors) laterimpacts may be avoided.

The following actions address these issues.

LTP 1.1 Assess the environmental impact of the PerthMetropolitan Transport Strategy.

It is proposed that the various strategies that seekto achieve the air quality and other related targetscontained within the MTS be assessed. The review


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should assess the adequacy of the targets for airquality and quantify its impact on or benefit forregional air quality. The next periodic review ofthe MTS by Transport is planned to be undertakenby end 2000. An assessment of the air qualityimpacts of the MTS was undertaken in 1999. It isproposed to re-assess the MTS as it is revised atregular intervals.

Lead Agency: DEP & Environmental ProtectionAuthority (EPA)Supporting Agencies/Organisations: Transport,MfP, MRWAStart date and duration: Re-assess in 2005 andevery 5 years, ongoing.

LTP 1.2Prepare local Integrated Transport Plans withinthe framework of the Metropolitan TransportStrategy.

The definition of an “integrated transport plan”,provided by Transport, is “to maximise accessibilityfrom the transport system through a variety oftransport modes whilst improving liveability andreducing costs for users and the community”.Integrated multi-modal plans at a local level willassist in achieving MTS targets and reducereliance on private vehicle travel.

Outcomes of these plans could lead to targetedinfrastructure improvements for public transport,cycling and walking, better information for usersand service level improvements for the generalpublic. They may also result in reduced investmentin relative terms on roads for general traffic. Localintegrated transport plans should occur inconjunction with the WAPC MetropolitanDevelopment Program. Work on this program hascommenced.

Lead Agency: Transport in collaboration with MfPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, land developers, MRWA, WAPC, Start date and duration: Start 2000 and reviewannually, ongoing.

LTP 1.3 Assess local and regional air quality impactswhen considering road network planning.

This would be based on the predicted traffic levelson a road network if it were built, and shouldinclude projections of air quality impact in theshort, medium and long term.

Lead Agency: MRWASupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, localgovernment, Transport, MfPStart date and duration: Start 2001, ongoing.

LTP 1.4Include transport impact assessment asperformance criteria for new major developmentand redevelopment proposals.

When submitting proposals for majorurban or industrial developmentor redevelopment, atransport impactassessment will berequired prior toapproval, whichincludes howpublictransport,bicycle andpedestrianaccess couldbe integratedinto such ascheme. Thiswork hascommencedand willcontinue.

Lead Agency: MfP incollaboration withTransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: EPA, DEP, MRWA,local governmentStart date and duration: Start 2000, ongoing.

LTP 1.5Monitor the implementation of the Better PublicTransport: Ten-Year Plan for Transperth.

The State Government has announced a numberof commitments to improve and extend the publictransport system within the Perth region. Thisongoing development of the Perth public transportsystem will facilitate mode shift from the singleoccupant motor car to public transport, and reducetransport sourced emissions with consequent airquality improvement.

The Better Public Transport: Ten-Year Plan forTransperth (Transport, 1998a) facilitates ongoingwork which will include the identification anddevelopment of dedicated facilities for bus and railsystems. Transport will monitor theimplementation of its plan every three years.

Lead Agency: TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MRWA,Westrail, MfP, DEP, local government, CCWAStart date and duration: Start 2000, review everythree years, and assess effectiveness at AQMP2010 review.

29December 2000

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LTP 1.6 Encourage the further implementation ofteleworking in government agencies.

Teleworking (working from home), also termedtelecommuting, is seen as one mechanism to reduce

the need for vehicle travel. Its successfulimplementation would aid in

improving Perth’s air qualityby reducing the number

of vehicles commutingthroughout the Perth

metropolitanregion.

Teleworking iscurrentlyavailable toemployees ofvariousgovernment

agencies. Aformal telework

scheme has beendeveloped and is

currently being trialedby Transport. Appropriate

policies and processes shouldbe adopted according to the

outcome of this trial.

Lead Agency: TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, WAMA,Department of Local Government (DLG), MfPStart date and duration: Under way, reviewannually, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

LTP 1.7Facilitate the development of home-basedemployment and business through appropriateplanning provisions.

In addition to extending teleworking ingovernment agencies (LTP 1.6), working fromhome should be encouraged within localgovernment and the business sector. Separatepolicies and processes would be developed for theseemployment sectors.

An increasing number of people are choosing toestablish their own home-based businesses. Thisshould be actively encouraged by localgovernments through their Town PlanningSchemes and policies.

Lead Agency: WAMA in collaboration with MfPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DLG, localgovernment, Transport, business sectorStart date and duration: Start 2000, reviewannually, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

LTP 1.8 Continue with travel behaviour programs, suchas TravelSmart®.

TravelSmart® is a Transport program encouragingthe use of alternate transport modes (publictransport, cycling, walking) through motivation,information and empowerment (see CIE 2.1). Apilot project in South Perth achieved a significantreduction in car use on an average day and adecline in the number of car trips per day. Theoverall result was a 14% decline in VKT andincluded a 25% increase in public transportboardings (March-June 1999 compared to March-June 2000).

These programs support strategic regional centresand major workplaces across the Perthmetropolitan region, and are a means of minimisingtravel requirements and long-term parking.

Other TravelSmart® programs being developedinclude workplace and school programs.TravelSmart Workplace is a program based withinthe DEP, and is a part of the overall TravelSmart®

program. It is targeted at people employed in thePerth Central Business District (CBD), raisingawareness and understanding of air pollution issuesand transport choices.

TravelSmart® school programs are intended to raiseawareness among children in primary schools ofalternative transport choices to the car at an earlyage. Research indicates that social conditioning ofchildren in the “car culture” is already evident inchildren as young as seven, and is well establishedby the time they are 13. A trial at KardinyaPrimary School resulted in a 22% reduction in cartrips to the school. The outcome of this trial is aresource kit for years five to seven and a program toextend the initiative to many other schools.

Transport has provided subsidies to eight localgovernment authorities to employ localTravelSmart® officers. These officers will have thetask of helping local authorities and theircommunities develop their own TravelSmart®

initiatives, including TravelSmart® to school.

Lead Agency: TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, MRWA,local government, commercial and business sectorsStart date and duration: Under way, reviewannually, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

LTP 1.9Review and improve access within the Perthmetropolitan region for pedestrians and cyclists.

Transport has developed and released a cyclingstrategy Bike Ahead: Bicycle Strategy for the 21stCentury (Transport, 1996a) and a pedestrian


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31December 2000

strategy Perth Walking: A Pedestrian Strategy for theMetropolitan Region (Transport, 2000). Thesestrategies advocate the need for pedestrian andcycle access and facilities, such as bicycle parkingand shower facilities for cyclists. The pedestrianstrategy supports the Australian charter of rightsfor pedestrians.

A key aspect of the cycling strategy is theimplementation of Stages II and III of the PerthBicycle Network. This requires funding supportfrom Transport, MRWA and metropolitan localauthorities.

Local government authorities play a key role in theprovision of facilities for pedestrians and cyclists.This is achieved through their town planningschemes and works programmes. Local governmentauthorities as a matter of course should adoptminimum access standards for major trip attractorssuch as shopping centres, employment locationsand recreation centres.

There is a need for an ongoing review to monitorthe implementation of facilities, standards andprogrammes to achieve higher levels of cycling andwalking.

Lead Agency: TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MfP, MRWA,WAMA, local government, relevant communityorganisationsStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reviewevery three years, ongoing.

LTP 1.10Manage regional parking in key destinations(CBD and strategic regional centres).

Parking is a key component of the transportsystem. In central Perth the State Government, incollaboration with the City of Perth, hasintroduced a new policy and is enabling legislationthat will manage parking within the broad contextof strategic accessibility to the central city.Reductions in parking facilities over the long termare required to encourage greater use of alternativeforms of transport (eg. public transport andcycling).

Parking at strategic regional centres and majordistrict centres needs to be managed with astrategic approach to accessibility that recognisesand reconciles the legitimate access needs of carusers with the need to shift towards a moresustainable transport system. Local authoritiesshould be encouraged to reduce the quantum ofparking at major traffic generators and to developparking pricing strategies in conjunction withimprovements to the public transport system.These actions should be integrated with StrategicRegional Centre Strategies.

At the same time, parking at some major transportinterchanges should be encouraged, eg. Park ’nRide. This will improve accessibility to availablepublic transport and thus provide an incentive formore commuters to use such a service.

It is necessary to consider the benefits/costs ofalternative land uses to parking facilities.Mechanisms to achieve this outcome includeapprovals and amendments to town planningschemes and local and State Government policies.

Lead Agency: Transport in consultation with localgovernmentSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MfP, WAMA,business sectorStart date and duration: Underway and reviewannually, ongoing.

LTP 1.11Assess the cost-effectiveness of public moneyspent on transport modes and services in termsof air quality benefits.

This investigation of the current transport fundingsystem (including Commonwealth, State and localgovernment funding) would seek to set relativepriorities towards particular modes and makerecommendations for reform which reflect a morebalanced transport system.

In its response to the Select Committee, the StateGovernment agreed with the Select Committee forthe need to undertake an economic analysis of thepublic monies provided to the various forms ofpublic and private transport modes, facilities andservices available in the Perth metropolitan region.

This study, to be carried out under the guidance ofthe AQCC with an appropriate level of publicconsultation, requires initial definition of projectscope and identification of existing data. Ananalysis protocol will be developed which can beused to determine the environmental effectivenessof proposed future transport modes and services inPerth and make recommendations for reform whenresults indicate this is necessary.

Lead Agency: DEP in consultation with TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MRWA, MfP,TreasuryStart date and duration: Start 2001, and completewithin two years.

LTP 2Review and improve land use planning.

From 1991 to 1996, the population of WesternAustralia grew by 8.9%. The majority of growth hastaken place in the outer metropolitan area and thistrend is likely to continue. The projected populationgrowth of the Perth metropolitan region to the year2029 is significant. The population is expected to

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increase at a rate of 1.39% per year to 1.98 millionpeople in 2029 (Australian Bureau of Statistics(ABS), 1996). This corresponds to an increase indemand for land, resources, services and mobility.

Similar trends are apparent in the population’smobility around the region. The total distancetravelled in passenger vehicles has increased by 11%(from 1991 to 1995), with the average distancetravelled also increasing by 2% (ABS, 1997). Witharound four million trips being made on a typicalweekday, only 6% of these are made by bus, train orferry (Transport, 1998a).

At the local level, the Liveable NeighbourhoodsCommunity Design Code (WAPC, 1997a) is astrategic policy statement endorsed by the WAPC fora three year trial period. It seeks to guidedevelopment towards greater sustainability byencouraging energy efficient urban village design thatpromotes access to public transport and facilitatescycling and walking, rather than car dependency.

The WAPC is commencing a review of key strategicplanning considerations relating to the planning of

Perth. This review will take accountof the environmental

constraints on Perth,including the extent to

which land useplanning may

reduce orameliorate airqualityproblems.The review,titled FuturePerth willresult inpolicies andstrategies

which providedirection across

government. Inparticular it will

guide the WAPC inthe exercise of its

statutory responsibilities,regarding the design of land

uses, to maximise energy efficiencyand minimise detrimental impacts on Perth’s airshed.The study will investigate Perth in its regionalcontext as well as at the metropolitan level.

LTP 2.1Incorporate air quality issues in the developmentof Future Perth.

The Future Perth project aims to provide a newstrategic plan for Perth. It will offer a series ofstrategies relating to environmental and resource

protection, the community, the economy andinfrastructure to guide the development of Perthfor the next 10 to 20 years.

One of the principal aims of the project is topromote sustainable growth in the Perthmetropolitan region from a social, economic andenvironmental perspective. Metroplan (DPUD,1990), now termed Future Perth, contains theframework for urban growth in the Perthmetropolitan region, for the period to 2021. (It is aguiding document, not a statutory requirement.)The implementation of Future Perth will seek toconcentrate major employment and residentialcentres around public transport routes.Commercial centres and community facilities willbe encouraged close to the public transportnetwork. The underlying objective of Future Perthis to integrate public transport at an early stage inthe development of new subdivisions.

Existing land use and transport processes will bereviewed in the implementation of the Future Perthproject.

Lead Agency: MfPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: WAMA,MRWA, TransportStart date and duration: Under way, review periodto be determined, and assess effectiveness atAQMP 2005 review.

LTP 2.2Research and evaluate the application of urbanconsolidation strategies in the Perth metropolitanregion.

The CSIRO conducted a Melbourne case study in1997 to investigate the effects of six alternativeurban forms on air quality (Manins et al., 1998).Results from this study indicated that a “CompactCity”, focussing on increased population anddensity of an inner group of suburbs, appeared tobe the most desirable approach to urban form. The“Compact City” scenario showed markedimprovements in photochemical smog levels,carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption.However, concentrations of particles wereconsiderably higher in the “Compact City”compared to other urban forms. Study results werenot conclusive in showing that a particular urbanform would deliver all desired air quality benefits.It is therefore important to consider all optionsthat may have the potential to deliver air qualitybenefits, such as the development of regional focalpoints within the Perth metropolitan region thatare supported by strategic public transport facilitiesand services.

Air quality strategies will be addressed as part ofFuture Perth to assist in the determination of themost appropriate urban form.


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Lead Agency: MfPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP,Transport, WAMA, local governmentStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin two years.

LTP 2.3Develop a government policy position onincreased levels of urban infill, density andrenewal.

This action is contingent on the outcome of LTP2.2. The purpose is to achieve a more compactmetropolitan region and to reduce urban sprawl.This would include a statement of support forallowing more compatible mixed use activities toco-locate in urban areas. This could be achieved asa major initiative of Future Perth.

The Liveable Neighbourhoods Community DesignCode (WAPC, 1997a) is available as a trial policyto guide development at the subdivision level. Asimilar policy is needed to support strategicregional centres, and will be undertaken as part ofFuture Perth.

Lead Agency: MfPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: WAMA, DEP,TransportStart date and duration: Start 2003 and completewithin one year.

LTP 3Integrate land use and transport planning.

An effective transport system is largely dependent onsympathetic land use planning and development. Itrequires land use and transport planners anddevelopers to work closely together in achieving adesirable outcome.

Effective integration of land use and transportplanning is essential for attainment of the overallobjective of improving Perth’s air quality, and shouldbe an outcome of Strategic Regional Plans.

LTP 3.1Identify the optimal public transport corridorsand transport interchanges in Perth andundertake planning and reservation as a priority.

There is a need to identify strategic publictransport spines that comprise rights of way orpriorities for public transport services. Thesuburban railway network already exhibits thesecharacteristics. Key strategic bus routes have beenidentified that link Strategic and Other RegionalCentres.

The effectiveness of these public transport spinescan be greatly enhanced by supportive land usedevelopments around the nodes (eg. railwaystations) on these spines. There is a need for

cooperation between State and local governmentauthorities to encourage such land usedevelopments. The Future Perth process will assistin the identification of important nodes.

Lead Agency: Transport in collaboration with MfPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MRWA, DEP,local government, land developersStart date and duration: Start 2002 and reviewannually, ongoing.

LTP 3.2Implement Policy DC 1.6 Planning to EnhancePublic Transport Usage.

In addition to the statutory requirements of theStatements of Planning Policy, the WAPC hasendorsed a number of operational policies that areused to guide decision making on subdivision ordevelopment applications. DC 1.6 Planning toEnhance Public Transport Usage (WAPC, 1999) isof particular benefit. Review of the policy DC 1.6is complete and its implementation is now requiredto further promote the integration of transport andland use planning.

Lead Agency: WAPC & MfPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Landdevelopers, local government, TransportStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completeinitial review within 12 months, ongoing.

LTP 4Encourage the adoption of energy efficiencyprinciples in planning, building design andconstruction.

The inquiry into Urban Air Pollution in Australia(Australian Academy for Technological Sciences andEngineering, 1997) advocated the adoption of awhole-of-life approach to building and dwellingdesign. This includes construction and operation ofbuildings with a view to optimising both theembodied energy incorporated in the building and itslife-time operating energy requirements. This issue isalso addressed in the DAE section.

LTP 4.1Support the development and implementation ofan appropriate education campaign on energyefficiency and environmentally sensitive design.

The advantages of environmentally sensitivedesign including passive solar energy and energyefficient design along with the many other optionsare identified in Liveable Neighbourhoods:Community Design Code (WAPC, 1997a). Supportwould be given to assist representative bodies inthe building industry and local governmentauthorities in the development of campaignconcepts and materials which would be appropriatefor those bodies to implement to educate their

33December 2000

members, officers responsible for planningapprovals and their wider client community as tothese advantages.

Lead Agency: Office of Energy (OoE)Supporting Agencies/Organisations: DLG,WAMA, MfP, Housing Industry Association(HIA), Master Builders Association (MBA), DEP,CCWA, PANStart date and duration: Start 2001, implementover 18 months.

LTP 4.2 Support the preparation of energy efficiencyrequirements in the Building Code for the designof new commercial and residential buildings,major renovations and redevelopments.

The implementation of these guidelines andpolices would be through State policies, townplanning schemes, subdivision and buildingapprovals processes. This approach is aimed at theuniversal adoption of energy efficient designthroughout the building sector and relatedagencies.

Lead Agency: DLGSupporting Agencies/Organisations: WAMA, MfP,OoE, DEP, HIA, TransportStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completeover five years.

LTP 4.3Support an increase in the use of energy ratingschemes for buildings.

The House Energy Rating Scheme for housing wasintroduced in Western Australia in 1996 as part ofthe Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme(NatHERS). This scheme could be used to fosterthe promotion of the cost effectiveness of energyefficient principles in building design. Buildingswould be rated on aspects concerning the use ofenergy in an efficient manner. Home energy ratingschemes have been successfully established in theAustralian Capital Territory and Victoria, based ona star rating system (similar to whitegoods).

Lead Agency: OoESupporting Agencies/Organisations: WAMA, localgovernment, DEP, HIA, DLGStart date and duration: Start 2001 and implementover two years.

Vehicle EmissionsManagement (VEM)Of the wide range of sources contributing to thepollutant load into the Perth airshed, the emissionsresulting from motor vehicles have been identified asbeing the single largest contributor (see Table 5 andFigure 8). With VKT expected to increase, there is aneed to ensure that strategies are in place to managetransport emissions, both in the immediate andlonger term.

The significance of motor vehicle emissions ininfluencing the quality of the air we breathe is notrestricted to the local or regional level. It has beenrecognised for some time that transport emissions areprimary contributors to health risks andenvironmental damage at a global level, requiring acooperative effort within and across jurisdictions toestablish effective reduction strategies (Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), 1995). The push to minimise greenhousegas emissions from the global vehicle fleet arisingfrom the Kyoto Protocols provides an illustrativeexample.

In his statement Safeguarding the Future: Australia’sResponse to Climate Change, in 1997, Prime MinisterJohn Howard announced a range of initiatives toassist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from thetransport sector. The $6.3 million package included acommitment to implement an EnvironmentalStrategy for the automotive industry, which involvesthe introduction of mandatory fuel efficiencylabelling, harmonisation of emissions standards withinternational standards, a 15% fuel efficiencyimprovement target by 2010, and the early phasingout of leaded petrol (Howard, 1997). Thesestrategies, together with the Federal Government’scommitment to develop a Compressed Natural GasInfrastructure Program, are in alignment with manyof the actions required to improve Perth’s air qualityat the regional level.


Table 5: Contribution of air pollutants from vehicle emissions to thePerth airshed (DEP, 2000b).

Pollutant Contribution Contribution (tonnes per year) (%)

CO 228 290 81

NOx 29 330 49

ROC 22 490 40

PM10 1 440 13

SO2 710 4

Note: Contribution (%) calculated excluding biogenic emission estimates.

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Achieving a reduction in the impact of motorvehicles on air quality can only be truly effective inthe longer term by changes in the planning andinfrastructure development of various transportmodes. Current travel data indicates that VKT isincreasing at a greater rate than the projectedpopulation growth. This increase in VKT is due togreater distances being travelled as low-density urbandevelopment continues to expand in the outermetropolitan region (see Figure 9). As such, anumber of initiatives have been developed whichseek to focus on reducing our reliance on privatevehicle usage, including the Perth MetropolitanTransport Strategy (Transport et al., 1995), the BetterPublic Transport: Ten-Year Plan for Transperth(Transport, 1998a), the Liveable Neighbourhoods:Community Design Code (WAPC, 1997) andTransform WA: Securing Western Australia’s Future(MRWA, 1998). These broader strategies, which alsoconsider the issues of Travel Demand Management(TDM), telecommuting and car-pooling, areaddressed as part of the LTP section of this plan.

A management strategy for vehicle emissions needsto reflect the different contributions of pollutantsfrom various road transport types. For instance,

evidence suggests that particles are largelycontributed by diesel-powered engines, whilst the lessvisible pollutants such as NOx, CO and ROCs fallprimarily under the responsibility of the larger petrol-fuelled passenger vehicle fleet. In addition, a numberof air toxics, some of which are known or suspectedto be carcinogenic, have been shown to be emittedprimarily from motor vehicle exhausts. This may beof particular concern due to the capacity of thesecompounds to be adsorbed onto particles. A vehicle’semission will be influenced by the nature of its designand operation. This includes the quality of the fuelused to power the vehicle. Table 6 indicates thestatus of fuel quality standards in Australia andWestern Australia, as well as overseas, and the datesfrom which the standards are applicable.

In general, to achieve durable improvements in airquality by decreasing vehicle emissions, there are anumber of generic policy approaches which may beadopted. Technological advances in vehicle design andengine specifications, through the Australian DesignRules (ADRs), can ensure that new vehicles areintrinsically cleaner and emit less harmful pollutants.Existing vehicles may be periodically checked todetermine compliance to emission standards over the

35December 2000

Figure 8: Emissions contribution of major air pollutants from vehicles (by type), estimated for 1998/99 (DEP, 2000b).

Tonnes per year of pollutant

0

Passenger cars

Light commercialvehicles

Heavy commercialvehicles

Motorcycles

Particles (PM10)

CO (/10)

NOx (as NO2)

ROC

5,000 15,00010,000 25,00020,000

Figure 9: Travel extrapolation based on population growth patterns (James, 1997).

50

Year

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Population

Vehicle kilometres travelled

VKT per person

Index

0

100

300

250

200

150

1985


life of the vehicle, by in-service maintenance. Cleanerfuels, and the penetration of alternativetransportation fuels into the automotive market, willdecrease emissions and allow the transition tocleaner, more sustainable energy sources in the longerterm. Finally, reductions in transport demand may beachieved through behavioural changes of commuters toconsider alternative transport options, which has astrong element of public education and awareness.

Objective for Vehicle EmissionsManagement


• reducing overall vehicle usage and encouraging the use of less polluting vehicles and fuel sources; and

• reducing emissions per vehicle kilometre travelled from both the current and future vehicle fleet in Perth.

Strategies for Vehicle EmissionsManagement


1. implement on-road enforcement of controls on excessive vehicle emissions;

2. encourage the removal of older vehicles from the Perth fleet;

3. reduce vehicle emissions through appropriate in-service emission testing;

4. promote the use and management of clean fuels in Perth; and

5. improve vehicle technology to produce ‘cleaner’ new vehicles.

Actions for Vehicle EmissionsManagement

VEM 1Implement on-road enforcement of controls onexcessive vehicle emissions.

While new technology continues to reduce theemissions from new vehicles, older vehicles are ofincreasing concern for their contribution toatmospheric pollutants. The National In-ServiceVehicle Emissions Study showed that, while the oldestvehicles were individually the highest emitters, theyconstitute only a small proportion of the total vehiclepopulation (Federal Office of Road Safety (FORS),1996). As a result, it is generally the ‘middle aged’cars which have been shown to be the greatest sourceof exhaust pollutants. On this basis, it is essential toensure that corrective action is established to controlexcessive pollution from the existing Perth vehiclefleet.

The Australian fleet is characteristically oldcompared to the USA or Europe, with WesternAustralia being slightly older than the nationalaverage of 10.7 years (ABS, 1999). This, combined

Petrol (ULP) Diesel

Country Timing Sulfur Lead (g/L) Benzene RVP (kPa) Aromatics Sulfur (ppm.w) (% vol) (% vol) (ppm.w)

Australia current 500 as permitted 5 80 no 5000(Aust. Standards) by legislation specification

(<0.013 g/L in WA)2002 Standards yet to be confirmed2006 Standards yet to be confirmed

Europe current (Euro III) 150 0.005 1 60 42 3502005 (Euro IV) 50 - 1 55 35 50

Hong Kong current (since 1997) 500 0.005 5 74-88 5002001 150 0.005 1 60 42

South Korea current 200 0.013 2 82 35 2002002 130 0.013 1.5 70 30

USA current (since 1995) - - 1 47 5002004 3002005 1802006 80 15

Western current (2000) - 0.013 2 72 48 500Australia 2001 150 0.005 1 67 42 500

Table 6: Fuel quality standards (current and future) (European Commission, 1999, Walsh, 1999 and Coffey Geosciences, 2000).

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

with the estimation that a focus of attention on theworst 20% of vehicles is likely to deliver 80% of theattainable reductions in emissions, supports on-roadenforcement of controls on gross polluters as aneffective means of reducing transport emissions in arelatively short period of time.

VEM 1.1 Introduce the ‘ten-second’ regulations for visiblysmoky vehicles.

The National Transport Reform (Vehicle Standards)Regulations 1998 established guidelines forindividual States to adopt the enforcement of aten-second (visual determination) emission limitfor vehicle exhausts (“Ten-Second Rule”).Endorsement by State Cabinet will allow theWestern Australian Government to introduce theregulations. The State Government has decided ona staged approach, progressing from an initialemphasis on community awareness to gradual fullenforcement on gross polluters by authorisedPolice and Transport officers.

Lead Agency: TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, WesternAustralian Police Service (WAPS), RoyalAutomobile Club of Western Australia (RACWA)Start date and duration: Start 2001 and review within one year.

VEM 1.2 Review the DEP Smoky Vehicle reportingprogram.

This voluntary reporting program has operatedsince July 1995. In that time over 23,000 vehicleshave been reported, with almost 300 multiplereports having been identified. With theintroduction of the “Ten-Second Rule”, the futureof the program is being re-assessed.

The existing Smoky Vehicle program will beevaluated for the number of vehicles reported, theprofile of vehicle models and age, and itseffectiveness in encouraging vehicle owners to takeaction. The enhancement and continuation of theprogram primarily as a means of increasingcommunity awareness in association with the new“Ten-Second Rule” will be considered.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Transport,RACWAStart date and duration: Start 2001, to becompleted within four months.

VEM 2Encourage the removal of older vehicles from thePerth fleet.

Accelerated vehicle retirement programs have beenintroduced elsewhere, designed to provide incentives

for owners to trade their older high polluting vehicleswith cleaner forms of transport. The voluntary ScrapIt program in British Columbia, for instance, offersmonetary incentives towards a new vehicle, a 1988or newer used vehicle, a new natural gas vehicle,bicycle or taxi and transit passes.

The Federal Government has recently agreed toconsider the recommendations of a report proposinga vehicle buy-back scheme in Australia. However,this is only at an early stage of evaluation. Toconsider the feasibility of introducing a scrappageprogram specific to Western Australia, a workinggroup involving representatives from the DEP andTransport will be established. This working groupwould be responsible for the co-ordination ofinvestigations and public discussions to determinethe viability and acceptability of proposedmechanisms to encourage greater turnover of thePerth vehicle fleet. This will also determine the needto address the turnover rates of trucks and othercommercial vehicles within the region.

VEM 2.1 Evaluate the potential for introducing avoluntary accelerated vehicle retirement(scrappage) program in Perth.

The relative costs and benefits (economic,environmental and social) of implementation willbe assessed. Consideration will be given to theappropriateness of proposed options to ensure thatowners are given incentives to choose ‘cleaner’forms of transport. Equity issues will also be takeninto account.

The options to be evaluated include:

• ‘business as usual’ (maintain existing Government policies without further modifications);

• introduction of a voluntary scrappage program, taking into account the merits of other programs established elsewhere; and

• other feasible alternatives to encourage greater turnover of the Perth private and commercial fleet.

Lead Agency: DEP in collaboration with TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: RACWAStart date and duration: Start 2001, to becompleted within six months.

VEM 2.2Implement the committed outcomes of theevaluation process to encourage the removal ofolder vehicles from the Perth fleet.

This action is contingent on the outcome of thereview process, described by VEM 2.1. If theevaluation indicates it to be a viable action, avoluntary scrappage program, with support fromrelevant industry members, would be implemented.

37December 2000


If other alternatives are shown to be morebeneficial, then preference will be given to theirimplementation instead.

Lead Agency: DEP in collaboration with TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: RACWA,relevant industry representativesStart date and duration: Contingent on VEM 2.1,implementation of evaluation outcome within 18months, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2010review.

VEM 2.3

Assess and develop policies to reduce emissionsfrom the light commercial vehicle (LCV) sector.

The LCV sector is responsible for 68% of freightmovements in the Perth metropolitan region,although comprising only 10% of total freight(Transport, 1999). The need to address this issuewill be determined on completion of VEM 2.1; theevaluation of options to remove older vehiclesfrom the Perth fleet.

Lead Agency: TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: commercialsector, DEPStart date and duration: Start 2003, review status

of LCV sector every five years,and assess effectiveness

at AQMP 2010review.

VEM 3Reduce vehicle emissions through appropriate in-service emission testing.

The control of exhaust and evaporative emissionsfrom vehicles once they are on the road may beachieved through periodic inspection andmaintenance (I/M) programs. Internationalexperience has shown that good on-road emissionperformance is significantly aided by effective vehiclemaintenance and adjustment. I/M programs focus onidentifying those vehicles which exceed acceptableemission limits due to improper maintenance ortampering and require remedial repair (OECD,1995). A number of tests have been developed whichallow the rapid quantification of exhaust emissions ofCO, hydrocarbon (HC) and NOx, and evaporativelosses of HC from fuel tank caps from light-dutyvehicles. Many I/M programs have progressed toinclude measuring the opacity of the exhaust gasesfrom heavy-duty (diesel) engines, which is reflectiveof the amount of particles emitted by the vehicle.

Numerous examples around the world havehighlighted the effectiveness of vehicle I/M programsin reducing emissions of key pollutants. TheAirCare® Program in British Columbia, for instance,has estimated that repairs completed on inspectedvehicles have cumulatively achieved a 30% reductionof emissions relative to the baseline conditions priorto initiation of the program in 1992. An additionalreduction of 22% from the replacement of oldervehicles with newer, lower-emitting vehicles, assistedby the complementary accelerated retirementprogram Scrap It, has indicated an overall reductionof approximately 50% in transport-related emissionssince the start of the program (Stewart & Gourley,

1998).

A trial vehicle I/M program is currently beingconducted by the New South Wales EPA. Thisinitial centralised program currently operatesaround the establishment of two testingfacilities, which determine exhaust emissionsof light duty vehicles using the IM240transient dynamometer short test method.If it is shown that a full I/M program wouldbe beneficial, the New South Wales EPAintends to increase the number of testingfacilities, with a view to ensure that atesting station is available within ninekilometres of Sydney residents. Thepreliminary results of the trial program mayassist in the evaluation of a similar program

in Western Australia.

Comprehensive scenario modelling work hasshown that in-service inspection programs are

most effective in the short to medium timeframe, and the greatest overall benefits are gained

when integrated with longer term strategies such as

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Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

tightening vehicle manufacturers’ specifications andencouraging the use of alternative fuel sources.Experience in various countries indicates that thereduction of on-road emissions is maximised byensuring that a proposed enforcement program is wellthought out and evaluated prior to implementation.It is for this reason that the Western AustralianGovernment will adopt a staged approach, so that afield trial and comprehensive evaluation willdetermine the need for introducing a regular vehicleinspection program in Perth.

VEM 3.1 Evaluate the various emission testing options fortheir cost effectiveness and environmentalbenefits, for introduction into Perth.

A review of the existing schemes will beundertaken to evaluate their suitability to Perth.Specific consideration will be given toestablishment and operating costs, along withconsideration of the relative benefits of centralisedand decentralised testing schemes, criteria fortesting, and the effectiveness of the trial randomroad-side testing system (see VEM 3.2). Acomprehensive cost-benefit analysis of all potentialoptions will be carried out to identify the mostappropriate means of reducing in-service emissionsfrom the Perth motor vehicle fleet.

The evaluation will consider a range of proposedscenarios to determine the largest gains inimproving air quality in the Perth airshed,including:

• ‘business as usual’ (maintain existing Government policies without further modifications);

• introduction of a regular I/M program, considering a range of testing frequencies (annual, or biennial), and means by which to ensure social equity is achieved; and

• alternatives to vehicle in-service testing.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: RACWA,TransportStart date and duration: Start review in July 2001,to be completed within nine months.

VEM 3.2Trial a random road-side emissions testing systemas a screening method for comparison of on-roadvehicle emissions against appropriate standards.

A trial road-side testing regime will be undertakenin conjunction with existing regulatoryapproaches. The purpose of the trial program willbe to determine its effectiveness as a method foridentifying vehicles that require further attention.The trial would involve two components, to focus

on heavy duty and light duty emissionsrespectively. Initial random testing of particlelevels from diesel engines is to be established withthe ‘Truckalyser’ weight-check system currentlyemployed by the WAPS, and light-duty vehicleemissions testing equipment may accompanyRandom Breath Test mobile units in the Perthmetropolitan region. As part of the trial heavyvehicle testing system, the feasibility ofintroducing an emission accreditation system fordiesel fleet owners will be evaluated. The purposeof this scheme will be to enable accredited privatefleets to circumvent random road-side checks.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Transport,WAPS, RACWAStart date and duration: Trial to start 2003, tocontinue for 12 months.

VEM 3.3 Implement the committed outcomes of theevaluation process and trial to reduce in-serviceemissions from the Perth motor vehicle fleet.

It was agreed by all working group stakeholdersthat there will be a commitment to implement theoutcomes determined by the comprehensiveevaluation, described in VEM 3.1 and VEM 3.2.

If the evaluation and random roadside trial supportthe conclusion that periodic vehicle inspectionand maintenance brings a substantial benefit interms of maintaining and enhancing Perth’s airquality, a compulsory program will be establishedfor the metropolitan region. If there are alternativemeans which are identified as being more cost-effective and more beneficial in minimising in-service vehicle emissions, it is agreed that thesewill be developed further.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Transport,WAPS, RACWAStart date and duration: Contingent on VEM 3.1and VEM 3.2, assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

VEM 3.4Establish a training program for the automotiveindustry to ensure sufficient expertise inemissions testing, maintenance and repairs.

Automotive industry members need to be providedwith adequate training in order to keep up withnew developments in exhaust emission testingequipment and repair facilities.

A series of educational workshops will beimplemented, aimed at increasing the expertise toimprove the emission performance of Perth’s motorvehicle fleet. Consideration will be given to

39December 2000


developing an accreditation system for vehiclerepairers and mechanics to repair those vehiclesidentified as excessive polluters.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Chamber ofAutomotive Industries (Western Australia), MotorTrades Association (MTA), RACWAStart date and duration: Start 2001, implementwithin 12 months, and assess effectiveness atAQMP 2005 review.

VEM 3.5 Periodically review emissions testing equipmentand technology.

Ongoing technological advances in emissionstesting equipment necessitates the periodicevaluation of the strategies which are mostappropriate for Perth. As new methods andequipment are established, they need to beconsidered so as to ensure the reductions invehicle emissions are achieved in the most cost-effective and reliable manner.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: RACWA,Transport, MTA, Chamber of AutomotiveIndustries (Western Australia)Start date and duration: Start 2001, reviewavailable technology every three years, and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

VEM 4Promote the use and management of clean fuels inPerth.

In addressing the impact of motor vehicle emissionson Perth’s air quality, consideration needs to be givento the quality of automotive fuel in the region. Theprogressive phasing out of lead in Australian fuel hasshown to be integral in reducing atmospheric leadlevels in Perth, but there are a number of othercomponents of fuel which may be reformulated so asto gain similarly positive results for reducing vehicleemissions.

Evaporative losses of hydrocarbons from vehicleshave been shown to contribute significantly to totalvehicular emissions of ROCs contributing tophotochemical smog formation, especially on days ofhigh temperatures experienced during the summermonths. By reducing fuel vapour pressure (commonlymeasured as Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP)), thevolatility of the fuel is lowered. This in turn has theeffect of decreasing the amount of unburnthydrocarbons released into the atmosphere.International experience has demonstrated RVPreduction to be an effective means of minimisingROC emissions, not just from vehicles but also fromthe handling and storage of automotive fuel byindustry and fuel retailers. The oil industry and the

New South Wales EPA, for instance, haveestablished a voluntary agreement to maintain a 9kilopascals (kPa) reduction in RVP during thesummer months, to minimise evaporative (HC)emissions.

Similar benefits are seen in the reformulation ofother parameters as well. Levels of benzene, one ofthe key air toxics of concern, are an importantconsideration in determining the relative impact ofmotor vehicle emissions on public health. The sulfurcontent of diesel fuel is widely recognised as a keyfactor determining the amount of particulate matterbeing emitted by diesel engines, and this is currentlybeing addressed.

BP Refinery (Kwinana), in response to the Report ofthe Select Committee on Perth’s Air Quality (LegislativeAssembly, 1998), released its Cleaner Fuels WesternAustralia Strategy in 1998, which outlined proposedmodifications to fuel specifications in WesternAustralia (BP Kwinana, 1998). Some of the benefitsinclude an estimated 35-40% reduction in vehicleevaporative ROC emissions by lowering RVP from 75kPa to 67 kPa. Similarly, a 41% decrease in benzeneemissions in the Perth metropolitan region may begained by limiting petrol benzene content from 5%to 2%, in conjunction with summer RVP reduction(BP, Kwinana 1998).

After substantial consultation with the oil industryand other stakeholder groups, the Premier launchedthe Western Australian government’s ‘Cleaner FuelInitiative’ on August 1999, which saw theestablishment (as of January 1, 2000) of regulationsto deliver Australia’s cleanest fuel to WesternAustralians.

The current (2000) and future (2001) specificationsfor fuel quality in Western Australia, are detailed inTable 6.

VEM 4.1 Develop a fuel formulation policy for locallyproduced and imported petrol and dieselautomotive fuel.

An agreed fuel policy will be developed which willset the standards and goals for fuel qualityparameters in both locally produced and importedautomotive fuel. The policy will provide a strategicfocus on the development of fuel standards so thatWestern Australia’s fuel quality remains consistentwith international trends of harmonisation. Thedirection for cleaner fuels will be defined in lightof the new and emerging vehicle technologiesbeing developed to control vehicle emissions evenfurther. These considerations will includeadvanced catalyst formulations which areincreasingly sensitive to contaminants such aslead, sulfur and phosphorus in the fuel.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Transport, oilindustry representatives, community organisationsStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin six months and review 2005.

VEM 4.2 Regulate fuel quality standards.

Controlling the quality of automotive fuel used byvehicles in Western Australia needs to considernot only the existing manufacturers supplying localand imported fuel, but also new enterprises whichare likely to enter the market in the future.Regulations established under the EnvironmentalProtection Act 1986 specify the minimum fuelquality standards which are to be complied with byall distributors, and provide immediate benefits inreducing vehicle-related emissions contributing tophotochemical smog formation.

The Premier's announcement of the WesternAustralian Government’s ‘Cleaner Fuel Initiative’prescribed a move to ‘EURO II’ and ‘EURO III’standards for fuel quality, which are animprovement on existing Australian standards.The Environmental Protection (Diesel and Petrol)Regulations 1999 were subsequently gazetted on 17December 1999 to give effect to the Premier’scommitment. The regulations achieved the stagedintroduction of low sulfur diesel (500ppm) toreduce particulate emissions from the diesel fleet.Levels of key parameters in petrol, such asbenzene, RVP, aromatics and sulfur, have beenlowered, in addition to phasing out lead in petrol.The regulations will need to be reviewed in thefuture to ensure best practice is achievedconsistent with international trends to providebetter quality automotive fuels.

Lead Agency: DEP and EPASupporting Agencies/Organisations: IndustryrepresentativesStart date and duration: Regulations have beengazetted, and will be kept under review.

VEM 4.3 Encourage national moves towards regulating forcleaner fuel formulation.

In addition to strategies developed at the Statelevel to consider automotive fuel quality, the PerthAQMP needs to address and encourage nationalmoves at the Commonwealth level also. TheFederal Government has recently completed itsNational Fuel Quality Review process with a viewto develop national fuel quality standards for petroland diesel to target parameters of keyenvironmental and operational importance. TheWestern Australian Government has been activelyinvolved with the national process and will

continue to encourage further improvements infuel quality for its air quality benefits.

Current Western Australian regulations maintainthe position of supporting higher quality fuels thanthat being proposed at the Commonwealth level.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Motor VehicleEnvironment Committee (MVEC), Transport,MTA, OoEStart date and duration: Started 2000, ongoing.

VEM 4.4 Promote the introduction of Stage II vapourrecovery through national forums.

Stage II controls require the installation ofequipment at petrol stations to capture fuelvapours which are released when filling vehicles.Improvements in the handling of fuel are likely toresult in decreased evaporative emissions of ROCs.National bodies (eg. MVEC) will be encouraged todetermine the feasibility of implementing Stage IIfuel vapour recovery in Australia.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MVEC,industry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2001, ongoing.

VEM 5Improve vehicle technology to produce‘cleaner’ new vehicles.

The ADRs, determinedunder the FederalMotor VehicleStandards Act1989, controlthe designparametersand emissionlimits of newvehiclemodels. Thecurrentstandards areapproximately10 yearsbehind thecontrol measuresestablished in theUSA and memberstates of the EuropeanUnion (EU), highlightingthe clear need to participate innational moves towards harmonisation of Australianvehicle design rules with international standards.

The Federal independent inquiry into Urban AirPollution in Australia (Australian Academy for

41December 2000

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Technological Sciences and Engineering, 1997)recognised that the United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe (UN ECE) regulations arethe only truly international standards for motorvehicle emissions (Australian Academy ofTechnological Sciences and Engineering, 1997).Because of this, there is a clear trend that futureAustralian certification standards will follow those ofthe UN ECE, rather than the USA standards, whichhave previously formed the foundation of existingADRs. This was formalised in December 1999 whenthe Commonwealth gazetted five new ADRs, whichwill set more stringent emission limits for newvehicles commencing from 2002/3. Euro II, III andIV limits (set by the UN ECE) have been defined fornew heavy duty engines to be introducedprogressively over the next seven years, and Euro IIand III emission limits for light duty engines havealso been established.

Strategies also need to be developed which facilitatethe adoption of cleaner alternative fuels astechnological advances allow them to be viableoptions in the future (compressed natural gas(CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electric

vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells, hybrids). Particulateemissions from LPG and CNG have been shown tobe substantially lower than achievable withtraditional diesel fuels, although significantimprovements for diesel vehicles are seen with theuse of low sulfur diesel and oxidation catalysttechnology. The emissions of air toxics from the useof LPG and CNG is also much lower compared toequivalent petrol and diesel vehicles (especiallybenzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and 1,3butadiene) (Australian Academy of TechnologicalSciences and Engineering, 1997). Figures 10 and 11summarise the differences.

The Western Australian Government currently hasin place an LPG vehicle fleet trial. The two yearprogram commenced in July 1998, and is co-ordinated jointly by the DEP, Transport, OoE and theDepartment of Contract and Management Services(CAMS). An evaluation of the trial data in 2000will provide some comparison of the relativeefficiency of LPG fuelled fleet vehicles compared toconventional petrol vehicles, although further workis required to evaluate relative emission performanceof the LPG fleet. Consideration should also be given


Figure 10: Variation in pollution emissions based on bus fuel type and quality (Transport, 1998b).

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Base case - Current busfleet

Euro 2 Diesel, <0.2%sulphur (E2D)

Euro 2 diesel, <0.05%sulphur + oxidation

CNG fuelled buses (CNG)

LPG fuelled buses (LPG)

g/kg of pollutant emitted, depending on fuel & technology

PM10

NOx (/10)

CO

HC

Figure 11: Potential emission improvements based on bus fuel type and quality (Transport, 1998b).

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

HC

CO

NOx

PM10

Potential emission improvement from base case, depending on fuel and technology(when compared to current diesel quality)

LPG fuelled buses(LPG)

CNG fuelled buses(CNG)

Euro 2 diesel, <0.05%sulphur + oxidationcatalyst (E2OD)

Euro 2 Diesel, <0.2%sulphur (E2D)

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

to recent developments in the marketing of dedicatedLPG vehicles which demonstrate significant emissionreduction benefits while overcoming some of theprevious limitations of dual-fuelled passengervehicles.

The Western Australian State Government hasrecently established an incentive scheme toencourage the use of LPG by contributing $500 pervehicle towards the cost of a new dedicated LPGpowered vehicle, or the conversion of petrol poweredvehicles. State Cabinet has also recently endorsedthe conversion of part of the Government car fleet toLPG.

In addition to improved emissions performance,CNG is also relatively simple to produce and iscurrently excise-free. Presently, CNG is used fordepot-based vehicles operating within a limitedradius of major population centres. CNG vehiclesmay be used more widely in the future with thedevelopment of refuelling infrastructure andimprovements in on-board fuel storage and vehiclerange.

Alternative vehicle technology is making rapidprogress around the world. The mandating byCalifornia that 10% of new vehicle sales be zero-emitting by 2003 has been a major initiative. Allmajor vehicle manufacturers, supported by major oilcompanies, are trialing alternative fuels and powersources.

A number of hybrid powered vehicles have beendeveloped and are being tested. Battery poweredvehicles are also being tested but are limited by thebattery technology in terms of the vehicleperformance that can be produced.

Fuel cells are emerging as perhaps the most likelynext major transport power source. Most majorvehicle manufacturers have significant research anddevelopment programmes. Fuel cell powered buseshave been successfully evaluated under operationalconditions in several cities in North America. Majoroil companies such as BP and Shell see their future,at least in part, as suppliers of hydrogen to power fuelcell vehicles.

VEM 5.1Support the consistency and early adoption ofAustralian Design Rule emission standards withinternational best practice emission standards.

In May 1999 the MVEC completed a major reviewof national vehicle emission standards andrecommended the phased introduction of new,tighter standards harmonised with internationalstandards. This resulted in the introduction ofADRs 30/01, 79/00, 79/01, 80/00 and 80/01 toencourage alignment with the Euro or equivalentUSA standards. Support for the adoption of more

stringent vehicle emission standards in Australiawill be pursued through national forums, althougha separate implementation time frame may bepursued.

Lead agency: DEPSupporting agencies/organisations: MVEC,TransportStart date and duration: Started 1999 ongoing, andassess effectiveness at AQMP 2010 review.

VEM 5.2 Support national moves to encourage the co-ordination of vehicle emissionstandards with automotive fuelstandards.

The greatest environmentalbenefits of developing morestringent automotive fuelstandards can only be trulyrealised if there is asufficient market ofvehicle engines which areappropriately designed tobenefit from the differentfuel quality. There is a clearneed to harmonise changesmade by automotive enginemanufacturers, to improve emissionperformance with those changes which areto come about through the adoption of the UNECE emission standards.

Lead Agency: DEP Supporting Agencies/Organisations: Transport,MVEC, National Road Transport Commission(NRTC)Start date and duration: Start 2000, and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

VEM 5.3 Report on the effectiveness of the governmentfleet LPG trial.

The preliminary results of the government LPGfleet trial, in conjunction with those obtainedelsewhere, will be used to determine the feasibilityof enhancing the trial to incorporate a greaterproportion of the government light-duty vehiclefleet. An evaluation of the results from otherstudies on LPG will be undertaken concurrently.This is to overcome the limited amount ofinformation available locally due to thereplacement of government vehicles at a relativelylow mileage.

Lead Agency: CAMSSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, OoE,TransportStart date and duration: Report 2001.

43December 2000

Smok

e em

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from

a v

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exha

ust.

VEM 5.4 Investigate and promote the benefits andfeasibility of using CNG and LPG as fuelsources for the road passenger transport andfreight sectors where appropriate.

The potential relative health, environmental andeconomic benefits of LPG and CNG over currentdominant fuels will be investigated. This studymay also look into the expansion of CNG outletsin Perth, and methods for encouraging the use ofLPG and CNG as clean alternative fuels. Fundingwill be sought from the CommonwealthGovernment to contribute to the establishment ofa CNG refuelling infrastructure in Perth.

The Commonwealth Government has fundedthrough the Alternative Fuels ConversionProgram, a trial of five new technology CNGbuses. The trial is being undertaken by Transportand if successful it will be expanded and anadditional 20 CNG buses introduced into thegovernment bus fleet.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Transport,HDWA, OoE, AlintaGas, relevant industryrepresentativesStart date and duration: Start 2001, to becompleted within two years.

VEM 5.5 Investigate the use of electric, alternative fuelvehicles and ultra-light vehicles.

Small electric vehicles have been shown to be veryeconomical compared to most small cars, anddemonstrate zero emission levels. As automotivetechnology advances, it is appropriate to developeffective strategies to encourage the greater uptakeof electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles as theycontinue to penetrate the Australian market.Hydrogen fuel cell buses may become significant inpublic transport. Available research anddevelopment materials will be reviewedperiodically, particularly in the area of new fueltechnologies.

Lead Agency: TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: RACWA,DEP, MRWA, local government, OoEStart date and duration: Start 2002, completeinitial report within 6 months, and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2010 review.

Domestic ActivitiesEmissions (DAE)The daily activities of all individuals have asignificant impact on Perth’s air quality, a pointwhich is frequently overlooked. Traditionally,attention has focussed on single visible point sourcesas primarily contributing to atmospheric pollution.However, it is now clear that the cumulative effectsof our actions at work and at home contributesignificantly to smog or haze events in the Perthmetropolitan region. The importance of vehicleemissions and the use of more environmentallysustainable transport modes in maintaining Perth’sair quality has been discussed previously (see thediscussions referring to VEM and LTP), but a rangeof other domestic activities are also significant issueswhich need to be addressed.

The Perth Haze Study (DEP, 1996), for instance,showed domestic smoke to be a primary contributortowards winter haze events in the region (see Figure16, pg 52), with other sources dominating duringother times of the year. Of the area-based emissionsthat contribute to the particle load in Perth,domestic fuel combustion is the largest source,contributing more than 50% of the total amountemitted annually (see Figure 12) (DEP, 2000b). Thedata compiled for the Perth-area emissions inventoryrevealed a total of 123,700 wood heaters in the Perthmetropolitan region. There is also a need to addressthe impact arising from ‘backyard burning’ practices,and to encourage alternative means of domesticgreen waste disposal.

The concern over domestic emissions is not solelyrestricted to fine particles - a range of other sourcesalso generate a significant amount of NOx, CO,ROCs and semi-volatile air toxics (AustralianAcademy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,1997). For instance, solvent use and the applicationof surface coatings are responsible for some 19% and23% of the area-based emissions of ROCsrespectively (see Figure 13). Even equipment such aslawn mowers, especially those with two-strokeengines, have been shown to emit adisproportionately large amount of ROCs and CO.

Objective for Domestic ActivitiesEmissions


• reducing the contribution of localised domestic smoke sources to haze formation in the Perth metropolitan region;


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

• promoting the use of energy efficiency principles in building design and construction; and

• increasing community awareness of the air quality impacts of domestic products and promoting the use of alternatives.

Strategies for Domestic ActivitiesEmissions

The key strategies are:

1. reduce emissions from solid fuel heaters through improved design, installation and use;

2. ban ‘backyard burning’ practices in urban residential areas of the Perth metropolitan region;

3. increase energy efficiency of domestic dwellings through better insulation and home design and by adoption of energy efficiency principles in building design and construction; and

4. encourage the community to consider air quality issues when purchasing domestic products.

Actions for Domestic ActivitiesEmissions

DAE 1Reduce emissions from solid fuel heaters throughimproved design, installation and use.

The contributions of domestic wood heatingappliances to haze concentrations in Perth have beenshown to be substantial. During episodes of winter

haze events, smoke accumulation from domesticsources is the primary contributor, due to increasedreliance on wood heaters during the colder months.

The Environmental Protection (Firewood Supply)Regulations 1998 mandates compliance with AS4013-1992 (Standards Australia, 1992) for the sale of newand used wood heaters, and requires the moisturecontent of sold wood to be no greater than 20%.This design requirement, however, is only one aspectof managing emissions from solid fuel appliances.There is also a clear need to increase industryawareness of the correct installation procedure, so asto reduce nuisance smoke received by neighbours.Also, a greater appreciation by householders of thecorrect operating procedure for heaters has beenshown elsewhere to be very beneficial in reducingdomestic wood smoke emissions and improvingheating efficiency.

DAE 1.1 Conduct a full lifecycle analysis of all availabledomestic heating alternatives.

The total energy efficiency and lifetime emissionsof all heating sources currently available fordomestic use (wood, gas, kerosene, electricity) willbe investigated. Data will be collated to facilitate acomparative representation of market products toenhance consumer knowledge. Consideration willbe given to undertaking the development of thelifecycle analysis, in co-operation with the LifeCycle Institute Co-operative Research Centre,Australia.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: OoE,AlintaGas, Western Power, universities, localgovernment, Australian Home HeatingAssociation (AHHA)

45December 2000

Figure 12: Aggregated area-based sources of particles in the Perth airshed, 1998/99 (DEP, 2000b).

Tonnes per year (particles)

0 50 100 150 200 250

Boating

Other area sources

Backyard & developmentsite burns

Offroad

Wildfires

Prescibed burns (/10)

Domestic WoodCombustion (/10)

Per cent (%)

ROC

CO

NOx

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Domestic Gas Combustion

Gas Leakages Total

Domestic Mower

Service Stations

Dry Cleaning

Cutback

Coatings

Domestic WoodCombustion

Cigarettes

Solvent use

Aircraft

Railways

Boating

Offroad

Burning (Wildfire/FuelReduction)

Start date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin 18 months.

DAE 1.2 Develop incentives to encourage home owners touse alternative forms of heating.

The outcomes of action DAE 1.1 (lifecycleanalysis) will be used to implement effectivemethods to change consumer behaviour regardingthe purchase of heating appliances. Suchincentives should initially focus on encouragingthe greater uptake of preferred wood heatingappliances which conform to the AustralianStandard AS4013-1992.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: AHHA, localgovernment, relevant industry representatives,CCWA, PANStart date and duration: Start 2001 and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

DAE 1.3 Establish a mediating process for the resolutionof domestic smoke nuisance complaints as acomponent of the annual "Halt the Haze"campaign.

The AHHA has had success in mediating disputesconcerning domestic nuisance smoke in Victoriaand New South Wales, and is supportive ofestablishing a similar mechanism in WesternAustralia. Based on the Victorian and New SouthWales programs, an effective mediation processwill be developed which facilitates authorised localgovernment officers and AHHA representatives to

work together to address domestic smoke nuisancecomplaints. Members from the AHHA will assistby providing expert advice and proposedrecommendations so that the householder mayminimise the impact on surrounding residences.

Following approaches by the DEP and localgovernment authorities, the Citizens AdviceBureau has offered to deal with resolution ofdomestic smoke nuisance issues through theirestablished mediation service.

Lead Agency: DLG in collaboration with DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: AHHA, localgovernmentStart date and duration: Commenced, reviewsuccess every two years, and assess effectiveness atAQMP 2005 review.

DAE 1.4 Advocate and adopt the upgraded AustralianStandards for solid fuel heater emissions whenintroduced.

The Australian Standards Committee has recentlydrafted more strict emission limits for solid fuelheaters under AS 4013, proposing a reduction ofparticle emissions from 5.5 g/kg to 4.0 g/kg. Thenew Australian Standard comes into effect in July2001. Western Australia’s regulations will beamended to incorporate the revised AustralianStandards.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: LocalgovernmentStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin six months.


Figure 13: Domestic (area) source contributions to ROC, CO and NOx in the Perth airshed, 1998/99 (DEP, 2000b).

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Test

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DAE 1.5 Finalise and adopt an industry code of practicefor the proper installation of wood heaters.

The current Building Code of Australia, whilstspecifying the minimum requirements for flueheight and position, does not require theinstallation of a domestic heater to take intoaccount the relative height and nature ofsurrounding residences. A comprehensive industrycode of practice for the installation, operation andmaintenance of domestic wood heaters will bedeveloped and made available to retailers andinstallers, consumer bodies and local governmentauthorities. The code of practice will facilitate self-certification within the industry. The New SouthWales Code of Practice (currently being finalised)will be considered as a potential model.

If the Building Code of Australia is amended totake into account these issues, this action may notbe required.

Lead Agency: WAMA in collaboration with DLGand AHHASupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, industry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin one year.

DAE 1.6 Implement an accredited course or equivalent forwood heater installers as a means of increasingindustry awareness.

Relevant training courses are considered a usefultool to increase industry awareness of the mostappropriate installation procedures for solid fuelheaters. A training course has been designed and isable to be implemented to facilitate self-certification within the heater installationindustry. This will be closely co-ordinated with thedevelopment of the code of practice (see DAE1.5).

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry representatives, AHHA, traininginstitutes and collegesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

DAE 1.7 Recommend amendments to current legislationto ensure adequate powers are given to localgovernment officers to deal with domestic smokenuisance.

Appropriate devolution of legislative powers tolocal government officers is required to resolvecommunity nuisance complaints resulting fromdomestic smoke. This may be achieved either

through amendments to the Health Act 1911, oralternatively through the passage of a new PublicHealth Bill.

Lead Agency: HDWASupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, WAMA, DLGStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin 12 months.

DAE 1.8 Enhance the awareness of wood suppliers in thePerth metropolitan region with regard to theneed for compliance with the EnvironmentalProtection (Firewood Supply) Regulations 1998.

With the introduction of the EnvironmentalProtection (Firewood Supply) Regulations1998, there is a need to ensure thatwood suppliers are aware of thenew requirements for themoisture content of soldwood to be no greaterthan 20%. Theprovision ofeducational materialto those peoplesupplying firewoodwill also have anindirect benefit inallowing relevant andup-to-date informationto be passed on toconsumers.

Lead Agency: DEPSupportingAgencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, AHHA, OoEStart date and duration: Commenced,ongoing.

DAE 2Ban ‘backyard burning’ practices in urbanresidential areas of the Perth metropolitan region.

Local authorities within the Perth metropolitanregion use a range of management strategies tocontrol ‘backyard burning’ practices within theirarea. All local government authorities havetraditionally had some form of local law, establishedunder the Health Act 1911, which covered domesticburning practices. More recent initiatives haveincluded the development of a model Health By-Lawby the City of Perth in 1993, and other authoritieshave subsequently adopted this generic model, eitherby full reprint or incorporation by reference. Yetothers have, as an alternative, informal councilpolicies specifically addressing ‘backyard burning’.The domestic activities working group was of theopinion that a consistent approach to managing theissue of ‘backyard burning’ is required and, with the

47December 2000

increased efficiency and frequency of greenwastecollection services, the need for householders to burnrefuse is becoming increasingly difficult to justify.

DAE 2.1 Introduce a total ban on burning in all urbanresidential properties in the Perth metropolitanregion by 2001, except for hazard reductionburning, through development of appropriatelegislation.

There is currently a lack of consistency inapproach adopted by local government to themanagement of “backyard burning”, ranging fromcomplete bans enforced by Local Laws to anabsence of policy.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, WAMA, HDWA, FESAStart date and duration: Start June 2001 andcomplete within one year.

DAE 2.2 Promote effective greenwaste collection andreprocessing services and support a co-ordinatedapproach by all local government authorities inPerth.

The DEP will work with local government todevelop a co-ordinated approach to greenwastecollection and reprocessing in the Perthmetropolitan region.

This will be assisted by objectives of the WesternAustralian Waste Management and GreenwasteStrategies, in encouraging and enhancinggreenwaste collection services to significantlyreduce landfill waste.

Lead Agency: DEP in collaboration with localgovernmentSupporting Agencies/Organisations: WAMA

Start date and duration: Start 2001, ongoing.

DAE 3Increase energy efficiency of

domestic dwellings through betterinsulation, home design and byadoption of energy efficiencyprinciples in building design andconstruction.

Improving the thermalperformance of homes generatesnoticeable benefits through a

reduction in energy use and airpollution, and has the added benefit

of an increased level of comfort(Australian Academy of Technological

Sciences and Engineering, 1997). Localgovernment, in particular, has a potentially

significant role in encouraging solar design andenergy efficiency, during the consideration ofapplications for renovating or constructing domesticdwellings.

The House Energy Rating Scheme, run by the OoE,was introduced in Western Australia in 1996 as partof the nation-wide House Energy Rating Scheme.The domestic activities working group identified theneed to provide home owners and builders with astaged approach to ensuring that new homes aremore energy efficient, and thereby decrease relianceon domestic heating sources. As such, it is consideredappropriate to encourage and enhance the existingvoluntary scheme to raise general community andindustry awareness, before determining regulatorymechanisms to specify compliance with minimumenergy efficiency standards. Improved energyefficiency of new dwellings may also be used as asuccessful marketing tool. Further informationrelevant to this issue is contained in the LTP section.

DAE 3.1 Support the enhancement of the existingvoluntary program to promote energy efficiencyin building design and the construction of newdwellings, major renovations andredevelopments.

Benefits can be seen in terms of a reduction incosts associated with home heating andenvironmental benefits by minimising the amountof atmospheric emissions released from domesticheating sources in the winter months. The existingnational House Energy Rating Scheme will befurther developed to assist in the promotion andawareness of energy efficiency considerations inbuilding design. The user-friendly rating systemestablished by the OoE could be further promotedto allow home owners to determine the efficiencyof their homes as part of this awareness program.

Lead Agency: OoESupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, DLG, DEP, HIA, MBAStart date and duration: Start 2001, and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

DAE 3.2 Support the establishment of minimum standardsfor energy efficiency for all new houses, majorrenovations and redevelopments by the adoptionof the standards to be introduced into theBuilding Code of Australia.

It may be appropriate to specify requirements forenergy efficiency for all new dwellings. This will bedone through appropriate amendments to theBuilding Code of Australia (see DAE 3.3).

Lead Agency: DLG in collaboration with DEP


Staf

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Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Supporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, OoEStart date and duration: Start 2001, and completeover four years.

DAE 3.3 Advocate the introduction of energy efficiencystandards into the Building Code of Australia.

Amendment of the Building Code of Australia willbe encouraged to ensure that minimumrequirements for energy efficiency are specified forall new buildings that are constructed. However, itis important that ventilation rates should not beunduly restricted in obtaining energy efficiencyimprovements.

Lead Agency: DLG in collaboration with DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: HIA, OoE,MBAStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completeover four years.

DAE 4Encourage the community to consider air qualityissues when purchasing domestic products.

There is a need to promote consumer awareness ofthe air quality benefits of individual actions. Forinstance, the purchase of low emission lawn mowers(many two-stroke engines have relatively highemissions of CO and ROCs compared to four-stroke),aerosols, solvents, and paints (water-based acrylicsversus oil-based) all have a significant beneficialeffect on reducing domestic emissions, and improvingthe quality of Perth’s air.

DAE 4.1 Provide an information package for consumersregarding the pollution potential of domesticproducts.

Product-specific brochures will be developed andmade available through retail outlets. Specificissues will include the benefits of purchasing four-stroke lawn mowers instead of two-stroke, oravoiding solvent emissions through the use ofwater-based paints.

There is also scope to incorporate informationregarding the importance of correctly maintainingdomestic and recreational equipment such as lawnmowers and marine engines.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: AustralianConsumers Association, relevant industryrepresentativesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reviewevery two years, ongoing. Assess effectiveness atAQMP 2005 review.

DAE 4.2 Investigate the feasibility of developing a ratingscheme for domestic appliances and recreationalequipment according to relative impacts on airquality.

An air emissions rating scheme, similar to theenergy efficiency system seen attached to whitegoods, would be an effective mechanism to provideconsumers with a user-friendly indicator of the airquality effects arising from the use of variousdomestic products. Products to be rated accordingto their relative emissions may include gardeningequipment (eg. lawn mowers or edgingequipment), household products (eg. solvents oraerosol sprays), or recreational equipment (eg.outboard motors, jet-skis).

An initial trial will be carried out involving theindustry sector. Based on an evaluation of the trial,consideration will be given to developing a broaderrating scheme involving a range of stakeholders.Consideration needs to be given to the integrationof the proposed rating scheme with nationalinitiatives which may be established.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: OoE,Australian Consumers Association, relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2002, review everytwo years, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

49December 2000

Area-based

Motor vehicles

Winter

Summer

0 5 10 15 20 25

Industry

Tonnes of particle per weekday

Burning EmissionsManagement (BEM)Emissions from burning activities and bushfires withinand beyond the Perth metropolitan region influenceregional air quality. Particles generated from openfires can contribute to periods of reduced visibilityand, in more extreme circumstances, contribute tolevels that exceed the national health-based standardsestablished by the Ambient Air Quality NEPM.Further information regarding the health effects ofexposure to particles is contained in the HER section.Table 7 outlines the standards and guidelines forparticles, as used in Western Australia.

Findings from the Perth Haze Study (DEP,1996)indicated that the predominant winter source ofsmoke particles is domestic combustion, whereas thedominant spring and summer source of smokeparticles is open burning activities and bushfires (seeFigure 16). It should also be noted that there aresignificantly more particles in the ambient air duringwinter than summer. Figure 14 provides a comparisonbetween summer and winter levels of smoke from allsource categories, highlighting the seasonaldifferences.

Both planned burning activities and bushfirescontribute to undesirable impacts on Perth’s airquality. However, managing fuel loads is recognised byfire managers as being the most effective and efficientway of reducing the likelihood of bushfire outbreak.

The planned use of fire is carried out extensivelythroughout WA. It is used by State governmentagencies and organisations (CALM and FESA),voluntary bushfire brigades, private land owners anddevelopers for a number of reasons. Their objectivesinclude:

• reduction of fuel loads to ensure community andproperty safety from bushfire;

• the regeneration and silviculture management offorests;

• pasture revegetation, stubble burning and controlof weeds on farms;

• the protection of native and plantation forestresources;

• the sustained ecological management andregeneration of forests and other vegetation typesin parks, reserves and other bush areas; and

• the removal of slash and other debris.

This section of the AQMP considers only plannedburning activities, and includes those activitiesoccurring within and adjacent to the Perthmetropolitan region. It is applicable to activitiescarried out by both public and private land managers.

In the development of the plan’s objectives, strategiesand actions, acknowledgment has been given to theuse of fire to meet the designated land use activityobjectives within the State. Consistent with the


Figure 14: Seasonal contribution to particles emitted in Perth, 1998/99 (DEP, 2000b).

Particle measure Value NEPM Goal

Visibility guideline 2.35 x 10-4 Bsp (1-hour average) equivalent to n.a.*20 km local visual distance

National health-based standard 50 µg/m3 (24-hour average) Maximum of 5 exceedencesPM10 per year (10-year goal)

* n.a. not applicable - Visibility is a guideline only, and is not part of the NEPM for Ambient Air Quality.

Table 7: Particulate standards and guidelines.

comments and recommendations of the SelectCommittee on Perth’s Air Quality (LegislativeAssembly, 1998), the Plan identifies those actionsthat will support air quality objectives. These will beachieved by ensuring air quality considerations areaddressed in the planning and implementation of allburning activities, and not by the exclusion ofburning activities.

In general, it is agreed that a single well planned andconducted burning activity carried out either withinor external to the Perth metropolitan region isunlikely to cause unacceptable air quality in theregion. Indeed, available data does not support anyevidence of planned burning directly causing PM10exceedences in Perth. However, in conjunction withother burning activity and collectively with otherparticle sources in the Perth metropolitan region, anddepending on meteorological conditions, periods ofreduced air quality can and have occurred in thePerth metropolitan region.

Figure 15 shows long term trend data of PM10 levelsat selected monitoring sites in Perth, outlining theseasonal fluctuation of predominant smoke sourcesidentified as contributing to particulate haze. Thedata indicate that levels of particles (PM10) aregenerally low during the spring and autumnprescribed burning periods, and high during summerand winter months. Since 1994, there has been noexceedence of the PM10 standard by smoke fromprescribed burning.

The DEP commenced fine particle PM2.5monitoring in the Perth metropolitan region during1996. During the Perth Haze Study (DEP,1996), acomparison of the PM10 and PM2.5 data indicatedthat approximately 80 to 90% of the PM10 (10-minute and 1-hour average) recorded is contributedby PM2.5. This proportion increases up to 95% (10-minute and 1-hour average) during a haze event.

Collectively, the burning activities addressed in theAQMP are:

• agricultural and horticultural burns, designed toreduce grass fuels (including stubble) and greenwaste, used for reasons of expediency and cost andfor control of diseases and parasites, these areconducted either by the land owner or by avolunteer fire brigade on behalf of the owner;

• land development burns, used historically toreduce green waste resulting from the clearing ofvegetation from the site, carried out for reasons ofexpediency and cost; and

• planned burns carried out by or under the controlof CALM, FESA, volunteer fire brigades and byindividuals. They involve the controlledapplication of fire under specified environmentalconditions (or prescriptions) to a predetermined

area and at the time, intensity and rate of spreadnecessary to attain specific land-use or resourcemanagement objectives. Planned burnprescriptions define the burn objective and takeinto consideration the weather and fuel moistureconditions, atmospheric stability and smokedispersal conditions, and the lighting patternsrequired to achieve the objectives.

Planned burns include:

• fuel hazard reduction in strategically located areasaimed at protecting human life, community assetsand environmental values including fire sensitivespecies. Fuels in these areas are reduced regularlyso that wildfires can be readily suppressed on mostsummer days;

• ecological management burns that use fire in aspecific way that maintains and enhances theecological processes on which native animals andplants depend; and

• silviculture burns that create nutrient rich ashbedsand/or stimulate regrowth for native forestregeneration.

Planned burning programs applied by CALM andbushfire brigades have been demonstrated to reducethe size, intensity and damage incurred by summerbushfires (Underwood et al, 1985). It has beenclaimed that, by reducing the extent and intensity ofbushfires, well planned burns reduce potentialimpacts of bushfire smoke on air quality. However,there is an ongoing debate regarding the benefits ofplanned burning to community safety, any possiblehealth risks to residents from the inhalation of fineparticle matter, and on the environment generallyfrom the frequency of burning. This Plan seeks todetermine the relative risks of planned burning andbushfires by way of a comparative risk assessment tobe undertaken in the near future (see HER 4.2).

As part of Western Australia’s “Jurisdictional AirQuality Implementation Plan” for the Ambient AirQuality NEPM, comparative risk assessment ofbushfires was taken into consideration (NationalEnvironment Protection Council (NEPC), 1998b). Itwas recommended that “a comparative study of lifeand injury risk from bushfires versus life and healthrisk from smoke particles is needed. If the formeroutweighs the latter, a management program forplanned burning which explicitly accommodatespossible exceedences of the NEPM particle standardis appropriate.” Acting on this recommendation, anumber of research items have been included as partof the HER section of this AQMP, specificallyaddressing the relative community health impactsfrom planned burning and bushfires.

Data obtained as part of the Perth Haze Study(DEP,1996) indicated that burning activities (on

51December 2000


average) contribute to 33% of particles from knownsources in the airshed (Gras, 1996). This average isseasonally influenced as a result of the meteorologicalconditions at the time and also the predominant typeof smoke producing activity. The relativecontributions of fine particles (PM2.5) resulting fromdomestic sources versus open burning are uncertain.During the winter months, however, domestic fuelcombustion has been shown to be a key concern forPerth’s air quality, and is addressed as part of theDAE section.

Figure 16 shows the relative contribution of burningactivities (smoke) to particle levels in the Perthmetropolitan region. It is important to note that, inFigure 16, sources of smoke include wood heateremissions, ‘backyard burning’, prescribed burning andbushfires.

The Perth AQMP acknowledges that opinionsregarding the use of fire as a management tool varyconsiderably. Some members of the communityobject to the frequency and extensiveness of plannedburning practices, and advocate the consideration ofalternative options for forest management (ashighlighted, for example, by the ConservationCouncil’s Fire Control Policy (CCWA, 1996)). Infocussing on the air quality issues related to burningactivities within and surrounding the Perthmetropolitan region, there is a consensus thatattention needs to be drawn to increasing communityawareness of current and alternative managementpractices. This needs to be supported by furtherresearch to adequately quantify the magnitude of theinfluence of various burning activities on Perth’s airquality.

Management of burning activities adopted in otherAustralian States and TerritoriesThere is a range of avenues by which relevantagencies in other Australian States and Territorieshave chosen to control burning activities (seeAppendix 7 for an overview).

All States and Territories have in place a voluntaryagreement between key agencies in co-ordinatingburn programs to periodically discuss the

Sm

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Figure 16: Source contributions to average PM2.5 concentration inthe Perth metropolitan region between winter 1994 and winter 1995,recorded as part of the Perth Haze Study (DEP, 1996).

Figure 15: Particulate (PM10) levels at four Perth metropolitan sites between January 1996 and December 1998, using DEP hi-vol monitoringdata (CALMt, 1999).

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711

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713

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Perth CityCavershamSwanbourneDuncraigStandard 50ug/m3

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

management of burning activities. In South-EastQueensland, for instance, the InterdepartmentalCommittee on bushfires was established in 1994, inorder to achieve a whole-of-government approach tothe management of hazard reduction and firesuppression activities (Queensland Department ofEnvironment, 1998). The committee is comprised ofrepresentatives from a range of government agencies(including the Fire and Rescue Authority,Department of Environment and BoM), whichfacilitate the improved co-ordination and operationof fire management practices in Queensland. Similararrangements have been established in other Statesand Territories.

In New South Wales, regulatory authorities haveadopted legislative controls to manage the regionalimpacts of smoke accumulation on urban areas. Theprovisions of the New South Wales Protection of theEnvironment Administration Act 1991 give the NewSouth Wales EPA the power to direct any publicauthority to cease planned burning activities basedon air quality considerations.

Management of burning activities in WesternAustraliaThe legislative control of burning activities inWestern Australia may be considered through fourprimary statutes:

• BushFires Act 1954 - intended for the prevention,control and extinguishment of bushfires, with aprimary focus on immediate safety and protectionfrom the fire itself.

• Conservation and Land Management Act 1984 -relevant sections detail the preparation ofmanagement plans, necessary (protection)operations and requirements for neighbours tonotify CALM of burning activities.

• Health Act 1911 and local laws - the provisions ofthe Health Act 1911 allow local government toestablish local laws which address specific issuesrelevant to public health.

• Environmental Protection Act 1986 and proposedregulations - note that burning on developmentsites will be banned by regulations in 2000.

In addition to the legislative control imposed byState law, a voluntary agreed process has beenestablished in Western Australia. CALM, inassociation with the DEP, BoM and FESA, hasapplied a relatively successful smoke managementsystem for CALM’s planned burns since 1993.

Meteorological considerationsThere are a number of issues which relate specificallyto undertaking research programs that improvesmoke plume modelling and smoke accumulationprediction capabilities. These issues are addressed inthe actions listed in this section.

Objective for Burning EmissionsManagement

To steadily improve air quality so we have cleanair to a level that is acceptable to thecommunity, by:

• reducing the adverse impacts on local and regional air quality resulting from burning activities within and adjacent to the Perth metropolitan region.

Strategies for Burning EmissionsManagement


1. improve community awareness about air quality considerations, planned burning activities and smoke management - the role, benefits and best methods of using fire;

2. enhance smoke management expertise amongst burn managers and fire control officers;

3. review and amend statutory requirements for fire control measures to take account of air quality management in the Perth metropolitan region;

4. promote consistency in approving, managing and undertaking planned burning activities; and

5. evaluate the effectiveness of smokemanagement programs for planned burning activities.

Actions for Burning EmissionsManagement

BEM 1Improve community awareness about air qualityconsiderations, planned burning activities andsmoke management - the role, benefits and bestmethods of using fire.

In acknowledging the need to incorporate air qualityconsiderations into the decision making process forplanned burns, there is an obvious need to raisegeneral community awareness. The level ofunderstanding and acceptance of the justifications forcarrying out planned burning activities varies withinthe community. To ensure that burning activities arewell planned and conducted appropriately andeffectively by all individuals, and having regard to allconcerns, requires improving the level of generalawareness especially in the areas of the:

• role and benefits of fire in appropriate situations;

• appropriate and best methods of using fire; and

• appropriate alternatives to the use of fire.

53December 2000

BEM 1.1 Implement an active community educationcampaign on burning and smoke management.

The purpose of the campaign will be to raise thegeneral level of community awareness so thatwhen individuals undertake burning activities, thefire is appropriate, well planned and conductedeffectively with minimal impact on local airquality. The need to protect both land use andenvironmental objectives will be emphasised,alternatives to burning will be outlined, and theincorporation of air quality considerations into thedecision making processes will be explained.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CALM, localgovernment, FESA, CCWA, PANStart date and duration: Start 2001 and assessimplementation annually, ongoing.

BEM 1.2 Develop and distribute an information leaflet tobe attached to all burning permits.

Burning permits are currently issued in accordancewith the provisions of the Bush Fires Act 1954 tothose intending to use fire as a management tool.This includes individual land owners as well asCALM. Explanatory notes are contained on thereverse side of all issued permits, but does notinclude information or advice directly related toair quality considerations. A leaflet could includeadvice detailing:

• the possible air quality impacts arising from burning activities (both local and regional) including health and amenity issues;

• reference to air quality guidelines and standards;and

• suggestions for alternative approaches and practices, as contained in the draft Environmental Code of Practice (see BEM 2.3).

Lead Agency: FESA in collaboration with DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CALM, BoM,local government Start date and duration: Prepare and commencedistribution 2001, assess implementation annually,ongoing.

BEM 1.3 Develop information on planned burning andsmoke management activities to be included inlocal government information services.

Increased community awareness of the potentialair quality impacts of burning activities may befacilitated by existing information services offeredby local government authorities. As with theinformation prepared in BEM 1.2 above, similar

advice would be prepared and put into a formatsuitable for inclusion in local governmentdirectories, internet services and advice to newresidents.

Lead Agency: FESASupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, CALM,BoM, local government Start date and duration: Prepare and commencedistribution 2001, assess implementation annually,ongoing.

BEM 2Enhance smoke management expertise amongstburn managers and fire control officers.

The burning emissions working group acknowledgedthat there currently exists a wide range of expertisein smoke management across State and localgovernment agencies. There is an obvious benefit ofsharing and enhancing the knowledge gained so as toenhance the overall competence of all officersinvolved in fire control and management.

The objective of increasing the level of expertise tominimise adverse effects on Perth’s air qualityrequires the consideration of a variety of avenues.Ongoing competency-based training is constantlybeing refined, and scope exists to includecomponents aimed at increasing officer awareness ofthe environmental implications of fire control.Benefits are also seen to arise from greater inter-agency collaboration and information sharing.

BEM 2.1 Include air quality information in FESA andCALM training program and guidelines.

The joint FESA and CALM program provides anoverview of planned burning and includes adviceon how fire managers and fire control officers cantake into consideration all relevant factors whenplanning and undertaking a burning activity.These factors include vegetation components andthe appropriate fire regime for that vegetationtype, through to identifying and defining thestrategic benefits of a particular burn.

The FESA training manual is considered to be themost effective medium for the presentation andintegration of air quality considerations for thoseinvolved with the approval, administering,planning and conducting of burning activities. Thedraft training manual contains input from anumber of stakeholders, including the regional firecontrol officers, BoM and DEP. The FESA trainingmanual is currently in the final draft stage.

Lead Agency: FESASupporting Agencies/Organisations: CALM, DEP,BoM, local government.Start date and duration: Action completed.


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

BEM 2.2 Include air quality information in FESA andCALM run training workshops.

CALM and FESA currently run workshops for firemanagers and fire control officers as part of thenormal training program. Air quality componentsof the training manual (see BEM 2.1) would beemphasised through the training program. As fireofficers enhance their understanding andawareness, it would become possible to increasethe level of detail contained in the workshops toinclude more specific attention to such issues asmeteorological constraints and interpretation ofmeteorological advice.

Lead Agency: FESASupporting Agencies/Organisations: CALM, DEP,BoM, local governmentStart date and duration: Commenced, assessimplementation annually, ongoing.

BEM 2.3 Develop environmental codes of practice for useof fire in horticultural and agricultural practiceswithin the Perth metropolitan region.

A draft Environmental Code of Practice formanaging smoke from planned burning is beingdeveloped by the DEP in conjunction with CALMand FESA. It provides guidance to propertymanagers. The preparation of similar guidancerelevant to agricultural and horticultural activitiesis seen as beneficial.

Lead Agency: DEP Supporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, FESA, CALMStart date and duration: Start 2002 and completewithin nine months.

BEM 3Review and amend statutory requirements for firecontrol measures to take account of air qualitymanagement in the Perth metropolitan region.

There are two existing legislative avenues forestablishing fire control measures in the community:

• local laws established by local government through the provisions of the Health Act 1911, where the emphasis is on public health and amenity issues; and

• the provisions of the Bush Fires Act 1954, where the primary focus of the existing statutory requirements is that of immediate safety and protection from the fire itself, and there is no scope for environmental considerations.

The AQCC considers there to be deficiencies inboth statutes, in particular that permits (under theBush Fires Act 1954) are required only during a

defined period covering four months of the year,during the spring and autumn burning periods.Outside the restricted burning period, no permit isrequired during the open season.

BEM 3.1 Require regulation of burning throughout theyear in areas within and surrounding the Perthmetropolitan region.

Local government authorities are able to makelocal laws under provisions of the Health Act 1911to ensure burning activities are carried outappropriately. The development of a model locallaw would assist local government and provideconsistency. The City of Mandurah has alreadyapplied such a local law.

Lead Agency: DLG and WAMA Supporting Agencies/Organisations: FESA,HDWAStart date and duration: Start 2000, ongoing.

BEM 3.2 Regulate the use of fire on development siteswithin the Perth metropolitan region.

The burning of cleared vegetation has been asignificant localised issue in the Perthmetropolitan region for a number of years and hasbeen identified as a significant issue which needsto be addressed. The DEP, in conjunction withlocal government, has adopted a staged process ofchanging the practices of land developers followingthe announcement of the State Government’sintention to ban the activity at the end of 1997.Formal applications for burning on developmentsites were not permitted from 31st December 1997onwards.

Ministerial consent was given for the drafting ofregulations to prevent burning activities frombeing undertaken by developers, contractors andsub-contractors on development sites in urbanisedparts of the Perth metropolitan region. Theseregulations are being drafted under the provisionsof the Environmental Protection Act 1986, and areexpected to be in place by the end of 2000.

The intention is to regulate to have a total ban onburning cleared vegetation or debris, in the urbanareas of the Perth metropolitan region, as has beenestablished in other states of Australia. Theowner/occupier of the land will be responsible forthe full cost of fire control on the site in the eventof a fire being started, with significant penaltiesestablished. Developers are to provide a firecontrol plan and adequate resources.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, FESA, WAMA, building industryrepresentatives

55December 2000


Smok

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Start date and duration: Drafting in progress withimplementation expected in 2000.

BEM 3.3Promote the development of environmentalmanagement plans to incorporate fire hazardreduction strategies for regionally and locallysignificant remnant bushland in the Perthmetropolitan region.

Areas of remnant bushland within the Perthmetropolitan region are important for a number ofreasons. It is also important that each area isappropriately managed and does not present anuncontrollable bushfire threat. The preparation ofa management plan that takes into accountappropriate means of hazard reduction and firesuppression response is essential. Considerationcould be given to requiring all sites to have firemanagement plans where it is intended to use fireas a management tool.

Lead Agency: DEP in consultation with landownersSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, CALM, FESA, BushlandConservation GroupsStart date and duration: Commenced and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

BEM 4Promote consistency in approving, managing andundertaking planned burning activities.

The burning emissions working group identified anumber of improvements that could be made to thedecision making process leading to the use of fire as amanagement tool. A key issue was the need to ensureconsistency in approach, requirements andadministration in fire management across the Perthmetropolitan region. Differences in approachcurrently exist between local government authorities.

This will facilitate improving communityawareness as expectations across areas

would remain the same.

BEM 4.1 Support the

development of hazardreduction policiesfor adoption bylocal governmentto encourageconsistency insmokemanagement.

FESA hasdeveloped a draftHazard Reduction

Policy providing ameans by which a

level of consistency in fire management may beestablished within the Perth metropolitan region.The policy could be modified with the objective ofpromoting consistent and integrated smokemanagement processes between local governmentauthorities, particularly in areas of:

(i) issuing permits and conditions for burning approval; and

(ii) management of burning activities.

Lead Agency: FESA in collaboration with DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, CALMStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin 12 months.

BEM 4.2 Support the development of agreed consistentapproaches and procedures for smokemanagement in all burning activities.

All agencies involved in hazard reductionrecognise the need to plan and prepare for allburning activities, both as an individual event andwithin the broader strategic perspective. FESA’sdraft Hazard Reduction Policy could provide aninitial focus for consistency amongst fire managerswithin and surrounding the metropolitan region.

Lead Agency: FESA in collaboration with DEPSupporting Agencies/ Organisations: Localgovernment, CALMStart date and duration: Commenced, review2002, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

BEM 4.3 Support the development of a uniform approachto the assessment of smoke managementconditions used to issue burning permits.

The use of common approaches in the issuing ofpermits, receipt of air quality advice, and thedissemination of air quality advice to the holdersof burning permits and local brigades is seen asbeneficial. In some instances burning prescriptionsare being prepared that take into account fuelloadings and land management objectives as partof the considerations when planning the burningactivity. A simplified version of CALM’s burndecision model was considered to be a potentialappropriate model on which to base local decisionmaking.

Lead Agency: FESA in collaboration with DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Localgovernment, CALMStart date and duration: Develop 2001 for trialimplementation in a number of local governmentareas in the 2001/2002 and subsequent burningperiods.

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

BEM 4.4 Establish a working group to raise awarenessamongst agencies regarding smoke managementissues.

A working group comprising representatives fromthe FESA, local government, volunteer brigadesand the DEP shall be established to facilitate a co-operative approach towards smoke management inthe Perth metropolitan region.

The first stage will be to develop an understandingamongst fire control officers of the negativeimpacts of smoke from burning off on amenity inthe Perth metropolitan region. Once thatunderstanding is reached, ways of informing thecommunity of burning off operations will beconsidered, so that adverse reaction is minimised.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CALM,FESA, local governmentStart date and duration: Start 2001, ongoing.

BEM 4.5 Include broader local government representationin the Smoke Management Liaison Group.

The existing Smoke Management Liaison Groupmeets twice yearly to discuss issues regarding themanagement of smoke from burning activitiesundertaken in the Perth metropolitan region. TheSmoke Management Liaison Group currentlycomprises DEP, BoM, CALM and FESA. It isthrough this group that relevant policies, processesand programs are discussed and recommendationsmade. The involvement of local government inthis group will extend representation to the locallevel. Local government’s role in burning activitiesis in the consideration and issuing of burningpermits to landholders, and the operation andmanagement of burning programs.

One issue of concern is achieving effectivecommunication among landholders, localgovernment, the FESA, and the Bush FiresService. Currently, there is no adequate means ofnotification among these groups when a burn isplanned. This creates the potential for numerousburns to occur on the same day, leading to amenityand safety concerns. To avoid such anunfavourable situation, the most effective andappropriate means of communication betweenstakeholders needs to be determined.Communication techniques adopted in Victoriaand South-East Queensland, for example, mayprovide useful information on procedures used andtheir effectiveness.

Lead Agency: DEP in collaboration with FESASupporting Agencies/Organisations: BoM, CALM,WAMAStart date and duration: Commenced, ongoing.

BEM 4.6Undertake studies on weather and smokemodelling to improve burn decision processes.

CALM will promote co-operative research withthe BoM and the Bureau of Meteorology ResearchCentre on a range of studies that will improveprediction and accuracy of weather forecasting forsmoke management.

The studies will include:

• climatological research of Perth’s radiation inversions;

• smoke transport to improve the prediction of burning opportunities from specific sites;

• smoke trajectory and dispersal predictions based on MesoLaps and the HySplit4 weather forecasting models; and

• analysis of weather data quality to improve the location of future weather observation sites in south-western Australia.

Lead Agency: CALM in collaboration with BoMSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, FESAStart date and duration: Commenced, reviewannually, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2005review.

BEM 5Evaluate the effectiveness of smoke managementprograms for planned burning activities.

The consideration of smoke management objectivesin the burn programs adopted by fire managers can beimproved and enhanced only if such programs areperiodically reviewed. The means by which variousauthorities take into account smoke accumulation aspart of their work program need to be considered.This will allow decision-makers to refine existingmeasures so as to minimise cumulative impacts ofsmoke contributing to particulate haze episodeswithin the Perth region.

BEM 5.1 Review the effectiveness of the existing DEP,CALM, FESA & BoM inter-agency agreement.

The Smoke Management Liaison Group (see BEM4.5) has developed a procedure which incorporatesthe consideration of smoke management in theoverall planning of CALM’s burning activities.The smoke management guidelines are designed toensure that burns are not lit when meteorologicalconditions do not support adequate smokedispersion. The guidelines address other concerns,including seeking to avoid the deposition of ashinto water supply dams, minimising the amount offire around granite outcrops and peat swamps, andonly burning on one side of a main public road.An outline of the procedure is contained in the

57December 2000

Appendices (Appendix 8). This working grouparrangement has been in place since 1993 and isreviewed annually.

Lead Agency: BoMSupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, CALM,FESAStart date and duration: Start 2001 and reviewannually, ongoing.

BEM 5.2 Continue to promote and review risk assessmentof bushfire impacts, taking into account airquality and other environmental impacts.

Some local authorities involved in firemanagement currently use the Australian/NewZealand risk assessment model AS 4360-1999(Standards Australia, 1999) as a standard modelfor evaluating comparative risk assessment.Consistent with the Australian Standard, CALMuses its Wildfire Threat Analysis process.

As part of Western Australia’s Jurisdictional AirQuality Implementation Plan for the NEPM forambient air quality, comparative risk assessment ofbushfires was taken into consideration (NEPC,1998b). The research items addressed as part of theHER section need to be considered in conjunctionwith existing risk assessment procedures adoptedby fire and land use managers, and theincorporation of air quality (and intangibles) infuture guidelines.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CALM, FESAStart date and duration: Start 2001, ongoing.

Industry EmissionsManagement (IEM)On a world-wide basis, industrial emission sourcescontinue to be a significant contributor to urban airpollution, despite substantial improvements incleaner process technologies and equipment. Thedegree to which large point source emissions impacton a particular airshed is dependent on economicactivity and the industrial characteristics within theregion (Australian Academy of TechnologicalSciences and Engineering, 1997). With the locationof Perth’s industrial activity primarily in the KwinanaIndustrial Area (KIA), the Perth AQMP needs toensure regional air quality is maintained as industrycontinues to grow and expand over the comingdecades. Table 8 and Figure 17 indicate industry’srelative contribution of key pollutants to the Perthmetropolitan region.

The outcomes of the Perth Airshed Emissions InventoryUpdate (DEP, 2000b) highlighted a pattern commonto many urban airsheds, in that a relatively smallnumber of sources account for the bulk of industrialemissions. Indeed, the ten largest NOx emitters wereresponsible for 92% of the total industrial NOxemissions (see Figure 18), and similarly, 97% ofindustrial ROC emissions (see Figure 19) were


Pollutant Contribution Contribution (tonnes per year) (%)

SO2 16 486 87

Particles 4 725 44

NOx 23 381 39

ROC 8 665 15

CO 8 065 3

Note: Contribution (%) calculated excluding biogenic emission estimates.

Table 8: Contribution of air pollutants from industry to the Perthairshed (DEP, 2000b).

Figure 17: Contribution of air pollutants from industry emissions to the Perth airshed (DEP, 2000b).

tonnes per year of pollutant

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

SO2

NOx (as NO2)

Particles

CO

ROC

traceable to ten key point sources. These primarycontributors included manufacturing, wholesaletrade, electricity, gas and water supply and mining.Figures 18 and 19 show the relative contribution ofindustry sectors to NOx and ROC loads in the Perthmetropolitan region respectively.

It must be recognised that significant improvementshave subsequently been achieved by the largest

emitters since the 1992 Perth emissions inventorywas conducted. With the advent of an updatedemissions profile, the AQCC considered itappropriate to direct a staged approach to managingindustrial point sources in Perth. That is, most gainsare likely to be achieved by initially focussing on asmall number of key emitters. Then, as these largerindustries continue to minimise air emissions as far as

59December 2000

Figure 18:Contribution of various categories to NOx emissions to the Perth airshed, 1998/99 (DEP, 2000b).

tonnes per annum (NOx as NO2)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Education

Cultural & RecreationalServices

Personal & Other Services

Transport and Storage

Government Administration& Defence

Agriculture, Forestry &Fishing

Accommodation, Cafes &Restaurants

Health & CommunityServices

Property & BusinessServices

Wholesale Trade

Mining

Electricity, Gas & WaterSupply (/10)

Manufacturing (/10)

Figure 19: Contribution of various categories to ROC emissions to the Perth airshed, 1998/99 (DEP, 2000b).

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

tonnes per annum (ROC)

Education

Property & BusinessServices

Transport and Storage

Cultural & RecreationalServices

Personal & Other Services

Agriculture, Forestry &Fishing

Health & CommunityServices

Accommodation, Cafes &Restaurants

Mining

Government Administration& Defence

Electricity, Gas & WaterSupply

Manufacturing (/10)

Wholesale Trade (/10)


practicable through the process of continuousimprovement, there should be a logical change infocus towards smaller, yet significant, industries inthe metropolitan region.

Objective for Industry EmissionsManagement


• reducing the emissions of atmospheric pollutants from new and existing industrial emission sources in the Perth metropolitan region; and

• encouraging and assisting industrial enterprises to adopt cleaner technologies which reduce pollutant loads into the Perth airshed.

Strategies for Industry EmissionsManagement

The key strategies are:

1. reduce atmospheric emissions from industrial processes by advocating the concept of ‘best practice’;

2. establish the impact of major NOx emitters ofpoint-source combustion products, consider options for their cost effective control and implement control strategies;

3. ensure appropriate airshed planning for future industrial development and power generation in the Perth metropolitan region;

4. identify and assist the major emitters of ROCsto reduce industrial contributions; and

5. promote and provide incentives for the broader adoption of ‘cleaner technologies’ in all industrial activities.

Actions for Industry EmissionsManagement

IEM 1Reduce atmospheric emissions from industrialprocesses by advocating the concept of ‘bestpractice’.

Best practice environmental management (BPEM),as determined by the DEP’s regulatory approach, ismet when an industrial premises takes all reasonableand practicable measures to minimise wastedischarge. BPEM encompasses a performance rangewhere the top performer is ‘best in class’. Integral tothe identification of best practice is the process of

benchmarking, required to compare environmentalperformance and practice with other industries whichhave similar operations and conditions. Industry canpursue a best practice environmental licence whichprovides premises with the flexibility to meetenvironmental performance objectives through aprocess of audited self management, whilegovernment oversees the effectiveness andindependence of the process.

The existing environmental codes of practice weredeveloped by the DEP to provide guidelines forprospective licensees and facility operators forbaseline environmental standards which are expectedto be met for various industry types. They do notnecessarily encourage premises to extend beyondthese minimum requirements. Furthermore, many ofthe codes of practice are more suited to applicantswho do not necessarily have to be licensed but stillrequire registration. Greater clarity and certainty asto what is expected to meet best practice standardswill encourage continuous improvement in airemission control. This will also aid licence officers ofthe DEP when processing licence applications, asclear guidelines will ensure a more efficientassessment process.

Environmental benefits can be gained if industrialpremises pursue cleaner technologies and controloptions which are widely recognised as meeting bestpractice, particularly where industrial premises orsectors have been identified as being significantcontributors to air emissions.

IEM 1.1Develop a series of emissions managementguidelines in consultation with relevant industrysectors, to be used jointly by the DEP andindustry.

Emissions management guidelines will bedeveloped to provide up-to-date informationregarding all available best practice emissioncontrol options for key pollutants of concern. Thebest practice guidelines will be available to DEPpersonnel, to be used as a reference for assessingapplications, and industry representatives, who willbe informed of the DEP’s expectation of bestpractice. Best practice will not be limited tomaterial described in the guidelines, as technologyis constantly improving. The emissionsmanagement guidelines will be regularly updatedto take into account new technologies consideredto be best practice.

By establishing a series of commonly acceptedemissions management guidelines, industryrepresentatives can ensure licence applications forprescribed premises are assessed with a degree oftransparency and consistency according to bestpractice principles.

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2001, and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

IEM 2Establish the impact of major NOx emitters ofpoint-source combustion products and consideroptions for their cost effective control andimplement control strategies.

The Report of the Select Committee on Perth’s AirQuality (Legislative Assembly, 1998) acknowledgedthat the majority of the industrial emissions in thePerth airshed were attributable to only a few keypoint-sources. Of these, electrical power generationby the Kwinana Power Station was shown to be oneof the major emitters of combustion products,primarily SO2 and NOx (DEP, 2000b). Whilst SO2 isessentially addressed as part of the EnvironmentalProtection (Kwinana Atmospheric Wastes) Policy 1992,effective management strategies need to ensure thatNOx emissions from key industries are managed sothat ambient concentrations are maintained withinacceptable levels on a long-term basis.

The determination of the most appropriatemanagement options needs to be based on updatedemissions inventory data (see MMR section), so thatall significant emitters may be accounted for.Economic feasibility also needs to be consideredwhen establishing the most appropriate controloptions to achieve NOx reduction and control.

IEM 2.1 Establish the impact of the Kwinana PowerStation and other key NOx emitters on airquality in the Perth airshed.

An analysis of the impact of the Kwinana PowerStation and other key NOx emitters on air qualitywill be based on the available data. This willdetermine the significance of other local industries(such as metallic and non-metallic mineralprocessing and chemical production) and whetherthese industries will need to decrease NOxemissions in the longer term.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: WesternPower, relevant industry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin two years.

IEM 2.2 Establish the most cost effective emissionreduction options for the Kwinana Power Stationand other key NOx emitters, pendingconclusions of the updated inventory andinvestigation of the impact of NOx emitters onair quality in the Perth airshed.

The Perth Photochemical Smog Study (WesternPower Corporation and DEP, 1996a) establishedthat the Kwinana Power Station contributesthrough its NOx emissions to photochemical smog.The outcomes of the updated emissions inventorywill be assessed to determine whether furtheremissions reductions are required from theKwinana Power Station. Emission managementobjectives for other significant industrial emittersof combustion products will be determined.Emission reduction options need to be reviewedtaking into account the revised emissionsinventory for the Perth airshed and results of theanalysis undertaken for IEM 2.1.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Contingent on IEM 2.1and complete within one year.

IEM 2.3 Implement appropriate action plans to addresssignificant industrial sources of NOx in Perth.

Once the key contributors have been identified(see IEM 2.1) and cost-effective control strategiesdetermined (see IEM 2.2), the DEP will liaise withindustry to develop targeted action plans for NOxreduction.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2003 and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2010 review.

IEM 3Ensure appropriate airshed planning for futureindustrial development and power generation in thePerth metropolitan region.

During deliberations, the AQCC noted the airquality constraints facing future industrialdevelopment in the Kwinana heavy industrial area.Within the context of air quality and the time frameof the AQMP (ie. 30 years), the AQCC believe thatadditional industrial sites need to be planned for now,and established within the next 10 years, as a jointpriority for Government and industry. Planningwithin the Perth metropolitan region would need totake into account current and possible future airquality constraints.

61December 2000

More specifically, the possible siting of future powergenerating facilities within the Perth metropolitanregion will require careful consideration andmanagement of air emissions, in particular NOx,ROCs, SO2 and particles. Long term planning shouldcommence now to ensure that development is notunduly constrained as a result of existing pollutantsources within the Perth metropolitan region.

Co-generation is a means of simultaneouslygenerating heat and electric power from the sameenergy source. The primary energy used to drive theco-generation plant is most commonly natural gas,but other renewable energy sources such as biogas,sewage gas and landfill gas have been used elsewhere.Co-generation represents a significant greenhouse gasinitiative and an opportunity for industries to reduceoperating costs by marked improvements in energyefficiency. However, the relative effects of co-generation on the production of NOx emissions areuncertain. The impact of co-generation productionon NOx emissions contributing to photochemicalsmog formation should be carefully evaluated beforesignificant numbers of co-generation plants areestablished in the Perth metropolitan region.

IEM 3.1 Apply emission guidelines for future powergeneration in the Perth airshed.

The NEPM standards and goals define what isconsidered acceptable air quality in the Perthmetropolitan region. To assist industry andgovernment in its long term planning for futurepower generation capacity, the EPA has developeda guidance statement which deals with emissionsof NOx from gas turbines which adopt emissionguidelines for NOx. Since any new power stationwould be required to meet the air quality standardsof the time, these guidelines will be revisedperiodically and will form one of the bases onwhich any relevant environmental impactassessment would be conducted.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MfP, PANStart date and duration: Complete. Revise everyfive years, ongoing.

IEM 3.2 Develop and implement a position paper andpolicy on co-generation and its implications forthe Perth airshed.

The DEP will estimate the impact of increasedemissions from combustion sources at likelylocations outside Kwinana using computermodelling. This position paper may be referred tothe EPA for consideration with a view to adoptingit as guidance in Environmental ImpactAssessment.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: OoE, powergenerating industry, EPA, PANStart date and duration: Start 2002 and completeposition paper within six months. Implementationongoing.

IEM 4Identify and assist the major emitters of ROCs toreduce industrial contributions.

Aside from the significant contribution of ROCsfrom tank and fugitive emissions at the BP Refinery(Kwinana), a number of other industry emissionshave previously been identified, including the foodand beverage industries, paper production andprinting, aviation and paint manufacturing. While itmay have appeared to be appropriate to focus on BPRefinery’s ROC emissions in the short-term,consideration needs to be given to other significantemitters as part of longer term strategies.

IEM 4.1 Encourage continuous improvement in ROCcontrol measures for ROC emitters in Kwinana.

While the Perth Photochemical Smog Study(Western Power Corporation and DEP, 1996a)identified BP Refinery as being the largest singlestationary source of ROCs in the Perthmetropolitan region, substantial improvements intank and fugitive emission control have reducedBP Refinery’s ROC contributions since 1992. The1999 Perth Airshed Emissions Inventory Update(DEP, 2000b) identified that the BP Refinery hasreduced its total ROC emissions in the Perthairshed by 44%. The government has committeditself to work with BP to ensure continuousemissions reduction.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

IEM 4.2 Identify the other major emitters of ROCs in thePerth airshed.

The updated air emissions inventory will includean assessment of all major industrial emitters ofROCs in the Perth airshed (see MMR 1.1). Theindustrial emitters of ROCs will then be combinedwith area based, motor vehicle and biogenicsources of ROCs to enhance airshed modellingcapabilities.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completeby end 2002.


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IEM 4.3Work with industry to identify and analyse thecost-effectiveness of options for ROCmanagement.

Several options are available for industry, area-based sources and motor vehicles to achieve the airquality goals set out under the NEPM for ambientair quality. The economic analysis will aim toidentify the most cost effective options to meet theair quality goals with a view to ensuring a degree ofequity.

Lead Agency: DEP in conjunction with relevantindustry representativesSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: 2002 but contingent onIEM 4.2.

IEM 4.4 Work with industry to develop and implementcost-effective emission management plans forindustrial ROC emissions.

ROC control action plans will be developed forindustrial sources and will be based on soundeconomic analysis. Computer modelling of datafrom the Perth air emissions inventory (see MMR1.1) and the economic analysis carried out for anumber of options will be used to identify the mostequitable option for ROC control.

Lead Agency: DEP in conjunction with relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Contingent on IEM 4.3.

IEM 5Promote and provide incentives for the broaderadoption of ‘cleaner technologies’ in all industrialactivities.

In the next 10 years, industry will face pressure toupgrade combustion and emission control equipment,as well as pursuing the use of renewable/alternativeenergy sources such as solar and wind. This is as aresult of greenhouse gas initiatives, as well as stepstaken to meet the NEPM standards for ambient airquality. Through the implementation of the NationalGreenhouse Strategy , electricity retailers and otherlarge electricity buyers will be required to source aproportion of their electricity from renewable orspecified waste-product energy sources. This includesdirect investment in solar water heaters.

There have been a number of initiatives that haverecently been proposed to encourage the adoption ofcleaner production in industrial processes. Forexample, the draft Western Australian CleanerProduction Strategy (DEP, 1998) proposes incentivesfor small to medium enterprises to improveenvironmental performance through a combinationof co-regulatory mechanisms (such as the ‘Green

Certificate’ program), audit assistance, environmentalsubsidies and enhanced awareness of cleanerproduction. Future developments in the CleanerProduction Strategy need to be closelyfollowed as part of the Perth AQMP, toensure that atmospheric dischargesfrom smaller enterprises are givendue consideration.

Incentives currently exist withinthe Australian taxation system.However, the complexity of thesystem suggests that someincentives for ‘cleanertechnologies’ may not be fullyutilised by small to medium sizedindustries. The FederalGovernment has an importantsupporting role in this case byensuring that industries are made fullyaware of all potential tax incentives.

IEM 5.1 Amend the Environmental Protection Act 1986to include the principles of waste minimisation.

An appropriate legislative framework providingdirection would facilitate the promotion of wasteminimisation in industry. The DEP will work withrelevant industry representatives to considerpossible amendments to the EnvironmentalProtection Act 1986 enunciating a general principleof waste minimisation.

Lead Agency: DEP (with suggested amendments tobe submitted to Parliament)Supporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry representativesStart date and duration: Commenced 1999.

IEM 5.2 Encourage the industrial use of solar and windpower in the Perth metropolitan region.

Through their existing programs and processes,State government agencies will take theopportunity to advocate to industry the use anddevelopment of alternative power generation,particularly solar and wind.

Lead Agency: OoESupporting Agencies/Organisations: DEP, powergenerating industry, EPA, CCWA, PANStart date and duration: Start 2000, ongoing.

IEM 5.3Develop a discussion paper on the range offinancial and economic mechanisms available forindustrial emission control.

Industrial emission control is usually achieved byregulatory instruments, but these cover only onemechanism to manage industrial emissions. There

63December 2000

are a number of financial incentives that can beused to achieve the same results as regulation.Promoting public discussion to consider thefeasibility of various incentives, including atradeable emissions permit system, is one optionthat could be pursued, as could a review of theDEP’s load-based licensing fees.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry associations, TreasuryStart date and duration: Start 2001 and developdiscussion paper within 2 years.

IEM 5.4Promote the awareness of industry achievementsin atmospheric emission reductions through‘green industry’ awards.

A range of industry and business awards currentlyexist in Western Australia which rewardexcellence in environmental performance, forinstance the Golden Gecko Awards and theRecycling and Waste Reduction Awards. At thisstage, however, there is no specific recognition forimprovements made in the area of air quality.There is a need to evaluate the potential toincorporate an air quality category as part ofexisting industry awards. Consideration will begiven to who should be responsible for developingthese awards to ensure a high standard ofcredibility.

Lead Agency: DEP (to act as an initial organisingagency, to support an independent sponsor)Supporting Agencies/Organisations: Relevantindustry associations, Chamber of Commerce andIndustry Western Australia (CCIWA)Start date and duration: Start evaluation in 2005and complete within two years.

Community Informationand Education (CIE)Complementary to the technical and policysolutions, behavioural changes at an individual levelare essential if Perth’s good air quality is to bemaintained for present and future generations.Improving and protecting Perth’s air quality willrequire all Western Australians to understand andappreciate air quality issues, develop positiveattitudes and beliefs, and ultimately modifybehaviour. There are many opportunities for largescale changes in community attitude and behaviourthrough effective awareness-raising and educationprograms. Communication linked with activeparticipation is a key strategy for achieving improvedair quality in Perth.

The focus in the Government’s Response to the Reportof the Select Committee on Perth’s Air Quality(Government of Western Australia, 1998b) is on theneed for an integrated community awarenessprogram. The need for effective communication ofthe importance of vehicle maintenance, alternativetransport options and indoor air quality to thecommunity is highlighted. The CIE working groupalso raised the issues of community educationconcerning wood heaters, energy efficiency andprescribed burning. These issues are addressed in theactions in this section.

There are currently many community educationprograms and awareness campaigns with an airquality component. They contain differing messagesdepending on the respective organisation’s oragency’s purpose. Existing programs include:

• Smogbusters - CCWA/Commonwealth programsupporting community action to reduce vehicle useand emissions;

• Smoky Vehicle Program - DEP vehicle emissionsprogram;

• TravelSmart® - Transport program leading to useof alternative transport choices, including DEPworkplace program;

• Cycle 100 - DEP in conjunction with Bikewestworkplace program encouraging CBD commutersto cycle to work;

• Cycle Instead® - Bikewest program to encouragecycling among the public and school children;

• Halt the Haze - DEP general community programproviding information on wood heater use (haze,chimney checker and wood); and

• AirWatch® - DEP school air monitoring program.

• Air Care® - RACWA vehicle maintenanceawareness campaign.


A range of information is also accessible to thegeneral community in the form of pamphlets,booklets and the internet. They are readily availableat libraries, community organisations andgovernment departments. Co-ordination andintegration of air quality programs and information isdesirable in attaining the goal of improved air qualityin Perth.

Included in the Government’s Response to the Report ofthe Select Committee on Perth’s Air Quality(Government of Western Australia, 1998b) is thecommitment that “the AQCC will be the focus forthe expansion and consolidation of currentcommunity awareness activities into an integratedprogram in partnership with various industry andcommunity interests”. To meet the Government’scommitment, a forum is needed that encourages keystakeholders to work closely together towards theachievement of common community education goals.The forum recommended is through the developmentof a Community Education Strategy; acomprehensive planning process that provides cleardirection and purpose for a behaviour changeprogram.

Objectives for CommunityInformation and Education


• developing an integrated and comprehensive community education strategy that influences positive community behaviour;

• developing and continually improving the awareness, education and quality of information regarding air quality issues to influence positive community behaviour; and

• informing and involving the community in the implementation of the AQMP.

Strategies for CommunityInformation and Education


1. improve the co-ordination and integration of air quality community education programs and awareness campaigns;

2. improve community understanding of the benefits of alternative transport modes and correct vehicle maintenance;

3. improve community understanding of the sources and impacts of emissions related to domestic activities;

4. improve community understanding of indoor air quality issues; and

5. ascertain target audiences within the community, industry, and government.

Actions for Community Informationand Education

CIE 1Improve the co-ordination and integration of airquality community education programs andawareness campaigns.

Currently, there is an array of community educationprograms and awareness campaigns focussing on airquality issues, some of these competing oroverlapping with others. There are also large gaps inthe comprehensive coverage of air quality issues, dueto the current lack of co-ordination and integrationof these programs and campaigns.

CIE 1.1 Review existing air quality community educationprograms.

The purpose of the review is to:

• determine the suitability of the existing programs for inclusion in the Community Education Strategy, including those targeting specific issues and audiences such as the winter wood heater campaign (“Less Smoke, Cleaner Air”);

• identify the programs which are redundant, inappropriate or ineffective, making recommendations on their fate;

• incorporate the suitable existing air quality programs within the framework of the Community Education Strategy; and

• identify areas not covered, such as an ongoing program to encourage motorists to keep vehiclestuned.

The effectiveness of all relevant communityinitiatives, including RACWA’s Air Care®

campaign, Transport’s TravelSmart® program, andthe Cycle 100 trial, will be evaluated to determinethe feasibility of developing a more integratedapproach in achieving the common objective ofreducing transport-related air emissions bychanging travel behaviour. All programs will beregularly reviewed to consider the range of targetaudiences, with a view to enhancing their scopeand coverage of the Perth community. It isimperative to the goal of improving Perth’s airquality to ensure that campaigns and informationreach the desired target audiences. Furthermore,

65December 2000

some important target audiences may have beenoverlooked, and these need to be identified.

The DEP will work with the community, industry,corporate sector and government to determinemissed target audiences regarding air qualitymessages. Examples of missed target audiencesinclude heavy goods vehicle and LCV owners anddrivers, fleet buyers, purchasers of new motorvehicles, and lower socio-economic groups.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CCWA,relevant industry sectors, relevant governmentagencies, local government, PANStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completereview within one year.

CIE 1.2Develop and implement a Community EducationStrategy.

This Strategy will be developed in partnershipbetween the DEP, other government agencies,community and industry, and endorsed by theAQCC. A Working Group will be established with

representation from all key stakeholders.

The purpose of the Strategy is tofacilitate the co-ordination

and integration of alleducation and awareness

programs that containan air qualitycomponent.

The CommunityEducation Strategywould contain arange of activitiesincluding communityeducation and

involvement,community

consultation, publicrelations, media relations

and advertising. It willincorporate performance

indicators and periodic reviews ofprogress. As these activities are

interrelated, linkages will be acknowledged in theStrategy.

Lead Agency: DEP (working group) Supporting Agencies/Organisations: CCWA,relevant industry sectors, relevant governmentagencies, local government, PAN Start date and duration: Start 2001 and reviewannually, ongoing.

CIE 2Improve community understanding of the benefitsof alternative transport modes and correct vehiclemaintenance.

As motor vehicles are the primary source of emissionscontributing to photochemical smog and haze in thePerth airshed, it is imperative that the communitygains sufficient awareness and understanding of theirrole in improving Perth’s air quality. The two areas inwhich members of the community can have thegreatest positive influence on air quality is in theirchoice of the mode of transport used and the regularmaintenance of their vehicle.

Providing the community with adequate informationon the advantages of commuting via “green”transport modes, such as public transport (buses,trains and ferries), cycling and walking, willencourage greater use of these modes. Theadvantages to the community and the environmentinclude:

• reduction in costs (private vehicles are expensiveto purchase and maintain compared to the cost ofalternative transport modes);

• health benefits (a reduction in private vehicle usewill result in a reduction in vehicle emissions anda subsequent reduction in health-related effects);and

• environmental benefits (a reduction in privatevehicle use will result in a healthier environment).

Also, increased community usage of alternative formsof transport will support changes and improvementsin the areas of public transport (buses, trains andferries), and planning decisions such as access(cycleways, or footpaths), parking (decrease thenumber of available parking spaces in strategicregional centres) and bus priority facilities.Communicating these potential benefits to thecommunity in a comprehensive and effective mannerwill be an essential element in achieving the desiredoutcome of reduced vehicle emissions in the Perthmetropolitan region. Transport’s TravelSmart®

program, described in CIE 2.1, is an example of aneffective approach towards encouraging commuters toconsider using alternative transport modes.

The second component regarding the community’srole in reducing vehicle emissions involves regularvehicle maintenance. The benefits of servicing amotor vehicle outweigh the non-benefits. TheNational In-Service Vehicle Emissions Study, conductedby the FORS between 1994 and 1996, showed thatcorrect vehicle tuning and maintenance reduced theamount of pollutants emitted by up to 26% (FORS,1996). Acting on this, the RACWA launched its Air Care® campaign, aimed at increasing publicawareness of the environmental and health effects


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resulting from a poorly maintained vehicle. TheRACWA now intends to run the campaign everyyear.

CIE 2.1 Identify and encourage the use of travelalternatives within the community.

TravelSmart® is a Transport program encouragingthe use of alternative transport modes (publictransport, cycling, walking) by highlighting theirbenefits. TravelSmart® includes programs such asindividualised marketing schemes and workplaceprograms. A successful South Perth trial of theindividualised marketing scheme resulted in a 14%reduction in private car use. This presentedjustification for the individualised marketingtechnique to be applied to the whole of the City ofSouth Perth (ie. 35 000 people). It is desirable toextend this program to reach the broadercommunity.

Other programs that encourage the use of travelalternatives include:

• Cycle 100 - a program that through direct incentives, encourages commuters to the Perth CBD to cycle to work; and

• Cycle Instead® - a community awareness campaign which encourage people to use bicycles instead of motor vehicles.

The most appropriate methods to facilitate thecontinued operation of TravelSmart® will beidentified. The program messages will continue tohighlight the safety, health, environmental andeconomic benefits of choosing sustainabletransport, ie. public transport, cycling and walking(see LTP 1.8).

Lead Agency: Transport and DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: MRWA, MfP,local government, CCWA, PANStart date and duration: Start 1999, reviewannually, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2010review.

CIE 2.2 Initiate an education campaign focussing onvehicle maintenance.

RACWA successfully launched its trial six weekvehicle maintenance awareness campaign, AirCare®, in January 1999. This was RACWA’s firstenvironmental campaign, focussing on correctvehicle tuning and promoting the use ofalternative transport. The RACWA has indicatedthat it will continue the Air Care® communityawareness program until 2002.

A joint long term initiative by the DEP withassistance from Transport and RACWA aims to

educate the community on the importance ofregular and correct vehicle maintenance, both interms of financial benefits and contribution toimproved air quality. The longer term financialbenefits from regular vehicle maintenance as anincentive for community action will be emphasisedin the program’s message.

Lead Agency: DEP & RACWASupporting Agencies/Organisations: TransportStart date and duration: Start 2003, reviewannually, and assess effectiveness at AQMP 2010review.

CIE 2.3Establish links between existing informationcentres and websites for public dissemination ofinformation regarding various air quality issues,transport modes, programs and actions.

There is a need to ensure that the Perthcommunity has access to relevant information onexisting and proposed transport-related programs aswell as general air quality issues. Readily accessibleinformation will aid commuters in making aninformed decision regarding modal choice. Accessof this information will be facilitated though aseries of links to existing websites containinginformation on air quality issues and transportrelated programs.

Lead Agency: Transport in collaboration with DEP,CCWA, OoESupporting Agencies/Organisations: MRWA,MTA, PANStart date and duration: Establish 2001 and reviewannually.

CIE 2.4Advise the community of the risk to drivers andpassengers from exhaust emissions.

Studies have indicated that motor vehicles offerlittle or no protection against the pollutantsgenerated by the traffic. Drivers and passengersface pollution levels inside a car two or three timeshigher than those experienced by pedestrians.

The proposed strategy will assess the quantity ofgas emissions entering a vehicle, followed by acampaign aimed at educating drivers about thedangers of pollutants.

This action is contingent on the assessment of allair quality community education programs in CIE1.1 and 1.2.

Lead Agency: DEP in collaboration with TransportSupporting Agencies/Organisations: RACWA,HDWAStart date and duration: 2003 and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2005 review.

67December 2000

CIE 3Improve community understanding of the sourcesand impacts of emissions related to domesticactivities.

A significant proportion of our time is spent aroundthe home partaking in activities such as lawnmowing, trimming edges, painting, and usingcleaning agents and pesticides. During the warmermonths barbeques are a popular social activity, and inwinter many people find wood heaters appealing fortheir warmth and cosy atmosphere.

All of these activities contribute emissions to theambient air and, combined with emissions from othersources, ultimately contribute to photochemical smogand/or haze formation. The total emissions resultingfrom domestic activities can be successfully managedthrough increasing community awareness andknowledge of the sources and their impacts, andproviding the community with alternative options toreduce emissions. Some of these issues are addressedthrough actions in the DAE section.

CIE 3.1 Educate the community on correct wood heateroperation and maintenance.

The DEP is involved in a media campaign toincrease community awareness of the correctoperation of wood heaters, and the need to checkdomestic chimneys in preparation for the wintermonths. Launched in June 1999, the ‘Less Smoke,Cleaner Air’ campaign involves a series oftelevision and newspaper advertisements, a radioadvertisement and information packages availableat wood retailers.

The ‘Less Smoke, Cleaner Air’ program has beenevaluated by the DEP and found to be ineffectivein that it did not achieve the required behaviourchanges by wood heater users.

The DEP will use the information gatheredthrough the evaluation to develop a program basedon individualised socialised marketing techniques.

This action is contingent on the assessment of allair quality community education programs in CIE1.1 and 1.2.

Lead Agency: DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: AHHA, localgovernment, CCWA, PANStart date and duration: Campaign ran in June1999, review 2001.

CIE 3.2 Continue to inform and advise the community ofthe benefits of alternative heating options.

The environmental, economic and health benefitsof gas or electric heating as opposed to wood

heating are significant. Ongoing provision ofinformation and advice to consumers, includingthe hospitality sector (hotels, restaurants, etc) andthe general community, will provide the incentiveto consider alternative heating options.

The continuation of information and advice by theOoE will ensure that the public and relevantbusiness sectors are aware of the benefits and non-benefits of the available heating choices. Annualsurveys will be conducted as a performanceindicator to gauge the awareness of the communityregarding heating appliances.

Lead Agency: OoESupporting Agencies/Organisations: AlintaGas,Western Power, DEP, heating industryrepresentatives, CCWA, PANStart date and duration: Under way, and assesseffectiveness at AQMP 2010 review.

CIE 4Improve community understanding of indoor airquality issues.

The potential impact on health of indoor air qualitywas recognised as an important issue by the SelectCommittee on Perth’s Air Quality (LegislativeAssembly, 1998). Indoor air quality is influenced byoutdoor air entering indoors, and by materials,products and fuels found and used indoors. As it isestimated that we spend up to 90% of our timeindoors, the possible impact of indoor air quality onhuman health is a topic of considerable concern(Australian Academy of Technological Sciences andEngineering, 1997). The Select Committeerecommended increasing community knowledge ofsubstances causing poor indoor air quality, theirhealth effects and what can be done to improveindoor air quality.

CIE 4.1 Develop an indoor air quality awarenessprogram.

The potential impact of indoor air quality onhealth is an important issue, to be incorporatedinto the Community Education Strategy. Includedin the Government’s Response to the Report of theSelect Committee on Perth’s Air Quality(Government of Western Australia, 1998b) is thecommitment to “maintain a watching brief onindoor air quality”.

Preliminary studies by tertiary educationinstitutions such as Murdoch and CurtinUniversities will be reinforced by monitoring (seeMMR 2.6) and further research (see MMR 4.3).Based on the outcomes of this work, methods forsuccessfully informing the community of the stepsthat can be taken to improve indoor air quality,will be assessed.


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Lead Agency: DEP and HDWASupporting Agencies/Organisations: Universities,DLGStart date and duration: Start 2001, review everythree years, and assess effectiveness at AQMP2010 review.

CIE 5Ascertain target audiences within the community,industry and government.

In conveying general and specific air quality messagesand information, it is essential to ensure thatrelevant audiences within the community, industryand government are targeted. This should beincorporated into the Community EducationStrategy, so that target audiences are consideredduring the development of education and awareness-raising campaigns and programs. Missed targetaudiences should be identified, with measures toeducate and inform them to be determined andimplemented.

One area in particular that deserves considerableattention is the education system (primary andsecondary schools, and tertiary educationinstitutions). Currently there is an overload ofinformation available to schools in the form ofeducational packages, coming from industrialorganisations, government agencies and departmentsand community organisations. Only some of thisinformation can be used within the structure of thecurriculum, therefore some material may not becovered in adequate detail. An integratedenvironmental package for education institutions,covering all relevant environmental topics (air,water, forests, land, etc), appears to be a favourableapproach in addressing this problem.

CIE 5.1 Review current curriculum materials and adviseon how air quality issues can better be included.

Education institutions are a key target audience, asthey are educating the next generation that willinfluence the future outcome of air quality andother environmental issues. School children willalso convey material learned at school to theirparents and the general community, thus spreadingknowledge and understanding.

Recent changes to the school curriculum haveresulted in an outcome based approach. Currentlythere are a variety of competing school programswith an air quality message, eg. the DEP’sAirWatch® program, Transport’s TravelSmart®

Schools program and the BoM’s MeteorologicalPackage.

All current school packages will be reviewed withthe aim of presenting an integrated

“Environmental Package” to schools that fits inwith the curriculum.

Lead Agency: EDWA & DEPSupporting Agencies/Organisations: CurriculumCouncil, CCWA, relevant industrial organisations,relevant government agencies, PANStart date and duration: Start 2001 and completewithin one year.

Air QualityManagement Plan

Implementing thePart 3


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Development of anImplementation Plan

Introduction

Implementing the actions of the AQMP will takeplace over the next 30 years. In some instances,actions are already under way, and this has beenindicated in Part 2 of the plan.

There are 15 government agencies and other groupswhich have responsibility for ensuring that variousactions contained in the AQMP are implemented.Only the State government agencies will beresponsible for pursuing funding for theimplementation of the actions. It should be notedthough, that many actions within the Plan rely uponcommunity, industry and business involvement.

Table 9 summarises all the actions contained in thePlan, and indicates:

• the expected outcome and potential impact on airquality from the implementation of the action;

• the timing for implementing the action; and

• the agency responsible for the action.

Performance indicators against which the success ofthe Plan is to be measured will also be developed, aswell as defining the frequency and form for reportingimplementation progress.

At this stage it is intended that the AQMP will bereviewed:

1. after five years, to report on progress made onimplementing actions, continued actionapplicability and prioritisation of subsequent orfuture actions (including emerging issues), andpursuit of funding; and

2. annually, with an annual report of progress beingsubmitted to the Minister for the Environment.Further details are contained in the AQCC Termsof Reference (see Appendix 3).

The overall objective of the AQMP is to steadilyimprove Perth’s air quality so we have clean air to alevel that is acceptable to the majority of thecommunity. A staged approach, taking intoconsideration the relative impacts of the actions, isnecessary to ensure that the most effective strategy isadopted.

The AQCC considered that the most effectiveprograms should be identified, rather than merelystating which programs will be undertaken. A processof prioritisation and scheduling of all actions, withinput from the community, government and industrysectors, was therefore necessary.

The AQCC requested that actions be considered inlight of their environmental benefits and practicality,and developed a process to achieve a list of priorityactions.

Prioritisation Process

The aim of the prioritisation process was to identifythose actions which were considered to be keyprojects and which would deliver the greatestimprovements in Perth’s air quality.

Prioritisation of actions in each of the eight key areaswas initially undertaken by working groups for eachof the key areas. Working groups scored each actionagainst a range of criteria listed below. Scores wereused to rank all actions in each of the key areas. Thisprocess provided an estimate of the relativeeffectiveness or prevention potential for each action.

The criteria recommended for ranking the strategieswere:

Indirect emission reduction potential

Does it lead to increased information being availableto allow future pollutant reduction?

Is it necessary to complete another action?

Emission reduction potential

What is the unit reduction in pollution per year, percapita?

What total emission reduction is possible?

Timing of effectiveness

What time frame is needed for the strategy to havean effect?

How long will it take to fully implement the action?

Equity

Are there individuals or groups within thecommunity who will be disadvantaged by the action?

Is the original source of pollution being targeted?

Will the polluter pay?

Technical feasibility

Is the technology currently available?

Are there administrative or public perception barriersto the introduction of the action?

Is there a high likelihood of new technology beingdeveloped in the future to solve the problem?

Enforceability

Are regulatory mechanisms in place to support theaction?

Is there a need to enhance the mechanism?


Is there a need to create a new mechanism?

Is the mechanism enforceable?

Cost effectiveness

What is the cost of the action to the individual?

What is the cost of the action to the community?

What is the cost of the action to industry?

What is the cost of the action to Government?

Public acceptance

What is the community’s opinion of the action?

Public health benefits

What is the public health benefit of the action interms of reduced hospital admissions, morbidity andmortality?

Following the community consultation period theworking groups were asked to reconsider the rankingbased on comments received in submissions, and areview of the prioritisation for each of the key areas.The results of the final prioritisation process aregiven below, listed for each key area.

Health Effects Research (HER)

1. HER 1.3: Investigate the relationship betweenPerth’s daily air quality and hospital emergencydepartment attendance.

2. HER 1.4: Undertake a project to trial the routinerecording of GP health data in a standardised way.

3. HER 1.5: Investigate the relationship between re-admissions of patients and daily air quality.

4. HER 2.1: Investigate the potential for localvariations in Perth’s daily air quality to have anyimpact on human health.

5. HER 2.2: Develop a program to investigateexposure of Perth’s residents to air toxics andpotential health effects.

Modelling Monitoring and Research(MMR)

1. MMR 1.1: Update the Perth air emissionsinventory.

2. MMR 2.1: Review current Perth ambient airquality monitoring data.

3. MMR 4.2: Commission research into air toxics(constituents, sources and impacts).

4. MMR 3.2: Refine the Perth Haze model.

5. MMR 1.4: Investigate requirements for validatingemissions estimates within the Perth airshed.

Land Use and Transport Planning(LTP)

1. LTP 1.8: Continue with travel behaviour programs,such as TravelSmart®

2. LTP 1.9: Review and improve access within thePerth metropolitan region for pedestrians andcyclists.

3. LTP 2.1: Incorporate air quality issues indevelopment of Future Perth.

4. LTP 1.2: Prepare local Integrated Transport Planswithin the framework of the Metropolitan TransportStrategy.

5. LTP 1.4: Include transport impact assessment asperformance criteria for new major developmentand redevelopment proposals.

Vehicle Emissions Management (VEM)

1. VEM 5.4: Investigate and promote the benefitsand feasibility of using CNG and LPG as fuelsources for the road passenger transport and freightsectors where appropriate.

2. VEM 3.3: Implement the committed outcomes ofthe (vehicle emissions testing) evaluation processand trial to reduce in-service emissions from thePerth motor vehicle fleet.

3. VEM 4.2: Regulate fuel quality standards.

4. VEM 5.5: Investigate the use of electric alternativefuel vehicles and ultra-light vehicles.

5. VEM 2.3: Assess and develop policies to reduceemissions from the light commercial vehicle sector.

Domestic Activities Emissions (DAE)

1. DAE 2.2: Promote effective greenwaste collectionand reprocessing services and support a co-ordinated approach by all local governmentauthorities in Perth.

2. DAE 2.1: Introduce a total ban on burning in allurban residential properties in the Perthmetropolitan region by 2001, except for hazardreduction burning through development ofappropriate legislation.

3. DAE 1.7: Recommend amendments to currentlegislation to ensure adequate powers are given tolocal government officers to deal with domesticsmoke nuisance.

4. DAE 3.2: Support the establishment of minimumstandards for energy efficiency for all new houses,major renovations and redevelopments by theadoption of the standards to be introduced into theBuilding Code of Australia.

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

5. DAE 3.3: Advocate the introduction of energyefficiency standards into the Building Code ofAustralia.

Burning Emissions Management(BEM)

1. BEM 4.6: Undertake studies on weather and smokemodelling to improve burn decision processes.

2. BEM 4.4: Establish a working group to raiseawareness amongst agencies regarding smokemanagement issues.

3. BEM 5.2: Continue to promote and review riskassessment of bushfire impacts, taking into accountair quality and other environmental impacts.

4. BEM 4.2: Support the development of agreedconsistent approaches and procedures for smokemanagement in all burning activities.

5. BEM 1.2: Develop and distribute an informationleaflet to be attached to all burning permits.

Industrial Emissions Management(IEM)

1. IEM 2.3: Implement appropriate action plans toaddress significant industrial sources of NOx inPerth.

2. IEM 4.4: Work with industry to develop andimplement cost-effective emission managementplans for industrial ROC emissions.

3. IEM 2.1: Establish the impact of the KwinanaPower Station and other key NOx emitters on airquality in the Perth airshed.

4. IEM 4.2: Identify the other major emitters ofROCs in the Perth airshed.

5. IEM 2.2: Establish the most cost effective emissionreduction options for the Kwinana Power Stationand other key NOx emitters, pending conclusionsof the updated inventory, and investigation of theimpact of NOx emitters on air quality in the Perthairshed.

Community Information andEducation (CIE)

1. CIE 2.1: Encourage the use of travel alternativeswithin the community.

2. CIE 1.1: Review existing air quality communityeducation programs.

3. CIE 1.2: Develop and implement a CommunityEducation Strategy.

4. CIE 3.1: Educate the community on correct woodheater operation and maintenance.

5. CIE 2.2: Initiate an education campaign focussingon vehicle maintenance.

The AQCC considered the priorities put forward bythe working groups, and those indicated bycomments received from the community. TheAQCC identified that of the 126 actions which willbe implemented under the AQMP, the key areasconsidered to have the most impact on air quality inthe short term are:

• changing commuter behaviour to reduce thereliance on private car use;

• reducing vehicle emissions; and

• managing industrial emissions.

A range of other actions support these key areas andare covered in the areas of research, communityeducation, prevention and minimisation actions.

The six key actions identified by the AQCC are:

• LTP 1.8 combined with CIE 2.1Continue with travel behaviour programs, such asTravelSmart® and encourage the use of travelalternatives within the community;

• VEM 5.4Investigate and promote the benefits and feasibilityof using CNG and LPG as fuel sources for the roadpassenger transport and freight sectors whereappropriate;

• VEM 3.3Implement the committed outcomes of the(vehicle emissions testing) evaluation process andtrial to reduce in-service emissions from the Perthmotor vehicle fleet;

• VEM 4.2 and VEM 4.3Regulate fuel quality standards and encouragenational moves towards regulating for cleaner fuelformulation;

• IEM 2.3Implement appropriate action plans to addresssignificant industrial sources of NOx in Perth; and

• IEM 4.4Work with industry to develop and implementcost-effective emission management plans forindustrial ROC emissions.

While these actions will provide significantimprovements in Perth’s air quality, all sources of airpollutants need to be included, and informationprovided to the community about reducing emissionsto the atmosphere if generally acceptable air qualityis to be achieved.

Of the remaining actions, many support the keyactions, for example by supplying additionalinformation or ensuring information is supplied to

75December 2000

the public. Others have been completed or havecommenced and will continue. Some key actions alsodepend on other actions occurring before they areable to be implemented, so a staged approach tothese key actions is necessary.

The management of Perth’s air quality over the next30 years must work on the local and regional levelsand across the entire Perth airshed. In addition, it isessential that the key sectors of land use andtransport planning, vehicle, domestic, burning andindustrial emissions are all addressed by this Plan, asall areas contribute to emissions which impact onPerth’s air quality. Finally, this Plan must recognisethat direct emission reduction, research, preventionand minimisation, and education and information areall essential when determining the most effectivemethods of improving and maintaining air quality. Ithas not been the intention of the prioritisationexercise to target one emission source above another,or to prioritise direct reductions against prevention,education or research elements.

Development of the Implementation Plan

It will not be possible to implement all actionswithin the AQMP in the immediate future. To havean effective plan, a staged approach is needed to takeinto account resourcing requirements, costeffectiveness and environmental benefit. Thedevelopment of the priority actions as describedabove provides a framework for further developingthe plan for implementation.

During the next year, the DEP will work closely withthe relevant lead and supporting agencies to developdetailed project specifications for each action, whichwill include resourcing requirements and theexpected impact on air quality, and to developdetailed plans for implementation.

The available funding resources allocated for eachaction will then be committed based on its priority,timeline requirements and cost effectiveness. Someactions which have already commenced may requirecontinued resourcing and this will also be taken intoaccount when discussing these actions with relevantagencies.

Each action will require an individualimplementation plan to be developed. The processwill consider:

• relevant references, issues and costs;

• timing and duration;

• necessary steps involved to complete the action;and

• resourcing, timing and costs for each step.

The actions which relate to key projects, are cost

effective and present short and long term benefits toair quality will be implemented first. The Plan will bedynamic and will be reviewed annually to ensureactions remain appropriate and effective. The annualreview will also have regard for new information andresults as they become available. The developmentprocess will be staged as well, with input from theAQCC.

Interpreting the Proposed ImplementationSchedule

Table 9 provides the timeline for implementation ofthe AQMP actions with explanations for columns asfollows:

Code

This is the action’s reference number, as used in Part2 of the AQMP.

Description

This is the action statement, as used in Part 2 of theAQMP.

Output

This identifies the type of product delivered from theaction. Eleven categories of outputs are used anddescribed below:

• Air quality model, a computer model wherevarious combinations of emission changes andmeteorology can be simulated to assess changes inambient air quality;

• Awards, a system of acknowledgment;

• Campaign, includes structured awareness-raising oreducational activities targeted generally at thecommunity, as well as specific groups. It alsoincludes items such as information packages andleaflets that may be either general or specific innature and are to be widely distributed;

• Guideline, this represents non-statutorydocumentation that provides guidance, such asenvironmental codes of practice and industryguidelines and non-statutory statements ofgovernment policy. It includes structured trainingcourses and documentation prepared as trainingmaterials or manuals;

• Information centre, a central information facilityaccessible to the public;

• Inventory, refers to the publicly available collationof emission data;

• Monitoring program, refers to air qualitymonitoring, and includes stack emission, ambientand indoor air measurement;


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

• Program, refers to a group of integrated actionsthat will be implemented as a set, and includes sitespecific or issue specific plans (eg. indoor airquality plan), as well as extension or refinement ofexisting government programs, and includesindividualised marketing;

• Regulation, means a legislative requirement (eg.an Act amendment, new Regulation or Local law)at either a State or Local Government level;

• Report, includes a one-off report or reportsrequired on an annual, biennial, triennial or fiveyearly basis; and

• Trial, indicates a field activity undertaken to proof,clarify or refine an action before proceeding withfull implementation, or to determine if fullimplementation will be appropriate.

Expected outcomes

This is currently a description of the perceived resultfrom the action. The seven categories used are:

Basis for future decision making, refers to actionsthat will;

• deliver information crucial to making ascientifically informed decision, either at a policyor action level.

Behaviour change, refers to actions that;

• will influence a change in general communityaction or specific stakeholder activity, through theprovision of general or targeted information,including specific programs and training courses, or

• aim to educate, create or improve awareness of thecommunity in general or specifically.

Defining an air quality problem, refers to actionsthat are of an investigative or research nature thatwill;

• lead to clarification of an air quality problem, or

• quantification of an air quality problem.

Improvement to system, refers to actions that;

• bring about efficiencies in data or informationgathering, or

• lead to additional information being accessed, or

• identify knowledge gaps or duplications infunctions, or

• provide information not currently available, or

• reflect the State Government’s support of actionsoccurring at a federal level, or

• bring about consistency across jurisdictions.

Preliminary step to research, refers to actions that;

• are an initial step to an action that will deliver a direct or indirect air quality impact.

Support action for modelling work, refers to actionsthat;

• are preliminary to modelling taking place.

Supporting action, refers to an action that;

• needs to take place before a subsequent action.

Expected impact on air quality

The expected impact is currently defined by asubjective statement. The two categories used are:

• Direct impact on air quality, an action that willdirectly influence emissions into the Perth airshed;and

• Indirect impact on air quality, an action that willinfluence air quality, but not directly (eg. changingcommunity behaviour). It also includes supportiveactions such as undertaking essential datagathering to manage an improvement in quality, oran action that will add to the understanding aboutthe magnitude of an air quality issue.

Agency responsible

This identifies the State Government agency orauthority responsible for ensuring that the action isundertaken. Details are taken directly from Part 2 ofthe Plan. In some circumstances two or moreagencies may be identified (eg. Transport and MfP).This indicates that both agencies are responsible forthe action and that co-operation between the namedagencies has been agreed and arranged. Supportingagencies and/or organisations are included inbrackets.

Timing - Start

This indicates the year in which the action isexpected to commence.

Status after 5 years

This indicates the expected progress of each action inthe first 5 years of implementation. Some actions willhave been completed within this period.

Timing - End

This indicates the year in which the action isexpected to be finalised. Where the year indicated is2029, it should be interpreted that the action isongoing throughout the life of the Plan. Where thecompletion date is 2005 or later, a “*” indicates thatthis action will be reviewed in the five yearly AQMPimplementation review.

77December 2000

Table 9: Perth Air Quality Management Plan, Proposed implementation schedule.


Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

HER

1.1

Inve

stig

ate

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

EP&

HR

WG

Com

men

ced

Stud

y an

d re

port

End

2000

Perth

Õs d

aily

air

qual

ity a

nd m

orta

lity.

prob

lem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(HD

WA)

1999

com

plet

ed.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

deci

sion

mak

ing.

HER

1.2

Inve

stig

ate

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

EP&

HR

WG

Com

men

ced

Stud

y an

d re

port

End

2000

Perth

Õs d

aily

air

qual

ity a

nd

prob

lem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(HD

WA)

1999

com

plet

ed.

hosp

italis

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

ede

cisi

on m

akin

g.

HER

1.3

Inve

stig

ate

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

EP&

HR

WG

2001

Stud

y an

d re

port

2002

Perth

Õs d

aily

air

qual

ity a

nd h

ospi

tal

prob

lem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(HD

WA,

Cur

tinco

mpl

eted

.em

erge

ncy

depa

rtmen

t atte

ndan

ce.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Uni

vers

ity)

deci

sion

mak

ing.

HER

1.4

Und

erta

ke a

pro

ject

to tr

ial t

he ro

utin

e R

epor

t.Pr

elim

inar

y st

ep to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nH

DW

A20

01Tr

ial a

nd re

port

2002

reco

rdin

g of

GP

heal

th d

ata

in a

re

sear

ch.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, H

RW

G,

com

plet

ed.

stan

dard

ised

way

.G

PD

ivis

ion

of W

A)

HER

1.5

Inve

stig

ate

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nH

DW

A20

02St

udy

and

repo

rt20

03re

-adm

issi

on o

f pat

ient

s an

d da

ily a

ir pr

oble

m.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, H

RW

G)

com

plet

ed.

qual

ity.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

deci

sion

mak

ing.

HER

2.1

Inve

stig

ate

the

pote

ntia

l for

loca

l R

epor

t.D

efin

ing

air q

ualit

yIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

& H

RW

G20

01St

udy

and

repo

rt 20

04va

riatio

ns in

Per

thÕs

dai

ly a

ir qu

ality

to

prob

lem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Col

labo

rativ

e pr

ojec

t co

mpl

eted

.ha

ve a

ny im

pact

on

hum

an h

ealth

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e w

ith A

RC

SPI

RT

deci

sion

mak

ing.

GR

ANT,

HD

WA)

HER

2.2

Dev

elop

a p

rogr

am to

inve

stig

ate

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01St

udy

and

repo

rt 20

03ex

posu

re o

f Per

thÕs

resi

dent

s to

air

prob

lem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(HR

WG

, HD

WA,

com

plet

ed.

toxi

cs (s

peci

fical

ly V

OC

s).

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Uni

vers

ities

)de

cisi

on m

akin

g.

HER

2.3

Inve

stig

ate

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

HR

WG

2001

Stud

y an

d re

port

2004

pers

onal

exp

osur

e, a

mbi

ent a

ir qu

ality

pr

oble

m.

air q

ualit

y.(H

DW

A)co

mpl

eted

.an

d de

fined

hea

lth o

utco

mes

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g.

HER

2.4

Dev

elop

a p

rogr

am to

inve

stig

ate

the

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n H

DW

A&

DEP

2003

Stud

y an

d re

port

2005

cont

ribut

ion

of in

door

air

expo

sure

to

prob

lem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(HR

WG

)co

mpl

eted

.pe

rson

al e

xpos

ure.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

deci

sion

mak

ing.

79December 2000

Table 9: (continued).C

ode

Des

crip

tion

Out

put

Expe

cted

Ex

pect

ed im

pact

A

genc

y Ti

min

g-

Stat

us a

fter

Tim

ing-

ou

tcom

eon

air

qual

ityre

spon

sibl

eSt

art

5 ye

ars

End

(sup

port

age

ncy)

HER

3.1

Perio

dica

lly re

view

rese

arch

nee

ds a

ndR

epor

t, tri

enni

alBa

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

& H

RW

G20

00R

epor

t and

firs

t 20

29 *

fund

ing

sour

ces.

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(H

DW

A)re

view

com

plet

ed.

HER

3.2

Perio

dica

lly re

view

the

heal

th im

pact

s R

epor

t, tri

enni

al

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

HR

WG

Com

men

ced

Rep

ort a

nd fi

rst

2029

*of

air

pollu

tion

or p

oten

tial a

irbor

ne

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(H

DW

A)19

99re

view

com

plet

ed.

cont

amin

ants

.

HER

4.1

Asse

ss th

e co

mm

unity

hea

lth im

pact

s R

epor

t.D

efin

ing

air q

ualit

yIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

& H

RW

G20

02St

udy

and

repo

rt 20

04of

sm

oke

from

pre

scrib

ed b

urni

ng a

nd

prob

lem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(CAL

M, F

ESA,

co

mpl

eted

.bu

shfir

e.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e H

DW

A)de

cisi

on m

akin

g.

HER

4.2

Und

erta

ke a

com

para

tive

risk

Rep

ort.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

HR

WG

2004

Stud

y 20

06as

sess

men

t of m

orta

lity

and

mor

bidi

typr

oble

m.

air q

ualit

y.(C

ALM

, FES

A,

com

men

ced.

influ

ence

d by

sm

oke

from

pre

scrib

ed

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Loca

l gov

ernm

ent)

burn

ing

and

bush

fire.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

MM

R 1

.1U

pdat

e th

e Pe

rth a

ir em

issi

ons

Inve

ntor

y,

Supp

ort a

ctio

n to

In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

1999

upd

ate

2002

inve

ntor

y 20

29 *

inve

ntor

y.tri

enni

al re

view

.m

odel

ling.

air q

ualit

y.(In

dust

ry, L

ocal

co

mpl

eted

.up

date

com

plet

e.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e go

vern

men

t, R

elev

ant

Nex

t upd

ate

2005

upd

ate

deci

sion

mak

ing.

gove

rnm

ent a

genc

ies)

2002

.co

mm

ence

d.

MM

R 1

.2Li

nk d

ata

acqu

isiti

ons

of e

mis

sion

sIn

vent

ory.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2002

Com

plet

ed fo

r 20

03in

vent

orie

s.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Indu

stry

)20

02 in

vent

ory

Supp

ort a

ctio

nup

date

.to

mod

ellin

g.

MM

R 1

.3Q

uant

ify s

igni

fican

t em

issi

ons

sour

ces

Rep

ort,

trien

nial

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01St

udy,

initi

al

2029

*ou

tsid

e th

e Pe

rth m

etro

polit

an re

gion

re

view

.pr

oble

m.

air q

ualit

y.(C

ALM

, FES

A, B

oM,

repo

rt an

d fir

st

cont

ribut

ing

to P

erth

Õs a

ir qu

ality

.Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

Loca

l gov

ernm

ent)

revi

ew c

ompl

eted

.m

odel

ling.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

deci

sion

mak

ing.

MM

R 1

.4Va

lidat

e em

issi

ons

estim

ates

with

inR

epor

t.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

EP20

01St

udy

and

repo

rt 20

03th

e Pe

rth a

irshe

d.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t,co

mpl

eted

.Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

WAM

A, B

oM, C

CW

A,m

odel

ling.

Indu

stry

, PAN

)

MM

R 2

.1R

evie

w c

urre

nt P

erth

am

bien

t air

Rep

ort,

5 ye

arly

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

men

ced

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

20

29 *

qual

ity m

onito

ring

data

.re

view

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(WAM

A, In

dust

ry,

2000

an

d re

view

in

Supp

ort a

ctio

n to

U

nive

rsiti

es, C

CW

A,

prog

ress

.m

odel

ling.

PAN

)


Table 9: (continued).

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

MM

R 2

.2R

evie

w a

nd im

prov

e cu

rrent

mon

itorin

g R

epor

t.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

EPC

omm

ence

d R

epor

t com

plet

ed20

29 *

equi

pmen

t.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t,20

00an

d re

view

Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

KIC

)on

goin

g.m

odel

ling.

MM

R 2

.3En

cour

age

univ

ersi

ties

and

othe

r C

ampa

ign,

ann

ual

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Cam

paig

n an

d 20

29 *

cent

res

to b

e in

volv

ed in

air

qual

ity

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(E

DW

A, U

nive

rsiti

es,

revi

ews

in

mon

itorin

g fo

r edu

catio

nal p

urpo

ses.

Supp

ort a

ctio

n to

PA

N)

prog

ress

.m

odel

ling.

MM

R 2

.4Ev

alua

te th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of m

obile

R

epor

t, m

onito

ring

Impr

ovem

ent t

oIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

, 20

06 *

mon

itorin

g st

atio

ns.

prog

ram

, 5 y

early

sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t,pr

ogra

m in

re

view

.Su

ppor

t act

ion

toM

RW

A)pr

ogre

ss.

mod

ellin

g.

MM

R 2

.5Es

tabl

ish

an e

ffect

ive

VOC

s m

onito

ring

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m,

Supp

ort a

ctio

n to

In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2002

Prog

ram

20

29 *

prog

ram

in P

erth

.R

epor

t, tri

enni

al

mod

ellin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Indu

stry

, Che

mis

try

esta

blis

hed,

repo

rt re

view

.D

efin

ing

air q

ualit

y C

entre

(WA)

)co

mpl

eted

, rev

iew

s pr

oble

m.

in p

rogr

ess.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

deci

sion

mak

ing.

MM

R 2

.6Es

tabl

ish

an in

door

air

qual

ity

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m,

Supp

ort a

ctio

n to

In

dire

ct im

pact

on

HD

WA

& D

EP20

02M

onito

ring

prog

ram

2005

*m

onito

ring

prog

ram

in P

erth

.on

e-ye

ar tr

ial,

mod

ellin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Uni

vers

ities

, an

d tri

al re

port

trien

nial

revi

ew.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

Loca

l gov

ernm

ent)

com

plet

ed.

prob

lem

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g.

MM

R 3

.1Pe

riodi

cally

revi

ew m

odel

ling

Rep

ort,

bien

nial

Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed,

2029

*de

velo

pmen

t and

mai

nten

ance

re

view

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(BoM

, Ind

ustry

)re

view

s in

pro

gres

s.re

quire

men

ts, a

nd u

pdat

e m

odel

s as

Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

nece

ssar

y.m

odel

ling.

MM

R 3

.2R

efin

e th

e Pe

rth h

aze

mod

el.

Air q

ualit

y m

odel

Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

men

ced

Mod

el a

nd re

port

2005

*&

Rep

ort.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.19

99co

mpl

eted

.

MM

R 3

.3Im

prov

e th

e gr

aphi

cal d

ispl

ay o

f the

Ai

r qua

lity

mod

elIm

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01M

odel

and

20

02Pe

rth p

hoto

chem

ical

sm

og m

odel

.&

Rep

ort,

annu

al

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(E

DW

A, W

Agr

aphi

cal d

ispl

ay

revi

ew.

Mus

eum

, Ind

ustry

)co

mpl

eted

.

81December 2000


ode

Des

crip

tion

Out

put

Expe

cted

Ex

pect

ed im

pact

A

genc

y Ti

min

g-

Stat

us a

fter

Tim

ing-

ou

tcom

eon

air

qual

ityre

spon

sibl

eSt

art

5 ye

ars

End

(sup

port

age

ncy)

MM

R 3

.4U

se o

utpu

t fro

m th

e Bo

M m

esos

cale

as

Air q

ualit

y m

odel

ling

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Mod

ellin

g 20

02 *

inpu

t to

the

phot

oche

mic

al s

mog

mod

el

impr

ovem

ents

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(BoM

, CAL

M)

deve

lopm

ents

an

d ot

her a

irshe

d m

odel

s.Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

in p

rogr

ess.

mod

ellin

g.

MM

R 3

.5U

se a

ir qu

ality

mod

els

as a

n Ed

ucat

iona

lIm

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01Ed

ucat

iona

l20

29 *

educ

atio

nal t

ool.

pack

age,

ann

ual

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(B

oM, I

ndus

try,

pack

age

com

plet

ed,

revi

ew.

CAL

M, E

DW

A,

revi

ews

in p

rogr

ess.

Uni

vers

ities

)

MM

R 4

.1C

omm

issi

on re

sear

ch in

to th

e In

vent

ory

& R

epor

t.Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01St

udy

and

repo

rt 20

04im

prov

emen

t of b

ioge

nic

emis

sion

s m

odel

ling.

air q

ualit

y.(U

nive

rsiti

es)

com

plet

ed.

estim

ates

rele

vant

to th

e Pe

rth

met

ropo

litan

regi

on.

MM

R 4

.2C

omm

issi

on re

sear

ch in

to a

ir to

xics

In

vent

ory

& R

epor

t. Su

ppor

t act

ion

toIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2002

Stud

y an

d re

port

2004

*(c

onst

ituen

ts, s

ourc

es a

nd im

pact

s).

Bien

nial

revi

ew.

mod

ellin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Indu

stry

, MR

WA,

com

plet

ed, r

evie

ws

HD

WA,

Uni

vers

ities

)in

pro

gres

s.

MM

R 4

.3C

omm

issi

on re

sear

ch in

to fl

uorid

e an

d In

vent

ory

& R

epor

t.Su

ppor

t act

ion

toIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Stud

y an

d re

port

2002

acid

gas

em

issi

ons

(sou

rces

and

mod

ellin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Indu

stry

, Loc

al

com

plet

ed.

impa

cts)

.go

vern

men

t)

MM

R 4

.4Pe

riodi

cally

revi

ew th

e st

atus

of

Annu

al re

view

, Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Air q

ualit

y20

29 *

emer

ging

air

qual

ity is

sues

and

act

ions

pu

blic

ly a

cces

sibl

ede

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Uni

vers

ities

, Rel

evan

tin

form

atio

nav

aila

ble

to a

ddre

ss th

ese

issu

es.

info

rmat

ion.

Def

inin

g ai

r qua

lity

gove

rnm

ent a

genc

ies,

publ

icly

ava

ilabl

e,

prob

lem

.In

dust

ry c

ounc

ils a

nd

annu

al re

view

s in

C

omm

unity

gro

ups)

prog

ress

.

LTP

1.1

Asse

ss th

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct o

f the

R

epor

t, 5

year

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

EPA

Initi

al re

view

5

year

ly re

view

20

29 *

Perth

Met

ropo

litan

Tra

nspo

rt St

rate

gy.

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(T

rans

port,

MfP

, co

mpl

eted

in

pro

gres

s.M

RW

A)19

99.

LTP

1.2

Prep

are

loca

l Int

egra

ted

Tran

spor

t Pla

ns

Rep

orts

, ann

ual

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

Tran

spor

t & M

fP20

00R

epor

t com

plet

ed,

2029

*w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

the

Met

ropo

litan

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(L

ocal

gov

ernm

ent,

revi

ews

in p

rogr

ess.

Tran

spor

t Stra

tegy

.La

nd d

evel

oper

s,

MR

WA,

WAP

C, M

fP)



Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

LTP

1.3

Asse

ss lo

cal a

nd re

gion

al a

ir qu

ality

Rep

orts

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

MR

WA

Com

men

ced

Ong

oing

20

29 *

impa

cts

whe

n co

nsid

erin

g ro

ad n

etw

ork

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, L

ocal

20

00as

sess

men

tpl

anni

ng.

gove

rnm

ent,

and

repo

rting

.Tr

ansp

ort,

MfP

)

LTP

1.4

Incl

ude

trans

port

impa

ct a

sses

smen

t as

Rep

orts

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

MfP

& Tr

ansp

ort

Com

men

ced

Ong

oing

2029

*pe

rform

ance

crit

eria

for n

ew m

ajor

de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(EPA

, DEP

, MR

WA,

20

00as

sess

men

t de

velo

pmen

t and

rede

velo

pmen

t Su

ppor

t act

ion

toLo

cal g

over

nmen

t)an

d re

porti

ng.

prop

osal

s.m

odel

ling.

LTP

1.5

Mon

itor t

he im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e Be

tter

Rep

ort,

trien

nial

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n Tr

ansp

ort

Com

men

ced

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

,20

10 *

Publ

ic T

rans

port:

Ten

-Yea

r Pla

n fo

r re

view

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(MR

WA,

Wes

trail,

20

00re

view

s in

Tr

ansp

erth

.Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

MfP

, DEP

, Loc

al

prog

ress

.m

odel

ling.

gove

rnm

ent,

CC

WA)

LTP

1.6

Enco

urag

e th

e fu

rther

impl

emen

tatio

n C

ampa

ign,

Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

Tran

spor

tC

omm

ence

d Po

licy

com

plet

ed,

2005

*of

tele

wor

king

in g

over

nmen

t age

ncie

s.po

licy,

ann

ual

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, W

AMA,

19

99ca

mpa

ign

and

revi

ew.

DLG

, MfP

)re

view

s in

pr

ogre

ss.

LTP

1.7

Faci

litat

e th

e de

velo

pmen

t of h

ome-

Cam

paig

n, p

olic

ies,

Impr

ovem

ent t

o D

irect

impa

ct o

n W

AMA

& M

fPC

omm

ence

d Po

licie

s co

mpl

eted

,20

05 *

base

d em

ploy

men

t and

bus

ines

s th

roug

h an

nual

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(L

ocal

gov

ernm

ent,

2000

cam

paig

n an

d ap

prop

riate

pla

nnin

g pr

ovis

ions

.Tr

ansp

ort,

DLG

, re

view

s in

Bu

sine

ss s

ecto

r)pr

ogre

ss.

LTP

1.8

Con

tinue

with

trav

el b

ehav

iour

pro

gram

s C

ampa

ign,

repo

rts,

Impr

ovem

ent t

oD

irect

impa

ct o

nTr

ansp

ort

Com

men

ced

Rep

orts

, cam

paig

n20

05 *

such

as

Trav

elSm

art¨

.an

nual

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, M

RW

A, L

ocal

19

99an

d re

view

s in

gove

rnm

ent,

prog

ress

.C

omm

erci

al &

bu

sine

ss s

ecto

rs)

LTP

1.9

Rev

iew

and

impr

ove

acce

ss w

ithin

the

Rep

ort,

trien

nial

Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n Tr

ansp

ort

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

, 20

29 *

Perth

met

ropo

litan

regi

on fo

r ped

estri

ans

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(W

AMA,

MR

WA,

MfP

, re

view

s in

an

d cy

clis

ts.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Rel

evan

t com

mun

ity

prog

ress

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.or

gani

satio

ns, L

ocal

go

vern

men

t)

LTP

1.10

Man

age

regi

onal

par

king

in k

ey

Prog

ram

, rep

ort,

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

Tran

spor

t & L

ocal

C

omm

ence

d R

epor

t com

plet

ed,

2029

*de

stin

atio

ns (C

BD a

nd s

trate

gic

regi

onal

an

nual

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.go

vern

men

t20

00pr

ogra

m a

nd

cent

res)

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e (M

fP, W

AMA,

re

view

s in

de

cisi

on m

akin

g.Bu

sine

ss s

ecto

r)pr

ogre

ss.

83December 2000


ode

Des

crip

tion

Out

put

Expe

cted

Ex

pect

ed im

pact

A

genc

y Ti

min

g-

Stat

us a

fter

Tim

ing-

ou

tcom

eon

air

qual

ityre

spon

sibl

eSt

art

5 ye

ars

End

(sup

port

age

ncy)

LTP

1.11

Asse

ss th

e co

st-e

ffect

iven

ess

of p

ublic

R

epor

t.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

& Tr

ansp

ort

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

.20

03m

oney

spe

nt o

n tra

nspo

rt m

odes

and

de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(MR

WA,

MfP

, se

rvic

es in

term

s of

air

qual

ity b

enef

its.

Trea

sury

)

LTP

2.1

Inco

rpor

ate

air q

ualit

y is

sues

in

One

initi

al re

port,

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n M

fPC

omm

ence

dIn

itial

repo

rt 20

29 *

deve

lopm

ent o

f Fut

ure

Perth

.re

view

per

iod

to b

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(WAM

A, M

RW

A,

2000

com

plet

ed, r

evie

ws

dete

rmin

ed.

Tran

spor

t )in

pro

gres

s.

LTP

2.2

Res

earc

h an

d ev

alua

te th

e ap

plic

atio

nR

epor

t.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

MfP

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

.20

03to

urb

an c

onso

lidat

ion

stra

tegi

es in

de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(DEP

, Tra

nspo

rt,

Perth

met

ropo

litan

regi

on.

Supp

ortin

g ac

tion

to

WAM

A, L

ocal

LT

P2.

3.go

vern

men

t)

LTP

2.3

Dev

elop

a g

over

nmen

t pol

icy

posi

tion

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n M

fP20

03R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2004

on in

crea

sed

leve

ls o

f urb

an in

fill,

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(W

AMA,

DEP

, de

nsity

and

rene

wal

.Tr

ansp

ort)

LTP

3.1

Iden

tify

the

optim

al p

ublic

tran

spor

t R

epor

t, an

nual

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n M

fP&

Tran

spor

t20

02R

epor

t com

plet

ed,

2029

*co

rrido

rs a

nd tr

ansp

ort i

nter

chan

ges

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(M

RW

A, D

EP, L

ocal

re

view

s in

in

Per

th a

nd u

nder

take

pla

nnin

g an

dSu

ppor

t act

ion

to

gove

rnm

ent,

Land

prog

ress

.re

serv

atio

n as

a p

riorit

y.m

odel

ling.

deve

lope

rs)

LTP

3.2

Impl

emen

t Pol

icy

DC

1.6

: Pla

nnin

g to

Rep

ort,

annu

al

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

MfP

& W

APC

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

,20

29 *

Enha

nce

Publ

ic T

rans

port

Usa

ge.

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(L

and

deve

lope

rs,

revi

ews

in

Loca

l gov

ernm

ent,

prog

ress

.Tr

ansp

ort)

LTP

4.1

Supp

ort t

he d

evel

opm

ent a

ndC

ampa

ign,

ann

ual

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

OoE

2001

Cam

paig

n an

d 20

03 *

impl

emen

tatio

n of

an

appr

opria

te

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(D

LG, W

AMA,

MfP

, re

view

s in

ed

ucat

ion

cam

paig

n on

ene

rgy

effic

ienc

y Be

havi

our c

hang

e.H

IA, M

BA, D

EP,

prog

ress

.an

d en

viro

nmen

tally

sen

sitiv

e de

sign

.C

CW

A, P

AN)

LTP

4.2

Supp

ort t

he p

repa

ratio

n of

ene

rgy

Gui

delin

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

LG20

01G

uide

line

2006

effic

ienc

y re

quire

men

ts in

the

Build

ing

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(W

AMA,

MfP

, OoE

, co

mpl

eted

.C

ode

for t

he d

esig

n of

new

com

mer

cial

Be

havi

our c

hang

e.D

EP, H

IA, T

rans

port)

and

resi

dent

ial b

uild

ings

, maj

or

reno

vatio

ns a

nd re

deve

lopm

ents

.

LTP

4.3

Supp

ort a

n in

crea

se in

the

use

of e

nerg

y C

ampa

ign.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

O

oE20

01C

ampa

ign

2003

ratin

g sc

hem

es fo

r com

mer

cial

and

sy

stem

.on

air

qual

ity.

(WAM

A, L

ocal

co

mpl

eted

.re

side

ntia

l bui

ldin

gs.

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

gove

rnm

ent,

DEP

, H

IA, D

LG)



Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

VEM

1.1

Intro

duce

the

ÔTen

-sec

ondÕ

regu

latio

ns

Reg

ulat

ion

& Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

Tran

spor

tC

omm

ence

d R

egul

atio

n, re

port

2000

for v

isib

ly s

mok

y ve

hicl

es.

Rep

ort,

one

initi

al

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, W

APS,

20

00an

d re

view

an

nual

revi

ew.

RAC

WA)

com

plet

ed.

VEM

1.2

Rev

iew

the

DEP

Smok

y Ve

hicl

e O

ne re

port.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2002

repo

rting

pro

gram

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Tra

nspo

rt, R

ACW

A)

VEM

2.1

Eval

uate

the

pote

ntia

l for

intro

duci

ng a

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

Tran

spor

t20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2002

volu

ntar

y ac

cele

rate

d ve

hicl

e re

tirem

ent

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(R

ACW

A)(s

crap

page

) pro

gram

in P

erth

.Su

ppor

t act

ion

to

VEM

2.2

and

VEM

2.3

.

VEM

2.2

Impl

emen

t the

com

mitt

ed o

utco

mes

of

Reg

ulat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o D

irect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

Tran

spor

t20

02R

egul

atio

n 20

10 *

the

eval

uatio

n pr

oces

s to

enc

oura

ge th

esy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(RAC

WA,

Indu

stry

)co

mpl

eted

.re

mov

al o

f old

er v

ehic

les

from

the

Perth

fleet

.

VEM

2.3

Asse

ss a

nd d

evel

op p

olic

ies

to re

duce

R

epor

t, fiv

e Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

Tran

spor

t20

03R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2010

*em

issi

ons

from

the

light

com

mer

cial

ye

arly

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(C

omm

erci

al s

ecto

r, ve

hicl

e (L

CV)

sec

tor.

DEP

)

VEM

3.1

Eval

uate

the

vario

us e

mis

sion

test

ing

Rep

ort.

Supp

ortin

g ac

tion

to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01R

evie

w a

nd re

port

2002

optio

ns fo

r the

ir co

st e

ffect

iven

ess

and

VEM

3.2

and

VEM

3.3

.ai

r qua

lity.

(RAC

WA,

Tra

nspo

rt)co

mpl

eted

.en

viro

nmen

tal b

enef

its, f

or in

trodu

ctio

n in

to P

erth

.

VEM

3.2

Tria

l a ra

ndom

road

-sid

e em

issi

ons

Tria

l of m

onito

ring

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

03Tr

ial a

nd re

port

2004

test

ing

syst

em a

s a

scre

enin

g m

etho

d pr

ogra

m, r

epor

t.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Tra

nspo

rt, W

APS,

co

mpl

eted

.fo

r com

paris

on o

f on-

road

veh

icle

R

ACW

A)em

issi

ons

agai

nst a

ppro

pria

te s

tand

ards

.

VEM

3.3

Impl

emen

t the

com

mitt

ed o

utco

mes

of

Prog

ram

.Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2002

Prog

ram

in

2005

*th

e ev

alua

tion

proc

ess

and

trial

to

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(T

rans

port,

WAP

S,

prog

ress

.re

duce

in-s

ervi

ce e

mis

sion

s fro

m th

e R

ACW

A)Pe

rth m

otor

veh

icle

flee

t.

VEM

3.4

Esta

blis

h a

train

ing

prog

ram

for t

he

Educ

atio

n Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01Ed

ucat

ion

prog

ram

2002

*au

tom

otiv

e in

dust

ry to

ens

ure

suffi

cien

t pr

ogra

m.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(C

ham

ber o

f in

pro

gres

s.ex

perti

se in

em

issi

ons

test

ing,

Be

havi

our c

hang

e.Au

tom

otiv

e In

dust

ries

mai

nten

ance

and

repa

irs.

(WA)

, MTA

, RAC

WA)

85December 2000


ode

Des

crip

tion

Out

put

Expe

cted

Ex

pect

ed im

pact

A

genc

y Ti

min

g-

Stat

us a

fter

Tim

ing-

ou

tcom

eon

air

qual

ityre

spon

sibl

eSt

art

5 ye

ars

End

(sup

port

age

ncy)

VEM

3.5

Perio

dica

lly re

view

em

issi

ons

test

ing

Rep

ort,

trien

nial

Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

, 20

29 *

equi

pmen

t and

tech

nolo

gy.

revi

ew.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(T

rans

port,

RAC

WA,

re

view

s in

M

TA, C

ham

ber o

f pr

ogre

ss.

Auto

mot

ive

Indu

strie

s(W

A))

VEM

4.1

Dev

elop

a fu

el fo

rmul

atio

n po

licy

for

Reg

ulat

ion,

with

Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Reg

ulat

ion

2002

loca

lly p

rodu

ced

and

impo

rted

petro

l and

re

view

200

5.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Tra

nspo

rt, O

il co

mpl

eted

, rev

iew

dies

el a

utom

otiv

e fu

el.

indu

stry

)in

pro

gres

s.

VEM

4.2

Reg

ulat

e fu

el q

ualit

y st

anda

rds.

Reg

ulat

ion,

with

Ba

sis

for f

utur

e D

irect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

EPA

Com

plet

edR

egul

atio

n 20

00re

view

200

5.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Indu

stry

)20

00co

mpl

eted

, rev

iew

in

pro

gres

s.

VEM

4.3

Enco

urag

e st

rong

er n

atio

nal m

oves

R

egul

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

men

ced

Reg

ulat

ion

2029

*to

war

ds re

gula

ting

for c

lean

er fu

el

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(M

VEC

, Tra

nspo

rt,

2000

com

plet

ed, r

evie

wfo

rmul

atio

n.M

TA, O

oE)

in p

rogr

ess.

VEM

4.4

Prom

ote

the

intro

duct

ion

of S

tage

II

Reg

ulat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01Fo

rum

s an

d 20

29 *

vapo

ur re

cove

ry th

roug

h na

tiona

l for

ums.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(M

VEC

, Ind

ustry

)re

gula

tion

inpr

ogre

ss.

VEM

5.1

Supp

ort t

he c

onsi

sten

cy a

nd e

arly

R

egul

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

men

ced

Reg

ulat

ion

in

2010

*ad

optio

n of

Aus

tralia

n D

esig

n R

ule

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(M

VEC

, Tra

nspo

rt)19

99pr

ogre

ss.

emis

sion

sta

ndar

ds w

ith in

tern

atio

nal

best

pra

ctic

e em

issi

on s

tand

ards

.

VEM

5.2

Supp

ort n

atio

nal m

oves

to e

ncou

rage

Reg

ulat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

men

ced

Reg

ulat

ion

in

2005

*th

e co

ordi

natio

n of

veh

icle

em

issi

on

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(M

VEC

, Tra

nspo

rt,

2000

prog

ress

.st

anda

rds

with

aut

omot

ive

fuel

sta

ndar

ds.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

NR

TC)

deci

sion

mak

ing.

VEM

5.3

Rep

ort o

n th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e R

epor

t.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

.20

02go

vern

men

t fle

et L

PG tr

ial.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(C

AMS,

OoE

, Tr

ansp

ort)

VEM

5.4

Inve

stig

ate

and

prom

ote

the

bene

fits

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2003

and

feas

ibilit

y of

usi

ng C

NG

and

LPG

de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Tra

nspo

rt, H

DW

A,

as fu

el s

ourc

es fo

r the

road

pas

seng

erO

oE, A

linta

Gas

, tra

nspo

rt an

d fre

ight

sec

tors

whe

re

Indu

stry

)ap

prop

riate

.



Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

VEM

5.5

Inve

stig

ate

the

use

of e

lect

ric a

ltern

ate

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n Tr

ansp

ort

2002

Initi

al re

port

2010

*fu

el v

ehic

les

and

ultra

-ligh

t veh

icle

s.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(RAC

WA,

DEP

, co

mpl

eted

.M

RW

A, L

ocal

go

vern

men

t, O

oE)

DA

E 1.

1C

ondu

ct a

full

lifec

ycle

ana

lysi

s of

all

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2003

avai

labl

e do

mes

tic h

eatin

g al

tern

ativ

es.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(O

oE, A

linta

Gas

, W

este

rn P

ower

, U

nive

rsiti

es, L

ocal

go

vern

men

t, AH

HA)

DA

E 1.

2D

evel

op in

cent

ives

to e

ncou

rage

hom

e C

ampa

ign,

revi

ew

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01C

ampa

ign

and

2005

*ow

ners

to u

se a

ltern

ativ

e fo

rms

of

perio

d to

be

air q

ualit

y.(A

HH

A, L

ocal

re

view

s in

he

atin

g.de

term

ined

.go

vern

men

t, In

dust

ry,

prog

ress

.PA

N, C

CW

A)

DA

E 1.

3Es

tabl

ish

a m

edia

ting

proc

ess

for t

he

Rep

ort,

bien

nial

Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

LG in

col

labo

ratio

nC

omm

ence

d R

epor

t com

plet

ed,

2005

*re

solu

tion

of d

omes

tic s

mok

e nu

isan

ce

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.w

ith D

EP20

00pr

ogra

m a

ndco

mpl

aint

s as

a c

ompo

nent

of t

he(A

HH

A, L

ocal

re

view

s in

pro

gres

s.an

nual

"Hal

t the

Haz

e" c

ampa

ign.

gove

rnm

ent)

DA

E 1.

4Ad

voca

te a

nd a

dopt

the

upgr

aded

R

egul

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e D

irect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01R

egul

atio

n 20

01Au

stra

lian

Stan

dard

s fo

r sol

id fu

el h

eate

r de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t)co

mpl

eted

.em

issi

ons

whe

n in

trodu

ced.

DA

E 1.

5Fi

nalis

e an

d ad

opt a

n in

dust

ry C

ode

of

Gui

delin

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n W

AMA,

DLG

& A

HH

A20

01G

uide

line

2002

Prac

tice

for t

he p

rope

r ins

talla

tion

of

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(L

ocal

gov

ernm

ent,

com

plet

ed.

woo

d he

ater

s.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.In

dust

ry)

DA

E 1.

6Im

plem

ent a

n ac

cred

ited

cour

se o

r C

ampa

ign,

revi

ew

Impr

ovem

ent t

oIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Cam

paig

n an

d 20

05 *

equi

vale

nt fo

r woo

d he

ater

inst

alle

rs a

s a

perio

d to

be

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(In

dust

ry, A

HH

A,

revi

ews

inm

eans

of i

ncre

asin

g in

dust

ry a

war

enes

s.de

term

ined

.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.Tr

aini

ng in

stitu

tes)

prog

ress

.

DA

E 1.

7R

ecom

men

d am

endm

ents

to c

urre

ntR

egul

atio

n.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n H

DW

A20

01R

egul

atio

n 20

01le

gisl

atio

n to

ens

ure

adeq

uate

pow

ers

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(L

ocal

gov

ernm

ent,

com

plet

ed.

are

give

n to

loca

l gov

ernm

ent o

ffice

rsW

AMA,

DLG

)to

dea

l with

dom

estic

sm

oke

nuis

ance

.

DA

E 1.

8En

hanc

e th

e aw

aren

ess

of w

ood

supp

liers

C

ampa

ign,

revi

ewBe

havi

our c

hang

e.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

men

ced

Cam

paig

n an

d 20

29 *

in th

e Pe

rth m

etro

polit

an re

gion

with

pe

riod

to b

e ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t,19

99re

view

s in

re

gard

to th

e ne

ed fo

r com

plia

nce

with

dete

rmin

ed.

AHH

A, O

oE)

prog

ress

.th

e En

viro

nmen

tal P

rote

ctio

n (F

irew

ood

Supp

ly) R

egul

atio

ns 1

998

(WA)

.

87December 2000


ode

Des

crip

tion

Out

put

Expe

cted

Ex

pect

ed im

pact

A

genc

y Ti

min

g-

Stat

us a

fter

Tim

ing-

ou

tcom

eon

air

qual

ityre

spon

sibl

eSt

art

5 ye

ars

End

(sup

port

age

ncy)

DA

E 2.

1In

trodu

ce a

tota

l ban

on

burn

ing

in a

ll R

egul

atio

n.Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Reg

ulat

ion

2002

urba

n re

side

ntia

l pro

perti

es in

the

Perth

sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, co

mpl

eted

.m

etro

polit

an re

gion

by

2001

, exc

ept f

or

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

FESA

, HD

WA,

haza

rd re

duct

ion

burn

ing,

thro

ugh

WAM

A)de

velo

pmen

t of a

ppro

pria

te le

gisl

atio

n.

DA

E 2.

2Pr

omot

e ef

fect

ive

gree

n w

aste

col

lect

ion

Cam

paig

n, re

view

Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

Loca

l 20

01C

ampa

ign

and

2029

*an

d re

proc

essi

ng s

ervi

ces

and

supp

ort a

pe

riod

to b

e sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

gove

rnm

ent

revi

ews

in

coor

dina

ted

appr

oach

by

all l

ocal

de

term

ined

.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.(W

AMA)

prog

ress

.go

vern

men

t aut

horit

ies

in P

erth

.

DA

E 3.

1Su

ppor

t the

enh

ance

men

t the

exi

stin

g Pr

ogra

m, R

epor

t, Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

OoE

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

, 20

05 *

volu

ntar

y pr

ogra

m to

pro

mot

e en

ergy

on

e re

view

at 5

sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, pr

ogra

m a

nd

effic

ienc

y in

bui

ldin

g de

sign

and

the

year

s.Su

ppor

ting

actio

nD

LG, D

EP, H

IA,

revi

ew in

pro

gres

s.co

nstru

ctio

n of

new

dw

ellin

gs, m

ajor

to

DAE

4.1

.M

BA)

reno

vatio

ns a

nd re

deve

lopm

ents

.

DA

E 3.

2Su

ppor

t the

est

ablis

hmen

t of m

inim

um

Reg

ulat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DLG

in c

olla

bora

tion

2001

Reg

ulat

ion

in

2005

*st

anda

rds

for e

nerg

y ef

ficie

ncy

for a

ll sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity

with

DEP

prog

ress

.ne

w h

ouse

s, m

ajor

reno

vatio

ns a

nd

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, re

deve

lopm

ents

by

the

adop

tion

of th

e O

oE)

stan

dard

s to

be

intro

duce

d in

to th

e Bu

ildin

g C

ode

of A

ustra

lia.

DA

E 3.

3Ad

voca

te th

e in

trodu

ctio

n of

ene

rgy

Reg

ulat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DLG

in c

olla

bora

tion

2001

Reg

ulat

ion

2005

effic

ienc

y st

anda

rds

into

the

Build

ing

syst

em.

air q

ualit

yw

ith D

EPco

mpl

eted

.C

ode

of A

ustra

lia.

(HIA

, OoE

, MBA

)

DA

E 4.

1Pr

ovid

e an

info

rmat

ion

pack

age

for

Info

rmat

ion

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Info

rmat

ion

2029

*co

nsum

ers

rega

rdin

g th

e po

llutio

n pa

ckag

e, b

ienn

ial

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(A

ustra

lian

Con

sum

ers

pack

age

pote

ntia

l of d

omes

tic p

rodu

cts.

revi

ew.

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

Asso

ciat

ion,

Indu

stry

)co

mpl

eted

, rev

iew

sin

pro

gres

s.

DA

E 4.

2In

vest

igat

e th

e fe

asib

ility

of d

evel

opin

g Pr

ogra

m &

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2002

Prog

ram

and

20

05 *

a ra

ting

sche

me

for d

omes

tic a

pplia

nces

re

port,

bie

nnia

lsy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(OoE

, Aus

tralia

n re

port

com

plet

ed,

and

recr

eatio

nal e

quip

men

t acc

ordi

ng to

re

view

.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.C

onsu

mer

s As

soci

atio

n,

revi

ews

in

rela

tive

impa

cts

on a

ir qu

ality

.In

dust

ry)

prog

ress

.

BEM

1.1

Impl

emen

t an

activ

e co

mm

unity

C

ampa

ign,

ann

ual

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Cam

paig

n an

d 20

29 *

educ

atio

n ca

mpa

ign

on b

urni

ng a

nd

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(C

ALM

, FES

A,

revi

ews

in

smok

e m

anag

emen

t.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t, pr

ogre

ss.

CC

WA,

PAN

)



Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

BEM

1.2

Dev

elop

and

dis

tribu

te a

n in

form

atio

n In

form

atio

n le

afle

t,Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n FE

SAin

col

labo

ratio

n20

01Le

afle

t com

plet

ed,

2029

*le

afle

t to

be a

ttach

ed to

all

burn

ing

annu

al re

view

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

with

DEP

revi

ews

in

perm

its.

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

(CAL

M, B

oM,

prog

ress

.Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t)

BEM

1.3

Dev

elop

info

rmat

ion

on p

lann

ed

Info

rmat

ion

pack

age

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

FESA

2001

Info

rmat

ion

2029

*bu

rnin

g an

d sm

oke

man

agem

ent

and

advi

ce, a

nnua

lsy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(DEP

, CAL

M, B

oM,

pack

age

com

plet

ed,

activ

ities

to b

e in

clud

ed in

loca

l re

view

.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t)re

view

s in

go

vern

men

t inf

orm

atio

n se

rvic

es.

prog

ress

.

BEM

2.1

Incl

ude

air q

ualit

y in

form

atio

n in

G

uide

line,

trai

ning

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

FESA

Com

men

ced

Gui

delin

e an

d 20

00FE

SA/C

ALM

trai

ning

pro

gram

and

pr

ogra

m.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, C

ALM

, BoM

, 19

99tra

inin

g pr

ogra

m

guid

elin

es.

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

Loca

l gov

ernm

ent)

com

plet

ed.

BEM

2.2

Incl

ude

air q

ualit

y in

form

atio

n in

FES

AW

orks

hop,

ann

ual

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

FESA

Com

men

ced

Wor

ksho

p an

d 20

29 *

and

CAL

M ru

n tra

inin

g w

orks

hops

.re

view

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(CAL

M, D

EP, B

oM,

2000

revi

ews

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

Loca

l gov

ernm

ent)

in p

rogr

ess.

BEM

2.3

Dev

elop

env

ironm

enta

l cod

es o

f pra

ctic

e G

uide

line.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2002

Gui

delin

e 20

03fo

r use

of f

ire in

hor

ticul

tura

l and

sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, co

mpl

eted

.ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

es w

ithin

the

Perth

Be

havi

our c

hang

e.FE

SA)

met

ropo

litan

regi

on.

BEM

3.1

Req

uire

regu

latio

n of

bur

ning

thro

ugho

ut

Reg

ulat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o D

irect

impa

ct o

n D

LG &

WAM

AC

omm

ence

d R

egul

atio

n20

29 *

the

year

in a

reas

with

in a

nd s

urro

undi

ng

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(F

ESA)

2000

com

plet

ed.

the

Perth

met

ropo

litan

regi

on.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

deci

sion

mak

ing.

BEM

3.2

Reg

ulat

e th

e us

e of

fire

on

deve

lopm

ent

Impr

ovem

ent t

o Ba

sis

for f

utur

e D

irect

impa

ct o

n D

EPC

omm

ence

d R

egul

atio

n 20

00si

tes

with

in th

e Pe

rth m

etro

polit

an re

gion

.sy

stem

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, 20

00co

mpl

eted

.FE

SA, W

AMA,

Bu

ildin

g in

dust

ry)

BEM

3.3

Prom

ote

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f Pr

ogra

m, r

epor

ts.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o D

irect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

Land

ow

ners

Com

men

ced

Rep

orts

2005

*en

viro

nmen

tal m

anag

emen

t pla

ns to

sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, 20

00co

mpl

eted

, in

corp

orat

e fir

e ha

zard

redu

ctio

n Ba

sis

for f

utur

e C

ALM

, FES

A,

prog

ram

in

stra

tegi

es fo

r reg

iona

lly a

nd lo

cally

de

cisi

on m

akin

g.Bu

shla

nd C

onse

rvat

ion

prog

ress

.si

gnifi

cant

bus

hlan

d in

the

Perth

G

roup

s)m

etro

polit

an re

gion

.

BEM

4.1

Supp

ort t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f haz

ard

Rep

ort.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

FESA

in c

olla

bora

tion

2001

Rep

ort

2002

redu

ctio

n po

licie

s fo

r ado

ptio

n by

loca

l sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

with

DEP

com

plet

ed.

gove

rnm

ent t

o en

cour

age

cons

iste

ncy

in

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, sm

oke

man

agem

ent.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

CAL

M)

89December 2000


ode

Des

crip

tion

Out

put

Expe

cted

Ex

pect

ed im

pact

A

genc

y Ti

min

g-

Stat

us a

fter

Tim

ing-

ou

tcom

eon

air

qual

ityre

spon

sibl

eSt

art

5 ye

ars

End

(sup

port

age

ncy)

BEM

4.2

Supp

ort t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f con

sist

ent

Rep

ort,

revi

ew

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

FESA

in c

olla

bora

tion

Com

men

ced

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

, 20

05 *

appr

oach

es a

nd p

roce

dure

s fo

r sm

oke

perio

d to

be

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.w

ith D

EP20

00re

view

s in

m

anag

emen

t in

all b

urni

ng a

ctiv

ities

.de

term

ined

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e (L

ocal

gov

ernm

ent,

prog

ress

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.C

ALM

)

BEM

4.3

Supp

ort t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f a u

nifo

rm

Tria

l, re

port,

Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

FESA

in c

olla

bora

tion

2001

Tria

l and

repo

rt 20

02ap

proa

ch to

the

asse

ssm

ent o

f sm

oke

prog

ram

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

with

DEP

com

plet

ed, p

rogr

amm

anag

emen

t con

ditio

ns u

sed

to is

sue

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

(Loc

al g

over

nmen

t, in

pro

gres

s.bu

rnin

g pe

rmits

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.C

ALM

)

BEM

4.4

Esta

blis

h a

wor

king

gro

up to

rais

e Pr

ogra

m, a

nnua

lIm

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01Pr

ogra

m a

nd

2029

*aw

aren

ess

amon

gst a

genc

ies

rega

rdin

g re

view

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(CAL

M, F

ESA,

Loc

al

revi

ews

in

smok

e m

anag

emen

t iss

ues.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

gove

rnm

ent,

Bush

pr

ogre

ss.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

Fire

s Se

rvic

e)

BEM

4.5

Incl

ude

broa

der l

ocal

gov

ernm

ent

Prog

ram

.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

FESA

Com

men

ced

Prog

ram

in

2029

*re

pres

enta

tion

in th

e Sm

oke

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(C

ALM

, BoM

, 19

99pr

ogre

ss.

Man

agem

ent L

iais

on G

roup

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e W

AMA)

deci

sion

mak

ing.

BEM

4.6

Und

erta

ke s

tudi

es o

n w

eath

er a

nd

Air q

ualit

y Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n C

ALM

& B

oM20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed,

2005

*sm

oke

mod

ellin

g to

impr

ove

burn

m

odel

ling

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, F

ESA)

annu

al re

view

sde

cisi

on p

roce

sses

.im

prov

emen

t &

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

in p

rogr

ess.

repo

rt, a

nnua

l de

cisi

on m

akin

g.re

view

.

BEM

5.1

Rev

iew

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

the

exis

ting

Rep

ort,

annu

alBa

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

BoM

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

,20

29 *

CAL

M, D

EP, F

ESA

& Bo

M in

ter-a

genc

y re

view

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(DEP

, CAL

M, F

ESA)

revi

ews

in

agre

emen

t.pr

ogre

ss.

BEM

5.2

Con

tinue

to p

rom

ote

and

revi

ew ri

sk

Rep

ort,

revi

ewIm

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed,

2029

*as

sess

men

t of b

ush

fire

impa

cts,

taki

ng

perio

d to

be

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(C

ALM

, FES

A)re

view

s in

in

to a

ccou

nt a

ir qu

ality

and

oth

er

dete

rmin

ed.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

prog

ress

.en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

cts.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

IEM

1.1

Dev

elop

a s

erie

s of

em

issi

ons

Gui

delin

e, re

view

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Gui

delin

e 20

05 *

man

agem

ent g

uide

lines

in c

onsu

ltatio

n pe

riod

to b

e sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Rel

evan

t ind

ustry

co

mpl

eted

, w

ith re

leva

nt in

dust

ry s

ecto

rs to

be

used

de

term

ined

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e re

pres

enta

tives

)re

view

s in

jo

intly

by

the

DEP

and

indu

stry

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.pr

ogre

ss.

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.



Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

IEM

2.1

Esta

blis

h th

e im

pact

of t

he K

win

ana

Rep

orts

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Rep

orts

com

plet

ed.

2003

Pow

er S

tatio

n an

d ot

her k

ey N

Ox

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(W

este

rn P

ower

, em

itter

s on

air

qual

ity in

the

Perth

R

elev

ant i

ndus

tries

)ai

rshe

d.

IEM

2.2

Esta

blis

h th

e m

ost c

ost e

ffect

ive

Rep

orts

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2002

Rep

orts

com

plet

ed.

2003

emis

sion

redu

ctio

n op

tions

for t

he

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(In

dust

ry)

Kwin

ana

Pow

er S

tatio

n an

d ot

her k

ey

NO

xem

itter

s, p

endi

ng c

oncl

usio

ns o

f th

e up

date

d in

vent

ory,

and

inve

stig

atio

n of

the

impa

ct o

f NO

xem

itter

s on

air

qual

ity in

the

Perth

airs

hed.

IEM

2.3

Impl

emen

t app

ropr

iate

act

ion

plan

s to

R

epor

ts.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2003

Rep

orts

in

2010

*ad

dres

s si

gnifi

cant

indu

stria

l sou

rces

de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(Indu

stry

)pr

epar

atio

n.of

NO

xin

Per

th.

IEM

3.1

Appl

y em

issi

on g

uide

lines

for f

utur

e G

uide

line,

5

Impr

ovem

ent t

oIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

plet

ed

Gui

delin

e 20

29 *

pow

er g

ener

atio

n in

the

Perth

airs

hed.

year

ly re

view

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(MfP

, PAN

)20

00co

mpl

eted

, Ba

sis

for f

utur

eon

goin

g ap

plic

atio

nde

cisi

on m

akin

g.an

d re

view

s in

pr

ogre

ss.

IEM

3.2

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a p

ositi

on

Polic

y.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

02Po

licy

com

plet

ed,

2002

pape

r and

pol

icy

on c

ogen

erat

ion

and

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(O

oE, P

ower

im

plem

enta

tion

its im

plic

atio

ns fo

r the

Per

th a

irshe

d.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e ge

nera

ting

indu

stry

, on

goin

g.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.EP

A, P

AN)

IEM

4.1

Enco

urag

e co

ntin

uous

impr

ovem

ent i

n Pr

ogra

m, r

evie

w

Impr

ovem

ent t

o D

irect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01

Prog

ram

and

20

29 *

RO

C c

ontro

l mea

sure

s fo

r RO

C

perio

d to

be

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(In

dust

ry)

revi

ews

in

emitt

ers

in K

win

ana.

dete

rmin

ed.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

prog

ress

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.

IEM

4.2

Iden

tify

the

othe

r maj

or e

mitt

ers

of

Inve

ntor

y.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP20

01In

vent

ory

2002

RO

Cs

in th

e Pe

rth a

irshe

d.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Indu

stry

)co

mpl

eted

.Su

ppor

ting

actio

n to

IE

M 4

.3 a

nd IE

M 4

.4.

IEM

4.3

Wor

k w

ith in

dust

ry to

iden

tify

and

Rep

orts

, rev

iew

Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

& In

dust

ry20

02R

epor

ts c

ompl

eted

,20

29 *

anal

yse

the

cost

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

pe

riod

to b

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

revi

ews

in

optio

ns fo

r RO

C m

anag

emen

t.de

term

ined

.pr

ogre

ss.

91December 2000


ode

Des

crip

tion

Out

put

Expe

cted

Ex

pect

ed im

pact

A

genc

y Ti

min

g-

Stat

us a

fter

Tim

ing-

ou

tcom

eon

air

qual

ityre

spon

sibl

eSt

art

5 ye

ars

End

(sup

port

age

ncy)

IEM

4.4

Wor

k w

ith in

dust

ry to

dev

elop

and

Pr

ogra

m, r

evie

w

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

& In

dust

ry20

02Pr

ogra

m a

nd

2029

*im

plem

ent c

ost-e

ffect

ive

emis

sion

pe

riod

to b

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

revi

ews

in

man

agem

ent p

lans

for i

ndus

trial

RO

C

dete

rmin

ed.

prog

ress

.em

issi

ons.

IEM

5.1

Amen

d th

e En

viro

nmen

tal P

rote

ctio

nR

egul

atio

n.Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

Com

men

ced

Reg

ulat

ion

in

2000

Act 1

986

to in

clud

e th

e pr

inci

ple

of

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(In

dust

ry)

1999

prog

ress

.w

aste

min

imis

atio

n.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.

IEM

5.2

Enco

urag

e th

e in

dust

rial u

se o

f sol

ar

Prog

ram

, rev

iew

Im

prov

emen

t to

Dire

ct im

pact

on

OoE

Com

men

ced

Prog

ram

and

20

29 *

and

win

d po

wer

in th

e Pe

rth m

etro

polit

an

perio

d to

be

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(D

EP, P

ower

20

00re

view

s in

re

gion

.de

term

ined

.Be

havi

our c

hang

e.ge

nera

ting

indu

stry

, pr

ogre

ss.

EPA,

CC

WA,

PAN

)

IEM

5.3

Dev

elop

a d

iscu

ssio

n pa

per o

n th

e ra

nge

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

EP20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2003

of fi

nanc

ial a

nd e

cono

mic

mec

hani

sms

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(In

dust

ry, T

reas

ury)

avai

labl

e fo

r ind

ustri

al e

mis

sion

con

trol.

IEM

5.4

Prom

ote

the

awar

enes

s of

indu

stry

Aw

ards

.Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

inde

pend

ent

2005

Com

men

ced

2007

achi

evem

ents

in a

tmos

pher

ic e

mis

sion

sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

spon

sor

actio

n.re

duct

ions

thro

ugh

Ôgre

en in

dust

ryÕ

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

(Indu

stry

, CC

IWA)

awar

ds.

CIE

1.1

Rev

iew

exi

stin

g ai

r qua

lity

com

mun

ity

Rev

iew

and

Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Rev

iew

and

20

02ed

ucat

ion

prog

ram

s.R

epor

t.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.ai

r qua

lity.

(CC

WA,

Indu

stry

, re

port

com

plet

ed.

Supp

ort a

ctio

n to

re

leve

nt g

over

nmen

t C

IE 1

.2.

agen

cies

, Loc

al

gove

rnm

ent,

PAN

)

CIE

1.2

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a C

omm

unity

Pr

ogra

m, r

evie

w

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

, 20

29 *

Educ

atio

n St

rate

gy.

annu

ally.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(C

CW

A, In

dust

ry,

revi

ews

in

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

rele

vent

gov

ernm

ent

prog

ress

.Su

ppor

ting

actio

n to

ag

enci

es, L

ocal

al

l CIE

act

ions

.go

vern

men

t, PA

N)

CIE

2.1

Iden

tify

and

enco

urag

e th

e us

e of

trav

el

Cam

paig

n,

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

Tran

spor

t & D

EPC

omm

ence

d C

ampa

ign

and

2010

*al

tern

ativ

es w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity.

annu

al re

view

.sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(MR

WA,

MfP

, 19

99re

view

s in

Be

havi

our c

hang

e.Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t, pr

ogre

ss.

CC

WA,

PAN

)

CIE

2.2

Initi

ate

an e

duca

tion

cam

paig

n fo

cuss

ing

Cam

paig

n,

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DEP

& R

ACW

A20

03C

ampa

ign

and

2010

*on

veh

icle

mai

nten

ance

.an

nual

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.(T

rans

port)

revi

ews

in

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

prog

ress

.



Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed

Expe

cted

impa

ct

Age

ncy

Tim

ing-

St

atus

afte

rTi

min

g-

outc

ome

on a

ir qu

ality

resp

onsi

ble

Star

t5

year

sEn

d(s

uppo

rt a

genc

y)

CIE

2.3

Esta

blis

h lin

ks b

etw

een

exis

ting

Info

rmat

ion

cent

re,

Impr

ovem

ent t

o In

dire

ct im

pact

on

Tran

spor

t in

2001

Info

rmat

ion

cent

re20

29 *

info

rmat

ion

cent

res

and

web

site

s fo

r an

nual

revi

ew.

syst

em.

air q

ualit

y.co

llabo

ratio

n w

ith

esta

blis

hed,

pu

blic

dis

sem

inat

ion

of in

form

atio

n Be

havi

our c

hang

e.D

EP, C

CW

Aan

d re

view

s in

re

gard

ing

vario

us a

ir qu

ality

issu

es,

OoE

prog

ress

.tra

nspo

rt m

odes

, pro

gram

s an

d ac

tions

.(M

RW

A, M

TA, P

AN)

CIE

2.4

Advi

se th

e co

mm

unity

of t

he ri

sk to

C

ampa

ign,

5

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

Tran

spor

t20

03C

ampa

ign

and

2005

*dr

iver

s an

d pa

ssen

gers

from

exh

aust

ye

arly

revi

ew.

air q

ualit

y.(R

ACW

A, H

DW

A)re

view

s in

em

issi

ons.

prog

ress

.

CIE

3.1

Educ

ate

the

com

mun

ity o

n co

rrect

C

ampa

ign

and

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EPC

ampa

ign

Cam

paig

n an

d 20

01w

ood

heat

er o

pera

tion

and

initi

al re

view

in

air q

ualit

y.(A

HH

A, L

ocal

co

mpl

eted

.re

view

com

plet

ed.

mai

nten

ance

.20

01.

gove

rnm

ent,

CC

WA,

C

omm

ence

PA

N)

revi

ew 2

001.

CIE

3.2

Con

tinue

to in

form

and

adv

ise

the

Cam

paig

n, re

view

Be

havi

our c

hang

e.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

OoE

Com

men

ced

Cam

paig

n an

d 20

10 *

com

mun

ity o

f the

ben

efits

of a

ltern

ativ

e pe

riod

to b

e ai

r qua

lity

(Alin

ta G

as, W

este

rnre

view

s in

he

atin

g op

tions

.de

term

ined

.Po

wer

, DEP

, Hea

ting

prog

ress

.in

dust

ry, C

CW

A, P

AN)

CIE

4.1

Dev

elop

an

indo

or a

ir qu

ality

Pr

ogra

m &

Im

prov

emen

t to

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

n D

EP&

HD

WA

2001

Rep

ort c

ompl

eted

, 20

10 *

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m.

Rep

ort,

trien

nial

sy

stem

.ai

r qua

lity.

(Uni

vers

ities

, DLG

)pr

ogra

m a

nd

revi

ew.

Beha

viou

r cha

nge.

revi

ews

in p

rogr

ess.

CIE

5.1

Rev

iew

cur

rent

cur

ricul

um m

ater

ials

R

epor

t.Ba

sis

for f

utur

e In

dire

ct im

pact

on

EDW

Aan

d D

EP20

01R

epor

t com

plet

ed.

2002

and

advi

se o

n ho

w a

ir qu

ality

issu

es

deci

sion

mak

ing.

air q

ualit

y.(C

urric

ulum

Cou

ncil,

ca

n be

tter b

e in

clud

ed.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o C

CW

A, In

dust

ry,

syst

em.

rele

vent

gov

ernm

ent

agen

cies

, PAN

)

PerthAir Quality Management Plan

AppendicesPart 4


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

95December 2000

The following information draws heavily from thefollowing sources:

• Australian Fire Authorities Council (1996)Glossary of Rural Fire Terminology. MountWaverley, Victoria.

• Environment Protection Authority (1997) AirQuality Management Plan: taking stock, Port PhillipRegion. Publication 535, Government of Victoria.

• Department of Environment (1998) Draft Strategyfor managing air quality in south-east Queensland.Government of Queensland.

• Environmental Protection Authority(Unpublished) Glossary (Definition and Terms).EPA Server Disk, Government of WesternAustralia.

• United States Environmental ProtectionAuthority, Air and Radiation Division. (Internet:-http://www.epa.gov/reg5oair/enforce/r5airtm2.htm;Last modified:- August 7, 1996)

• United States Environmental ProtectionAuthority, Air Quality Planning and StandardsTTN (Internet:-http://www.epa.gov/ttnuatw1/hapsec1.html Last modified:- November 24, 1998)

Absorption Barrier Any of the exchange barriers ofthe body that allow differential diffusion of varioussubstances across a boundary. Examples of absorptionbarriers are the skin, lung tissue, and gastrointestinaltract wall.

Acute Exposure A single exposure to a toxicsubstance which results in severe biological harm ordeath. Acute exposures are usually characterised aslasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer,continuing exposure over a period of time.

Add-on Control Device An air pollution controldevice, such as a carbon absorber or incinerator thatreduces the pollution in an exhaust gas. The controldevice usually does not affect the process beingcontrolled, and thus is "add-on" technology, asopposed to a scheme to control pollution throughaltering the basic process itself.

Aerosol A suspension of particles, other than wateror ice, in the atmosphere and ranging in size fromapproximately 10-3 micrometres (µm) to larger than10 µm in radius; may be either natural or caused byhuman activity and most of the latter are usuallyconsidered to be pollutants.

Air Emissions Inventory A detailed listing of theamount of emissions to the atmosphere by type andsource over time and space; used to establishemission standards. An air emissions inventory wasprepared for the Perth metropolitan region in 1992,and subsequently updated in 1999.

Air Pollutant Any substance in air that could, inhigh enough concentration, harm humans, otheranimals, vegetation, or material. Pollutants mayinclude almost any natural or artificial compositionof airborne matter capable of being airborne. Theymay be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets,gases, or in a combination thereof. Generally, theyfall into two main groups: (1) those emitted directlyfrom identifiable sources, and (2) those produced inthe air by interaction between two or more primarypollutants, or by reaction with normal atmosphericconstituents, with or without photo activation.Exclusive of pollen, fog, and dust, which are ofnatural origin, about 100 contaminants have beenidentified and fall into the following categories:solids, sulfur compounds, volatile organic chemicals,nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, halogencompounds, radioactive compounds, and odours.

Air Pollution The presence of contaminant orpollutant substances in the air that do not disperseand accordingly cause interference with humanhealth or welfare, or produce other harmfulenvironmental effects.

Air Quality The condition of the air we breathe,compared to measured acceptable guidelines (egWorld Health Organisation guidelines).

Air Toxics A number of airborne compounds whichmay have adverse effects on human health evenwhen they are present in very small amounts - theyinclude compounds such as benzene, formaldehydeand 1,3-butadiene.

Airshed A body of air bounded by topography andmeteorology in which a contaminant, once emitted,is contained. The Perth airshed is defined as the areacontained within the Perth metropolitan region.

Alternative Fuels Substitutes for traditional liquid,oil-derived motor vehicle fuels such as gasoline anddiesel. Examples include methanol, ethanol, andcompressed natural gas.

Alternative Technology An approach that aims touse resources efficiently or to substitute resources inorder to do minimum damage to the environment.This approach permits a large degree of personal usercontrol over the technology.

Appendix 1

Glossary of terms


Ambient Air Pollution Guideline A level to whichatmospheric concentrations of a substance should bereduced to avoid undesirable effects on humanhealth, well-being and/or vegetation; guidelines aregenerally regarded as advisory rather than mandatoryrequirements.

Ambient Air The surrounding outside air at aspecified place. For example, this could relate to theoutside air of Perth as a whole, a municipality, asuburb or a street.

Area Source Emission Any small source of airpollution that is released over a relatively small areabut which cannot be classified as a point source. Suchsources may include vehicles and other small engines,small businesses and household activities (see: PointSource Emission).

Background Level In air pollution control, theconcentration of air pollutants in a definite areaduring a fixed period of time prior to the starting upor on the stoppage of a source of emission undercontrol. In toxic substances monitoring, the averagepresence in the environment, originally referring tonaturally occurring phenomena (see: PrevalentLevels).

‘Backyard’ burning All burning on urban residentialproperties except the use of planned fire for theremoval of ground fuels aimed at reducing bush firehazards.

Balanced Transport Concepts Achievement of abetter balance of transport modes by the replacementof driver-only trips with car passenger, publictransport, cycling and walking trips and by tele-access(Transport, 1995).

Best Available Control Measures (BACM) A termused to refer to the most effective measures forcontrolling small or dispersed particles from sourcessuch as roadway dust, soot and ash from wood stovesand open burning of bush, timber, grasslands, or trash.

Best Available Control Technology (BACT)Emission controls or production methods, techniques,processes, or practices which are capable of achievinga very high degree of reduction in the emission ofwastes from a particular source. Financial andeconomic considerations are excluded from thisconcept.

Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)A term introduced by the Royal Commission onEnvironmental Pollution in its Fifth Report (1976) inorder to take account of the total pollution from anenterprise or activity and the technical possibilities ofdealing with it; possibly a successor to BestPracticable Means, which was primarily concernedwith emissions to air. Apart from dealing with allpollutants, BPEO was to take into account the risk ofpollutants transferring from one medium to another.

Best Practicable Means (BPM) A commonly usedapproach to pollution control requirements fromindustrial and other premises. The word 'practicable'is taken to mean 'reasonably practicable' havingregard, among other things, to the state oftechnology, to local conditions and circumstancesand to the financial implications. The concept ismuch easier to apply than the Air Quality Standardsapproach.

Best Practice A comprehensive, integrated and co-operative approach to the continuous improvementof all facets of an organisation’s operations. It is theway leading edge companies manage theirorganisations to deliver world class standards ofperformance.

Groups of “best practice” characteristics:

• Leadership/Vision - shared vision and strategicplan, commitment and leadership of the ChiefExecutive Officer;

• Industrial Relations Reform - co-operativeindustrial relations;

• Focus on People Issues - commitment tocontinuous improvement and learning, innovativehuman resource management, integration ofenvironmental management practices;

• Work Organisation - flatter organisationalstructures, pursuit of innovation in technology,processes and procedures;

• External Links - focus on customers, close relationswith suppliers, development of networks; and

• Benchmarking - development of performancemeasurement systems and benchmarking.

Best Practice Environmental Licence (BPEL)Category of licence issued by the Department ofEnvironmental Protection under provisions of theEnvironmental Protection Act 1986. The Departmentof Environmental Protection’s working definition ofbest practice in environmental management isdescribed in terms of meeting a series of criteriawhich encompass:

• the development of an environmental policy;

• environmental objectives;

• an environmental management plan andimplementation program;

• preparation of a monitoring program;

• benchmarking environmental performance;

• community involvement and reporting; and

• regular audits to evaluate environmentalperformance.

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

97December 2000

This essentially embraces the principles of theInternational Standard ISO14000 series in thedevelopment of effective EnvironmentalManagement Systems (EMS) for the industrial andbusiness sector.

Best Practice Environmental Management (BPEM)Management of an activity to achieve a continuingminimisation of the activity’s environmental harmthrough cost-effective measures assessed against themeasure currently used nationally or internationallyfor the activity.

Bioaccumulants Substances that increase inconcentration in living organisms as they take incontaminated air, water, or food because thesubstances are very slowly metabolised or excreted.

Biologically Effective Dose The amount of adeposited or absorbed chemical that reaches the cellsor target site where an adverse effect occurs, or wherethat chemical interacts with a membrane surface.

Biosphere The portion of Earth and its atmospherethat can support life.

Burn Plan The plan which is approved for theconduct of prescribed burning. It contains a mapidentifying the area to be burnt and incorporates thespecifications and conditions under which theoperation is to be conducted.

Burning Program All the prescribed burns scheduledfor a designated area over a nominated period of time.

Burning Rotation The period between re-burning ofa designated area over a nominated period of time.

Burning Unit A specified land area for whichprescribed burning is planned.

Bush Includes trees, bushes, plants, stubble, scrub,and undergrowth of all kinds whatsoever whetheralive or dead and whether standing or not standingand also a part of a tree, bush, plant, or undergrowth,and whether severed there from or not so severed.The term does not include sawdust, and other wastetimber resulting from the sawmilling of timber in asawmill whilst the sawdust and other waste timberremains upon the premises of the sawmill in whichthe sawmilling is carried on (Bush Fires Act 1954).

Bushfire A fire or potential fire, however caused, andincludes a fire in a building (Bush Fires Act 1954).

By-product Material, other than the principalproduct, generated as a consequence of an industrialprocess.

Carcinogen Any substance that can cause oraggravate cancer.

Catalyst A substance that changes the speed or yieldof a chemical reaction without being consumed orchemically changed by the chemical reaction.

Catalytic Converter An air pollution abatementdevice that removes pollutants from motor vehicleexhaust, either by oxidising them into carbon dioxideand water or reducing them to nitrogen and oxygen.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) A family of inert, non-toxic, and easily liquefied chemicals used inrefrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation,or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because CFCsare not destroyed in the lower atmosphere they driftinto the upper atmosphere where their chlorinecomponents destroy ozone.

Clean Fuels Blends or substitutes for gasoline fuels,including compressed natural gas, methanol, ethanol,liquefied petroleum gas, and others.

Cleaner Production Cleaner production focuses onthe reduction of waste throughout the life cycle of amanufactured article, it is based on practices andtechnologies which minimise waste generation andenergy design, cleaner technologies, processes andpractices that minimise waste. The CommonwealthEPA has set up a program to demonstrate cleanerproduction processes.

Co-generation A means of simultaneously generatingheat and electric power from the same energy source.The primary energy used to drive the co-generationplant is most commonly natural gas, but otherrenewable energy sources such as biogas, sewage gasand landfill gas have been used elsewhere

Combustion (1) Consumption of fuels by oxidation,accompanied by release of energy in the form of heatand light. A basic cause of air pollution. (2) Refers tocontrolled burning of waste in which heat chemicallyalters organic compounds, converting them intostable inorganics such as carbon dioxide and water.

Contaminant Any physical, chemical, biological, orradiological substance or matter that has an adverseaffect on air, water, or soil.

Contamination Introduction into water, air and soilof micro-organisms, chemicals, toxic substances,wastes or wastewater in a concentration that makesthe medium unfit for its next intended use. Alsoapplies to surfaces of objects and buildings andvarious household and agricultural use products.

Continuous Sample A flow of air from a particularplace in a processor or manufacturing plant to thelocation where samples are collected for testing; maybe used to obtain grab or composite samples.

Cost/Benefit Analysis A quantitative evaluation ofthe costs which would be incurred versus the overallbenefits to society of a proposed action such as theestablishment of an acceptable dose of a toxicchemical.


Criteria Descriptive factors taken into account whensetting standards for various pollutants. These factorsare used to determine limits on allowableconcentration levels, and to limit the number ofviolations per year.

Cumulative Exposure The summation of exposuresof an organism to a chemical over a period of time.

Dose The amount of a substance available forinteraction with metabolic processes or biologicallysignificant receptors after crossing the outer boundaryof an organism. The potential dose is the amountingested, inhaled, or applied to the skin. The applieddose is the amount of a substance presented to anabsorption barrier and available for absorption(although not necessarily having yet crossed theouter boundary of the organism). The absorbed doseis the amount crossing a specific absorption barrier(eg: the exchange boundaries of skin, lung, anddigestive tract) through uptake processes. Internaldose is a more general term denoting the amountabsorbed without respect to specific absorptionbarriers or exchange boundaries. The amount of thechemical available for interaction by any particularorgan or cell is termed the deliverable dose for thatorgan or cell.

Dose-response Curve A graphical representation ofthe quantitative relationship between theadministered, applied or internal dose of a chemicalor agent, and a specific biological response to thatchemical or agent.

Ecosystem The interacting system of a biologicalcommunity and its non-living environmentalsurroundings.

Emission Factor The relationship between theamount of pollution produced and the amount of rawmaterial processed.

Emission Standard The maximum amount of airpolluting discharge legally allowed from a singlesource, mobile or stationary.

Emissions Gases, particles or liquids being releasedinto the environment by either natural or humanmeans. Some emissions are of concern to human orenvironmental health or both, such as NO2, PM2.5,and SO2.

Emissions Trading The creation of surplus emissionreductions at certain stacks, vents or similaremissions sources and the use of this surplus to meetor redefine pollution requirements applicable to otheremission sources. This allows one source to increaseemissions when another source reduces them,maintaining an overall constant emission level.Facilities that reduce emissions substantially may"bank" their "credits" or sell them to other industries.

Environment The sum of all external conditionsaffecting the life, development and survival of anorganism.

Environmental Audit An independent assessment ofthe current status of a party's compliance withapplicable environmental requirements or of a party'senvironmental compliance policies, practices andcontrols.

Environmental Exposure Human exposure topollutants originating from facility emissions.Threshold levels are not necessarily surpassed, butlow level chronic pollutant exposure is one of themost common forms of environmental exposure (See:Threshold Level).

Environmental Indicators (1) A physical, chemical,biological or solid-economic measure that can beused to assess natural resources and environmentalquality. (2) A measurement, statistic or value thatprovides a proximate gauge or evidence of the effectsof environmental management.

Environmental Management The efficientadministration of environmental policies andstandards. It involves the identification of objectives,the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures, theprotection of ecosystems, the enhancement of thequality of life for those affected and the minimisationof environmental costs.

Environmental Planning The identification ofdesirable objectives for the physical environment,including social and economic objectives, and thecreation of administrative procedures and programsto meet those objectives. Matters embraced include:city and regional planning; land use; transport;employment; health; growth centres and towns;population and national settlement policies; locationproblems; industrial and urban development;national, regional, and local environmental policies;planning permission and development consentprocedures; zoning ordinances and developmentcontrols; subdivision regulations; building codes;housing standards; urban renewal; communitydevelopment programs; welfare policies; living-resource conservation; landscape conservation;heritage conservation; wilderness, national andmarine parks; pollution-control strategies;environmental impact statements and assessments;public hearings and inquiries; appeal mechanisms andprocedures; and the application of internationalconventions and agreements.

Epidemiology Study of the distribution of disease, orother health-related states and events in humanpopulations as related to age, sex, occupation, ethnicand economic status in order to identify and alleviatehealth problems and promote better health.

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Air QualityPerth

Episode (Pollution) An air pollution incident in agiven area caused by a concentration of atmosphericpollutants under meteorological conditions that mayresult in a significant increase in illnesses or deaths.May also describe water pollution events or hazardousmaterial spills.

Exposure Assessment Identifying the pathways bywhich toxicants may reach individuals, estimatinghow much of a chemical an individual is likely to beexposed to and estimating the number likely to beexposed.

Exposure Indicator A characteristic of theenvironment measured to provide evidence of theoccurrence or magnitude of a response indicator'sexposure to a chemical or biological stress.

Exposure Level The amount (concentration) of achemical at the absorptive surfaces of an organism.

Exposure Scenario A set of facts, assumptions andinferences about how exposure takes place that aidsthe exposure assessor in evaluating estimating, orquantifying exposures.

Exposure The amount of radiation or pollutantpresent in a given environment that represents apotential health threat to living organisms.

Fire Hazard Any fuel that, if ignited, may be difficultto extinguish.

Fire Intensity The rate of energy release per unitlength of fire front. Intensity (I, in kW/m/hr) iscalculated by I = ROS x FW x 0.5, where ROS =forward rate of spread of the fire in metres per hour,and FW = fuel weight in tonnes per hectare.

Fire Management All activities associated with themanagement of fire-prone land, including the use offire to meet land management goals and objectives.

Fire Regime The history of fire in a particularvegetation type or area including the frequency,intensity and season of burning. It may also includeproposals for the use of fire in a given area.

Fixed-location Monitoring Sampling of anenvironmental or ambient medium for pollutantconcentration at one location continuously orrepeatedly over some length of time.

Fluorocarbons (FCs) Any of a number of organiccompounds analogous to hydrocarbons in which oneor more hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine.Once used in the United States as a propellant fordomestic aerosols, they are now found mainly incoolants and some industrial processes. FCscontaining chlorine are called chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs). They are believed to be modifying the ozonelayer in the stratosphere, thereby allowing moreharmful solar radiation to reach the Earth's surface.

Fly Ash Non-combustible residual particles expelledby flue gas.

Fossil Fuel Fuel derived from ancient organicremains, eg. peat, coal, crude oil, and natural gas.

Fuel Load The oven dry weight of fuel per unit area.Commonly expressed as tonnes per hectare.

Fugitive Emissions Substances that escape to airfrom a source not associated with a specific processbut scattered throughout the plant, eg. leaks fromequipment, dust blown from stockpiles.

Geographic Information System (GIS) A computersystem designed for storing, manipulating, analysingand displaying data in a geographic context.

Greenhouse Effect A term used to describe the roleof atmospheric trace gases - water vapour, carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone, in-keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would beotherwise.

Guidelines Non-regulatory principles and proceduresto set basic requirements for general limits ofacceptability for assessments.

Hazardous Substance Any material that poses athreat to human health and/or the environment.Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive,ignitable, explosive or chemically reactive.

Haze The term used to describe the presence of verysmall airborne particles in concentrations largeenough to impede vision. Particles in the size rangeof 0.1 to 0.5 microns are principally responsible forthe scattering of light. Their size and typical densityallows them to remain suspended in the air despitethe influence of gravity.

High Risk Community A community located withinthe vicinity of numerous sites or facilities or otherpotential sources of environmental exposure/healthhazards which may result in high levels of exposureto contaminants or pollutants. In determining risk orpotential risk, factors such as the total weight oftoxic contaminants, toxicity, routes of exposure andother factors may be used.

Hydrocarbons (HC) Chemical compounds thatconsist entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrogen Sulfide (HS) Gas emitted during organicdecomposition. Also a by-product of oil refining andburning. Smells like rotten eggs and, in heavyconcentration, can kill or cause illness.

Incineration A treatment technology involvingdestruction of waste by controlled burning at hightemperatures, eg. burning sludge to remove the waterand reduce the remaining residues to a safe, non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely on land,in some waters, or in underground locations.

99December 2000


Indicator (1) In biology, an organism, species, orcommunity whose characteristics show the presenceof specific environmental conditions. (2) Inchemistry, a substance that shows a visible change,usually of colour, at a desired point in a chemicalreaction. (3) A device that indicates the result of ameasurement, eg. a pressure gauge.

Indirect Source Any facility or building, property,road or parking facility that attracts motor vehicletraffic and, indirectly, causes pollution.

Indoor Air The breathable air inside a habitablestructure or conveyance.

Indoor Air Pollution Chemical, physical orbiological contaminants in indoor air.

Intake The process by which a substance crosses theouter boundary of an organism without passing anabsorption barrier, eg. through ingestion orinhalation.

Internal Dose The amount of a substancepenetrating across the absorption barriers (theexchange boundaries) of an organism via eitherphysical or biological processes.

Inversion A layer of the atmosphere in whichtemperature increases with increasing elevation. Acondition of strong atmospheric stability. Can causean air pollution episode.

Irritant A substance that can cause irritation of theskin, eyes or respiratory system. Effects may be acutefrom a single high level exposure, or chronic fromrepeated low-level exposures to such compounds aschlorine, nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid.

ISO 14000 series Internal standards onenvironmental management systems andenvironmental management tools.

Latency Time from the first exposure of a chemicaluntil the appearance of a toxic effect.

Level of Concern (LOC) The concentration in airof an extremely hazardous substance above whichthere may be serious immediate health effects toanyone exposed to it for short periods.

Licence A statutory document, issued by anenvironmental agency, permitting a person ororganisation to discharge, emit, or deposit wastes intothe environment subject to a variety of conditionsrelating to control measures, monitoring, volume,timing, nature, and composition of the waste.Licences may often be varied or rescinded at anytime. Breaches of licensing conditions may result inprosecution. Licences are granted and in force underPart V of the Western Australian EnvironmentalProtection Act 1986.

Life-cycle Analysis The study of the effects of aproduct or activity on the environment from

inception, manufacture, distribution, use, and finaldisposal, with all the direct and indirect effects onthe environment such as the effects of mining rawmaterials and the problems of disposal of discardedplant and products. Thus it is possible to examine thelife cycle of the automobile, the power station, theoil rig, the drink container, the household appliance,detergents, fertilisers or the progress of individualminerals and metals through the fabric of society.

LOAEL (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level) Thelowest dose of a chemical in a study or group ofstudies that produce statistically or biologicallysignificant increases in frequency or severity ofadverse effects between the exposed population andits appropriate control.

Local Visual Distance (LVD) A measurement ofvisibility, quantifying the visibility-reducing propertyof haze. LVD reduces as the quantity of hazeincreases. This is measured by a nephelometer (See:Opacity, Nephelometer).

Lowest Achieveable Emission Rate The rate ofemissions that reflects (a) the most stringentemission limitation in the implementation plan ofany state for such source unless the owner or operatordemonstrates such limitations are not achieveable; or(b) the most stringent emissions limitation achievedin practice, whichever is more stringent. A proposednew or modified source may not emit pollutants inexcess of existing new source standards.

Mesoscale Description of fine resolution computermodels used in meteorological modelling andprediction.

Mobile Source A source of waste which is in motionduring its normal operation mode; any non-stationarysource of air pollution, such as cars, trucks,motorcycles, buses and aircraft.

Monitoring Periodic or continuous surveillance ortesting to determine the level of compliance withstatutory requirements and/or pollutant levels invarious media or in humans, plants and animals.

Morbidity A measure of an adverse health outcomethat excludes mortality (see below).

Mortality The number of deaths in a given period(death rate).

National Environment Protection Council (NEPC)A Ministerial Council with statutory powers to makenational environment protection measures on acooperative basis - the Inter-governmentalAgreement of the Environment provided for theestablishment of the NEPC.

National Environment Protection Measure(NEPM) A legal instrument which sets agreednational objectives for protecting particular aspects ofthe environment. NEPM are made by the NEPC.

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National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) A databasedesigned to provide the community, industry andgovernment with information on the types andamounts of certain chemicals being emitted to theenvironment.

Nephelometer An instrument that measures thevisibility-reducing property of haze. It measures thebackscatter of light which can be converted into"local visual distance" (LVD). (See: Local VisualDistance).

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) The result of nitric oxidecombining with oxygen in the atmosphere; majorcomponent of photochemical smog.

NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) Thatdose of chemical at which there are no statistically orbiologically significant increases in frequency orseverity of adverse effects seen between the exposedpopulation and its appropriate control. Effects may beproduced at this dose, but they are not considered tobe adverse.

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Product of combustion fromtransportation and stationary sources and a majorcontributor to the formation of ozone in thetroposphere and to acid deposition.

Non-Road Emissions Pollutants emitted bycombustion engines on farms and constructionequipment, gasoline-powered lawn and gardenequipment, and power boats and outboard motors.

Opacimeter An instrument used to quantify theopacity, or concentration of particles matter in agiven volume of air, of exhaust gases emitted bymotor vehicles.

Opacity The amount of light obscured by particlepollution in the air; clear window glass has zeroopacity, a brick wall is 100% opaque. Opacity is anindicator of changes in performance of particlecontrol systems. (See: Local Visual Distance).

Oxidant A substance containing oxygen that reactschemically in air to produce a new substance; theprimary ingredient of photochemical smog.

Oxygenated Fuels Gasoline which has been blendedwith alcohols or ethers that contain oxygen in orderto reduce carbon monoxide and other emissions.

Ozone (O3) Found in two layers of the atmosphere,the stratosphere and the troposphere. In thestratosphere (the atmospheric layer 15 km or moreabove the earth's surface) ozone is a natural form ofoxygen that provides a protective layer shielding theearth from ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere(the layer extending up 15 km from the earth'ssurface), ozone is a chemical oxidant and majorcomponent of photochemical smog. It can seriouslyimpair the respiratory system. Ozone in thetroposphere is produced through complex chemical

reactions of nitrogen oxides, which are among theprimary pollutants emitted by combustion sources;from hydrocarbons, released into the atmospherethrough the combustion, handling and processing ofpetroleum products; and sunlight.

Ozone Depletion Destruction of the stratosphericozone layer which shields the earth from ultravioletradiation harmful to life. This destruction of ozone iscaused by the breakdown of certain chlorine and/or-bromine containing compounds (chlorofluorocarbonsor halons), which break down when they reach thestratosphere and then catalytically destroy ozonemolecules.

Ozone Hole Thinning break in the stratosphericozone layer. Designation of amount of such depletionas an "ozone hole" is made when detected amount ofdepletion exceeds 50%. Seasonal ozone holes havebeen observed over both the Antarctic region andthe Arctic region and parts of Canada and theextreme north-eastern United States.

Ozone Layer The protective layer in the atmosphere,about 20 km above the ground, that absorbs some ofthe sun's ultraviolet rays, thereby reducing theamount of potentially harmful radiation reaching theearth's surface.

Particle/Particulate Any substance except pure waterthat exists as a liquid or solid in the atmosphere, ofmicroscopic or submicroscopic size.

Passive Solar Design Designing a building’sarchitectural elements to collect, store and distributesolar resources for heating, cooling and daylighting.

Permit An authorisation, license, or equivalentcontrol document issued by an approved agency toimplement the requirements of an environmentalregulation; eg. a permit to operate a facility that maygenerate harmful emissions.

Personal measurement A measurement collectedfrom an individual's immediate environment usingactive or passive devices to collect the samples.

Perth Metropolitan Region The area containedwithin the Shires of Kalamunda, Mundaring,Peppermint Grove, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, the Townsof Bassendean, Cambridge, Claremont, Cottesloe,East Fremantle, Kwinana, Mosman Park, VictoriaPark, Vincent, and the Cities of Armadale,Bayswater, Belmont, Canning, Cockburn, Fremantle,Gosnells, Melville, Nedlands, Perth, Stirling,Subiaco, Swan and Wanneroo.

Photochemical Oxidants Air pollutants formed bythe action of sunlight on oxides of nitrogen andhydrocarbons.

Photochemical Smog Photochemical smog is madeup mainly of ozone, nitrogen dioxide and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). The constituents of

photochemical smog that have an adverse effect onpeople and the environment are known collectivelyas oxidants or photochemical oxidants.Photochemical oxidant is formed by the action ofsunlight on mixtures of nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons, for example VOCs. Hightemperatures can increase the rate of formation.

Planned burn/fire The controlled application of fireunder specified environmental conditions to apredetermined area and at the time, intensity andrate of spread required to attain planned resourcemanagement objectives.

Plume (1) A visible or measurable discharge of acontaminant from a given point of origin. Can bevisible or thermal in water as it extends downstreamfrom the pollution source, or visible in air as, forexample, a plume of smoke. (2) Area downwindwithin which a release could be dangerous for thoseexposed to leaking fumes.

PM10 A standard for measuring the amount of solidor liquid matter suspended in the atmosphere, ie. theamount of particles matter over 10 micrometres indiameter; smaller PM10 particles penetrate to thedeeper portions of the lung, affecting sensitivepopulation groups such as children and individualswith respiratory ailments.

Point Source Emission Emissions from a localised,well-defined source of contaminants, such as from anindustrial outfall.

Pollutant Generally, any substance introduced intothe environment that adversely affects the usefulnessof a resource.

Pollution Any direct or indirect alteration of thephysical, chemical, biological, thermal or radioactiveproperties of any part of the environment bydischarging, emitting or depositing wastes orsubstances so as to affect any beneficial use adversely;to be hazardous or potentially hazardous to publichealth, safety or welfare; or to be detrimental tofauna or flora or endangered species.

Pollution Prevention The active process ofidentifying areas, processes and activities whichcreate excessive waste by-products for the purpose ofsubstitution, alteration or elimination of the processto prevent waste generation.

Potential Dose The amount of a chemical containedin material ingested, air breathed or bulk materialapplied to the skin.

Precursor In photochemistry, a compoundantecedent to a volatile organic compound (VOC).Precursors react in sunlight to form ozone or otherphotochemical oxidants.

Prescribed Burn/Fire see planned burn/fire.

Prevalent Level Samples Air samples taken undernormal conditions.

Prevalent Levels Levels of airborne contaminantoccurring under normal conditions (See: BackgroundLevel).

Protocol A series of formal steps for conducting atest.

Random Samples Samples selected from a statisticalpopulation such that each sample has an equalprobability of being selected.

Reasonable Maximum Exposure The maximumexposure reasonably expected to occur in apopulation.

Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM)A broadly defined term referring to technological andother measures for pollution control.

Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT)Control technology that is both reasonably available,and both technologically and economically feasible.Usually applied to existing sources in non-attainmentareas; in most cases is less stringent than new sourceperformance standards.

Refuelling Emissions Emissions released duringvehicle refuelling.

Remediation Clean-up or other methods used toremove or contain a toxic spill or hazardous materialsfrom a site.

Residual Amount of a pollutant remaining in theenvironment after a natural or technological processhas taken place, eg. particles remaining in air after itpasses through a scrubbing process.

Risk A measure of the probability that damage tolife, health, property and/or the environment willoccur as a result of a given hazard.

Risk Assessment Qualitative and quantitativeevaluation of the risk posed to human health and/orthe environment by the actual or potential presenceand/or use of specific pollutants.

Risk Management The process of evaluating andselecting alternative regulatory and non-regulatoryresponses to risk. The selection process necessarilyrequires the consideration of legal, economic andbehavioural factors.

Route of Exposure The avenue by which a chemicalcomes into contact with an organism (eg. inhalation,ingestion, dermal contact, injection).

Sample A small unbiased representative group ofsomething designed to exhibit the samecharacteristics and trends of the whole. Exposure-related measurements are usually samples ofenvironmental or ambient media, exposures of a


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small subset of a population for a short time, orbiological samples, all for the purpose of inferring thenature and quality or parameters important toevaluating exposure.

Smog Air pollution associated with oxidants (See:Photochemical Smog.)

Smoke Particles suspended in air after incompletecombustion.

Soot Carbon dust formed by incomplete combustion.

Source Reduction Reducing the amount of materialsentering the waste stream by redesigning products orpatterns of production or consumption (eg. usingreturnable beverage containers). Synonymous withwaste reduction.

Stack A chimney, smokestack or vertical pipe thatdischarges used air.

Stack Effect Air, as in a chimney, that moves upwardbecause it is warmer than the ambient atmosphere.

Stage II Controls Systems placed on service stationpetrol pumps to control and capture vapours duringrefuelling.

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) A procedureadopted for repetitive use when performing a specificmeasurement or sampling operation.

Standards Legally prescribed limits of pollutionwhich are established under statutory authority.

Stationary Source A fixed-site producer of pollution,mainly power plants and other facilities usingindustrial combustion processes.

Stratosphere The region of the atmosphere roughly15 to 20 km above the Earth's surface where typicallythe temperature changes little or increases withheight; its thermal structure is determined byradiation balance and is generally very stable.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) A pungent, colourless, gaseouspollutant formed primarily by the combustion offossil fuels.

Synergism An interaction of two or more chemicalswhich results in an effect that is greater than the sumof their effects taken independently.

Threshold The lowest dose of a chemical at which aspecified measurable effect is observed and belowwhich it is not observed.

Time-weighted Average (TWA) In air sampling, theaverage air concentration of contaminants during agiven period.

Total Suspended Particles A method of monitoringparticles matter by total weight.

Toxic Cloud Airborne plume of gases, vapours, fumesor aerosols containing toxic materials.

Toxic Pollutants Materials that cause death,disease,or birth defects in organisms that ingest orabsorb them. The quantities and exposures necessaryto cause these effects can vary widely.

Toxicity A physiological or biological property thatenables a chemical to do harm, or create injury, to aliving organism by other than mechanical means; theability of a chemical to cause poisoning when thechemical is administered to a living organism in anappropriate form and manner. Some chemicals havea high-toxicity potential while others have a low-toxicity potential.

Toxicity Assessment Characterisation of thetoxicological properties and effects of a chemical,with special emphasis on establishment of doseresponse characteristics.

Travel Demand Management Intervention(excluding provision of major infrastructure) tomodify travel decisions so that desirable social,economic and environmental objectives can beachieved and adverse impacts of transport reduced.

Troposphere The lower layer of the atmosphereextending to roughly 15 km above the Earth's surfacewhere typically the temperature decreases withheight; nearly all clouds form and weather processesare found in this region.

Ultraviolet Rays Radiation from the sun that can beuseful or potentially harmful. UV rays from one partof the spectrum (UV-A) enhance plant life and areuseful in some medical and dental procedures; UVrays from other parts of the spectrum (UV-B) cancause skin cancer or other tissue damage. The ozonelayer in the atmosphere partly shields us fromultraviolet rays reaching the Earth's surface.

Urban Form The characteristic morphology ofsettlement represented by the key physicalinfrastructures of a city, ie. roads and rail networks,ports and airports, telecommunications and hydraulicnetworks. These are durable and relatively stableinfrastructures that tend to retain their form for manydecades. Periodically, sections may undergo morerapid changes at times.

Urban Structure The manner in which residentialand industrial land uses are distributed throughout acity. Highly dynamic and can change radically in thespace of a decade or so.

Urban System An urban system considers thecombined process of urban form and urban structure.

Vapour Plumes Flue gases visible because theycontain water droplets.

Vehicle Emissions Gases, particles or liquids beingreleased into the environment directly from vehiclessuch as automobiles, buses, trucks, trains ormotorcycles.

Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) A measure ofthe extent of motor vehicle operation; the totalnumber of vehicle kilometres travelled within aspecific geographic area over a given period of time.

Volatile Any substance that evaporates readily.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Any organiccompound that participates in atmosphericphotochemical reactions except those designated ashaving negligible photochemical reactivity.

Waste (1) Unwanted materials left over from amanufacturing process. (2) Refuse from places ofhuman or animal habitation.

Waste Minimisation/Reduction Measures ortechniques that reduce the amount of wastegenerated during industrial production processes;term is also applied to recycling and other efforts toreduce the amount of waste going into the wastestream.

Wildfire (See: bushfire).


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A

ADRs Australian Design Rules (for vehicles)

AHHA Australian Home Heating Association

AMA Australian Medical Association

ANZEC Australia and New ZealandEnvironment Council

APHEA Air Pollution and Health EuropeanApproach protocol

AQCC Air Quality Co-ordinating Committee

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan

ARC SPIRT Australian Research Council StrategicPartnerships with Industry - Researchand Training

AS Australian Standard

B

BEM Burning Emissions Management

BoM Bureau of Meteorology

BPEL Best Practice Environmental Licence

BPEM Best Practice Environmental Management

Bsp Co-efficient with units of m-1

indicating the back scatter of light at areference wavelength due to thepresence of particles in the air

C

CALM Department of Conservation and LandManagement

CAMS Department of Contract andManagement Services

CBD Central Business District

CCIWA Chamber of Commerce and IndustryWestern Australia

CCWA Conservation Council of WesternAustralia

CFA Country Fire Authority of Victoria

CIE Community Information andEducation

CNG Compressed natural gas

CO Carbon monoxide

CRC Co-operative Research Centre

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific andIndustrial Research Organisation

Cth Commonwealth of Australia

D

DAE Domestic Activities Emissions

DEP Department of EnvironmentalProtection

DLG Department of Local Government

DME Department of Minerals and Energy

DoT Department of Training

E

E2D Euro 2 Diesel

EDWA Education Department of WesternAustralia

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMS Environmental Management System

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EU European Union

F

F Fluorine

FESA Fire and Emergency Services Authorityof Western Australia

FORS Federal Office of Road Safety, Australia

G

g/kg grams per kilogram

g/L grams per litre

GP General Practice

H

HC Hydrocarbon

HDWA Health Department of WesternAustralia

HER Health Effects and Research

HF Hydrogen Fluoride

HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle

HIA Housing Industry Association

HOV High Occupancy Vehicle

HRWG Health Research Working Group

I

I/M Inspection and Maintenance

IEM Industrial Emissions Management

ISO International Standards Organisation

105December 2000

Appendix 2

Acronyms


K

KIA Kwinana Industrial Area

KIC Kwinana Industry Council

kPa Kilopascals

KPS Kwinana Power Station

L

LCV Light Commercial Vehicle

LGA Local Government Agency

LPG Liquefied petroleum gas (commerciallyknown as Autogas)

LTP Land Use and Transport Planning

M

MBA Master Builders Association

MfP Ministry for Planning

MMR Monitoring, Modelling and Research

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MRWA Main Roads Western Australia

MTA Motor Trades Association

MTS Metropolitan Transport Strategy

MVEC Motor Vehicle EnvironmentCommittee

N

NATA National Association of TestingAuthorities

NEPC National Environment ProtectionCouncil

NEPM National Environment ProtectionMeasure

NOx Nitrogen oxides

NRTC National Road Transport Commission

NPI National Pollutant Inventory

NSW EPA New South Wales EnvironmentProtection Authority

O

O3 Ozone

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OoE Office of Energy

P

PAN Pollution Action Network

PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PM10 Particle matter (sub 10 microns)

PM2.5 Particle matter (sub 2.5 microns)

ppm.w parts per million (106) by weight

R

RACWA Royal Automobile Club of WesternAustralia

RBT Random Breath Test

ROCs Reactive organic compounds

RVP Reid Vapour Pressure

S

SO2 Sulfur dioxide

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

T

TDM Travel Demand Management

TSP Total Suspended Particles

TWA Time-weighted Analysis

U

µg Micrograms (10-6 grams)

µm Micrometres (10-6 metres)

ULP Unleaded Petrol

UN ECE United Nations Economic Commissionfor Europe

V

VEM Vehicle Emission Management

Visi Visibility

VKT Vehicle Kilometres Travelled

VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

W

WADOT Western Australian Department ofTraining

WAMA Western Australian MunicipalAssociation

WAPC Western Australian PlanningCommission

WAPS Western Australian Police Service

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Terms of reference

Terms of Reference for the AirQuality Co-ordinating Committee

The Air Quality Co-ordinating Committee wasestablished by the Government of Western Australiaas part of its response to the recommendations of theParliamentary Select Committee on Perth’s AirQuality.

The Committee comprises 15 representatives ofGovernment, Local Government, industry, businessand the community, seven from Government andseven from outside Government, approved by theMinister for the Environment, and one from theSelect Committee on Perth’s Air Quality.

The Committee’s Terms of Reference are:

To oversee the development of the Perth Air QualityManagement Plan (AQMP).

To monitor the implementation of the actions to which theGovernment gave commitment to undertake in itsResponse to the report of the Select Committee on Perth’sAir Quality.

To monitor the implementation of the Perth Air QualityManagement Plan and review progress towards achievingthe aims of the Plan.

In fulfilling these tasks, the Committee will:

• meet at regular intervals to review progress withthe development and subsequent implementationof the Perth AQMP;

• review draft documents, such as task specifications,discussion papers, and so on, prepared by theDepartment of Environmental Protection in thecourse of the development of the AQMP;

• provide input and comment on the initial andfinal drafts of the AQMP prior to their release forcommunity consultation;

• act as a conduit for the flow of reliable informationto the community on Perth’s air quality and itsmanagement and to the Government on issues ofconcern to the community in relation to thesematters;

• report at regular intervals through its chairpersonto the Minister for the Environment on progresswith developing the AQMP, and withimplementation of the commitments given in theGovernment Response to the Select Committee’srecommendations; and

• after the commencement of implementation of theAQMP, report annually to the Governmentthrough the Minister for the Environment on thedegree of implementation of the AQMP andprogress in achieving the performance targets setin the AQMP.

Membership

State Government (7 representatives)

Dr Bryan Jenkins, Chief Executive OfficerDepartment of Environmental Protection (AQCC

Chair)

Mr Emmerson Richardson, Director MetropolitanStrategy, Transport

Mr Paul Frewer, A/Chief Executive Officer, Ministryfor Planning

Dr Paul Psaila-Savona, Executive Director PublicHealth, Health Department of WA

Mr Ian Cowie, Director Local GovernmentDevelopment, Department of Local Government

Mr Denis Smedley, Manager Built Environment,Office of Energy

Mr Rick Sneeuwjagt, Manager CALMfire,Department of Conservation and Land Management

Parliament (1 representative)

Mr Fred Tubby, MLA, Parliamentary SelectCommittee on Perth’s Air Quality

Non-government (7 representatives)

Local Government

Cr Roni Oma

Cr Barry McKenna

Proxies - Mr Geoff Glass and Ms Lillias Bovell

Business and Industry

Mr John Yates, BP Kwinana Refinery (KwinanaIndustries Council)

Mr Martin Taylor, Chamber of Commerce andIndustry

Community

Ms Rachel Siewert, Conservation Council of WA

Dr Sue Graham-Taylor, Pollution Action Network

Mr Mike Upton, Royal Automobile Club of WA

Appendix 3

Air Quality Co-ordinating Committee

Air monitoring and research

Mr Andrew King, BP Refinery (Kwinana) Pty Ltd

Dr Rod Lukatelich, BP Refinery (Kwinana) Pty Ltd

Mr Roger Tapp, Bureau of Meteorology

Mr Robert Kleinfelder, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

A/Professor Frank Murray, Murdoch University(Chamber of Commerce and Industry)

Dr Sue Graham-Taylor, Pollution Action Network(Conservation Council of WA)

Mr Owen Pitts, Sinclair Knight Merz (Clean AirSociety of Australia and New Zealand)

Dr Roman Mandyczewsky, Western PowerCorporation (Kwinana Industries Council)

Mr Geoff Park, Western Power Corporation(Kwinana Industries Council)

Bushfire prevention and other burning

Mr Gary Foley, Bureau of Meteorology

Mr Jim Johnson, City of Cockburn

Mr John Iles, City of Gosnells

Mr Ross Wells, City of Gosnells

Mr Mick Austin, City of Joondalup

Mr Drew Haswell, Department of Conservation andLand Management

Mr Malcolm Cronstedt, Fire and Emergency Services

Ms Sue Davies, Fire and Emergency Services

Mr Bruce Telfer, Shire of Mundaring

Dr Sue Graham-Taylor, Pollution Action Network(Conservation Council of WA)

Mr Tony Pestell, Shire of Swan

Mr John Erceg, Shire of Swan

Community education and information

Mr Malcolm Young, Bureau of Meteorology


Ms Adele Foote, Conservation Council of WA

Mr Nigel Hicks, Department of Conservation andLand Management

Mr Greg Allen, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Ms Jennie Anderton, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Mr Glen Bennett, Education Department of WA

Mr Mike Baker, Kwinana Industries Council

Mr Mike Upton, Royal Automobile Club of WesternAustralia

Mr Bruce James, Transport

Sgt Walter Brierley, WA Police Service

Domestic activities

Ms Susan Dixon, Alinta Gas

Mr David Sweet, Alinta Gas

Ms Brigette Tighe, Alinta Gas

Mr Philip Henderson, Australian Wood HeatingAssociation

Mr Alan Scott, Bureau of Meteorology

Mr John Hardy, City of Cockburn

Mr Ross Wells, City of Gosnells

Mr Mick Austin, City of Joondalup

Mr Philip Oorjitham, City of Melville

Mr Anthony Stuart, Coffey Engineering (Clean AirSociety of Australia and New Zealand)

Ms Adele Foote, Conservation Council of WA

Mr Greg Allen, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Mr Danny Delle Coste, Shire of Mundaring

Mr Adrian Dyson, Shire of Mundaring

Mr Simon Denniss, Shire of Swan

Mr John Erceg, Shire of Swan

Mr Peter McKenzie, Town of Kwinana

Associate Professor John Todd, University ofTasmania

Health Research (specialists)

Prof Jeff Spickett, Curtin University

Dr Andrea Hinwood, Department of EnvironmentalProtection


Appendix 4

Working Groups

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Dr Bryan Jenkins, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Dr Paul Vogel, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Ms Pierina Otness, Health Department of WA

Dr Francis Quadros, Health Department of WA

Dr Nick de Klerk, University of WA

Dr Peter Di Marco, Health Department of WA

Prof Tom Lyons, Murdoch University

A/Professor Frank Murray, Murdoch University

Dr Quentin Summers, Royal Perth Hospital (AsthmaFoundation)

Prof Louis Landau, University of WA

Dr Bill Musk, University of WA

Industrial emissions

Dr John Bromly, Alinta Gas

Dr Rod Lukatelich, BP Refinery (Kwinana) Pty Ltd(Kwinana Industries Council)


Mr Darren Walsh, City of Cockburn

Professor Philip Jennings, Conservation Council ofWA

Ms Sophie Wallis, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Ms Tracey Colley, Institution of Engineers, Australia

Mr Robert Griffiths, Ministry for Planning

Mr Keith James, Stack-Air (Clean Air Society ofAustralia and New Zealand)

Mr Peter McKenzie, Town of Kwinana

Mr Kerry Roberts, Western Power Corporation

Land use and transport planning

Mr Darren Walsh, City of Cockburn

Mr David Wake, Smogbusters (Conservation Councilof WA)

Mr Adrian Vlok, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Mr Gary Williams, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Mr Paul Trichilo, Main Roads WA

Mr Ian Macrae, Ministry for Planning

Ms Birgit Allen, Shire of Swan

Mr Nic Perrella, Shire of Swan

Mr Doug Smith, Town of Kwinana

Mr Richard McKellar, Transport

Ms Dianne Stewart, Transport

Mr Cameron Schuster, Wesfarmers CSBP (KwinanaIndustries Council)

Mr Geoff Glass, Western Australian MunicipalAssociation

Ms Roni Oma, Western Australian MunicipalAssociation

Transport emissions

Dr Rod Lukatelich, BP Refinery Kwinana (KwinanaIndustries Council)

Mr Brian Butterworth, Chamber of AutomotiveIndustries of Western Australia (Inc)

Mr Terry Wood, Chamber of Automotive Industriesof Western Australia (Inc)

Mr Bob Fitzjohn, City of Perth

Mr Greg Ryan, City of Perth

Mr David Wake, Smogbusters (Conservation Councilof WA)

Ms Jennie Anderton, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Mr John Guld, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Mr Fred Tromp, Department of EnvironmentalProtection

Mr Dennis Stubberfield, Main Roads WA

Mr Mike Upton, Royal Automobile Club of WesternAustralia

Mr Doug Smith, Town of Kwinana

Mr John Dombrose, Transport

Mr Trevor McDonald, Transport

Mr Richard McKellar, Transport

Mrs Shelley Shepherd, Transport

Supt Bob Coops, WA Police Service

Sgt Walter Brierley, WA Police Service

Mr David Pitt, Welker Consulting (Clean AirSociety of Australia and New Zealand)

109December 2000

Department of Environmental Protection

Dr Henry Berko

Mr Adrian Blockley

Mr Bob Crowe

Ms Sarah Dawson

Mr Drew Farrar

Ms Simone Finlay

Mr James Forrest

Mr Arthur Grieco

Mr David Griffiths

Dr Andrea Hinwood

Mr Robert Kleinfelder

Mr Tim Mitchell

Dr Phil Morgan

Mr Peter Mountford

Mr Steven Price

Dr Ken Rayner

Dr Tina Runnion

Dr Peter Rye

Mr Glenn Sowerbutts

Ms Carla Spelt

Mr Martyn Summers

Ms Deanna Tuxford

Dr Paul Vogel

Mr Bruce Watson

Mr Tim Whiteman

Ms Barbara Witon


Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Public Submission Number

Anonymous 8

Anonymous 16

Tim Argus 1

Jane Bremmer 44

Jennifer Catalano 14

Brigit Cosgrove 40

JA Ffarrington 27

Ian Greenham 6

J Harradine 35

Astrid Herlihy 33

Philip Jennings 39

Barry Jones 24

Emma Jones 25

Keith Jones 4

David Karr 2

Robert Lipowiec 13

JC Lissiman 5

Janet Marsh 41

ML Miller 11

P Molloy 38

Sandi Nielsen 26

Gabrielle Payne 42

J Parker 22

John Radford 7

E Reith 9

Terry Sanchez 23

John Schindler 34

Mr HL Sharam 3

Ray Sousa 18

Gene Taylor 12

Andrew G Thompson 15

AL Thorstensen 10

Dr Patricia K Weaver 21

Business, Industry and SubmissionAssociated Organisations Number

Bicycle Transportation Alliance 31Richard Stallard

Brian J. O’Brien and Associates 19Brian J. O’Brien

BP Refinery Kwinana 37Dr R J Lukatelich

Conservation Council of WA 45

Kwinana Watchdog Group 28Dot Hesse

Midland FROGS 7P and F Irwin

Pollution Action Network 36Dr Sue Graham-Taylor

Royal Automobile Club of WA 43Mike Upton

Educational Institutions

Central Metropolitan College of TAFE 20Managing Air Quality Students

Local Government Authorities and Associations

City of Joondalup 29John Goldsmith

Eastern Metropolitan Regional Council 30

State Government

Health Department of WA 32Brian Devine

111December 2000

Appendix 5

Submissions

Western Australian Legislation

Aerial Spraying Control Act 1966

Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976

Bush Fires Act 1954

Conservation and Land Management Act 1984

East Perth Redevelopment Act 1991

Electricity Corporation Act 1994

Energy Co-ordination Act 1994

Energy Operators (Powers) Act 1979

Energy Corporations (Transitional and ConsequentialProvisions) Act 1994

Environmental Protection Act 1986

(Environmental Protection (Kwinana) (AtmosphericWastes) Policy 1992 established under theEnvironmental Protection Act 1986)

Fuel, Energy and Power Resources Act 1972

Gas Corporation Act 1994

Gas Standards Act 1972

Gas Undertakings Act 1947

Health Act 1911

Industry and Technology Development Act 1998

Land Administration Act 1997

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Subsidy Act 1980

Liquid Petroleum Gas Act 1956

Local Government Act 1995

Main Roads Act 1930

Marine and Harbours Act 1981

Metropolitan Region Scheme (Fremantle) Act 1994

Metropolitan Region Town Planning Scheme Act 1959

Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust Act1957

Motor Vehicle Dealers Act 1973

National Environment Protection Council (WesternAustralia) Act 1996

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984

Perth Parking Management Act 1999

Perth Parking Management (Consequential Provisions)Act 1999

Perth Parking Management (Taxing) Act 1999

Petroleum Products Subsidy Act 1965

Planning Legislation Amendment Act 1994

Poisons Act 1964

Reserve (Kwinana Freeway) Act 1975

Road Traffic Act 1974

Soil and Land Conservation Act 1945

State Energy Commission (Validation) Act 1978

Subiaco Redevelopment Act 1994

Town Planning and Development Act 1928

Transport Co-ordination Act 1966

Western Australian Planning Commission Act 1985

Western Australian Regulations

Aerial Spraying Control Regulations 1971

Agriculture and Related Resources Protection(Spraying Restrictions) Regulations 1979

Bush Fires (Infringements) Regulations 1978

Bush Fires Regulations 1954

Clean Air (Control of Dust in Concrete Plants)Regulations 1982 (repealed)

Clean Air (Determination of Air Impurities in GasesDischarged to the Atmosphere) Regulations 1983Clean Air Regulations 1967

Conservation and Land Management Regulations1992

Dangerous Goods (Transport) (Explosives by Roadand Rail) Regulations 1999

Dangerous Goods (Transport) (Explosives by Water)Regulations 1999

Dangerous Goods (Transport) (General) Regulations1999

Dangerous Goods (Transport) (Road and Rail)Regulations 1999)

Electricity Act Regulations 1947

Electricity Corporation (Charges) By-laws 1996

Electricity Distribution Regulations 1997


Appendix 6

Legislation relevant to managing PerthÕs air quality

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

Electricity (Energy Efficiency Labelling) Regulations1997

Electricity (Licensing) Regulations 1991

Electricity Transmission Regulations 1996

Environmental Protection Regulations 1987

Environmental Protection (Diesel and Petrol)Regulations 1999

Environmental Protection (Firewood Supply)Regulations 1998

Environmental Protection (Firewood Supply)Amendment Regulations 1998

Environmental Protection (Kwinana) (AtmosphericWastes) Regulations 1992

Environmental Protection (NEPM-NPI) Regulations1998

Environmental Protection (Recovery of Vapours fromthe Transfer of Organic Liquids) Regulations 1995

Fire Brigades Regulations 1943

Forest Management Regulations 1993

Gas Distribution Regulations 1996

Gas Corporation (Charges) By-laws 1996

Gas Standards (Gas Supply and System Safety)Regulations 2000

Gas Standards (Gasfitting and Consumer GasInstallations) Regulations 1999

Gas Transmission Regulations 1994

Gas Undertakings Act Regulations 1947

Health Act (Carbon Monoxide) Regulations 1975

Land Administration Regulations 1998

Liquid Petroleum Gas Regulations 1957

Local Government Model By-laws (Petrol Pumps)No.10

Marine and Harbours (Fuelling) Regulations 1985

Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport TrustRegulations 1977

Model By-laws Series “A”

Motor Vehicle Dealers (Prescribed Vehicles)Regulations 1974

Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996

Perth Parking Management Regulations 1999

Petroleum Regulations 1987

Petroleum Products Subsidy Regulations 1966

Poisons Regulations 1965

Road Traffic (Vehicle Standards) Regulations 1977

Road Traffic (Infringements) Regulations 1975

Road Traffic (Licensing) Regulations 1975

Soil and Land Conservation Regulations 1992

State Planning Commission Regulations 1962

State Supply Commission Regulations 1991

State Energy Commission (Common Seal)Regulations 1990

State Energy Commission (Purchase of dieselpowered generating units) Regulations 1980

Subiaco Redevelopment Regulations 1994

Town Planning Regulations 1967

Transport Co-ordination Regulations 1985

Transport Co-ordination (Petroleum ProductsLicensing) Regulations 1985

Federal Legislation

Environment Protection and Biodiversity ConservationAct 1999

Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989

National Environment Protection Council Act 1994

National Road Transport Commission Act 1991

States Grants (Urban Public Transport) Act 1978

Urban and Regional Development (Financial Assistance)Act 1974

Urban Public Transport (Research and Planning) Act1974

Federal Regulations

Environment Protection and BiodiversityConservation Regulations 2000

Motor Vehicle Standards Regulations

Federal Measures

National Environment Protection Measure forAmbient Air Quality

113December 2000


Appendix 7

Management responsibilities for controlled burning activities in Australia

State or Responsibility Committees Plans, Policies or LegislationTerritory Program

ACT ACT Bushfire Council. Bushfire Fuel Management Bushfire Fuel Management Bushfire Act 1936ACT Emergency Services Committee. Plan. (Amended 1997).Bureau. Rural Fire Control Manual Fire Brigade Act 1957.ACT Parks & Conservation (under Bushfire Act 1936). Environmental Service. Protection Act 1997.

NSW State Forestry NSW. District Fire Management State Forests Hazard Protection of the NSW National Parks & Committees. Reduction Burning Program. Environment Wildlife Service. Fire Management Plans. Administration Act

Operational Plans. 1991.Rural Fires Act 1997.Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997.Forestry Act 1916.National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974.

NT NT Bushfires Council. Regional Bushfires Draft Regional Fire Plans. Bushfires Act 1996.NT Parks & Wildlife Committees. Bushfire Management Strategy.Commission. Fire Safety Education Program.

Parks & Reserves Programs.Bushfires Protection Program.Fire Management Plans.

QLD Department of Primary Interdepartmental Fire Management Policies Emergency ServicesIndustry (forestry). Committee on Bushfires. (DPI & NPWS). Legislation Department of Natural Fire Management Plans. Amendment Act 1998.Resources. Fire and Rescue Qld Fire & Rescue Authority Act 1990.Authority. Nature ConservationQld National Parks & Act 1992.Wildlife Service.

SA Country Fire Service. District Bushfire Prevention Prescribed Burning Policy. Country Fires Act Dept of Environment & Committees. 1989.Natural Resources.

TAS State Fire Management Fire Management Area Forestry Smoke Management Fire Service Act 1979. Council. Committees. Program. Local GovernmentForestry Tasmania. Special Fire Area NPWS Fire Management Act 1993.Tasmanian Parks & Committees. Policy. Environment Wildlife Service. NPWS Fire Management Management andTasmania Fire Service. Plans. Pollution Control Act

1994.

VIC Dept of Conservation and Regional and Municipal Fire Code of Practice for Fire Forest Act 1958.Natural Resources & Prevention Committees. Management on Public Land. National Parks Act Environment. Regional Fire Management 1975.Victorian National Parks & Plans. Conservation ForestsWildlife Service. Fire Training Management and Lands Act 1987.Country Fire Authority of System.Victoria (CFA).

WA Dept of Conservation & Regional Operations Regional & Area Management Bush Fires Act 1954.Land Management (CALM). Advisory Committee. Plans. Environmental Fire & Emergency Services State Rural Fire CALM Fire Management Policy. Protection Act 1986.Authority of WA (FESA). Consultative Committee. CALM Fire Operations Manual. Conservation & Land

Smoke Management CALM Prescribed Burning Management Act 1984.Consultative Committee. Program.

Draft Hazard Reduction BurningManagement Policy (FESA).

115December 2000

Appendix 8

Agreed arrangements for smoke management decision making inWestern AustraliaPart 1: Agreed processes for determining burn program on the day.

AG

ENC

Y R

OLE

Tim

ePr

oces

sD

epar

tmen

t of C

onse

rvat

ion

and

Bur

eau

of M

eteo

rolo

gyD

epar

tmen

t of

Fire

and

Em

erge

ncy

Land

Man

agem

ent

Envi

ronm

enta

l Pro

tect

ion

Serv

ices

Aut

horit

y

Prev

ious

M

onito

r im

pact

s of

C

ALM

Spo

tter/T

ower

to n

otify

of

Mon

itor w

eath

er p

atte

rns

and

Mon

itor h

aze

leve

ls a

t Met

ro a

nd

Publ

ic c

ompl

ains

dat

a to

be

afte

rnoo

n an

d ye

ster

dayÕ

s bu

rn o

n Pe

rth

smok

e ac

cum

ulat

ion

likel

y to

affe

ct

chan

ges

in s

ynop

tic s

ituat

ion.

Reg

iona

l sam

plin

g si

tes.

Dat

a to

fo

rwar

ded

to F

ESA.

even

ing

air q

ualit

y.po

pula

tion

cent

res.

Advi

se C

ALM

, DEP

, FES

Aof

be

mad

e av

aila

ble

to C

ALM

&

Reg

ions

/Bra

nch

to c

olla

te.

pote

ntia

l for

sm

oke

accu

mul

atio

nBo

M.

CAL

M fi

reC

omo

to a

dvis

e D

EP,

base

d on

gen

eral

syn

optic

Publ

ic c

ompl

aint

s da

ta to

be

Min

iste

r if t

here

is a

pro

blem

.as

sess

men

t. fo

rwar

ded

to C

ALM

.

1600

hrs

Haz

e Al

ert (

1600

hrs

).R

ecei

ve H

aze

Aler

t, if

issu

ed a

ndIs

sue

Haz

e Al

ert t

o al

l app

rove

dM

onito

r whe

ther

or n

ot H

aze

Mon

itor w

heth

er o

r not

co

nsid

er c

hang

es in

tom

orro

wÕs

re

cipi

ents

(inc

l. Sw

an L

GAÕ

s).

Aler

t iss

ued.

Haz

e Al

ert i

ssue

d.bu

rn p

rogr

am a

ccor

ding

ly.

1630

to 1

700

hrs

Pred

ict S

mok

e Tr

ajec

tory

.Bo

M to

mod

el s

mok

e tra

ject

ory

prev

ious

day

at 2

000

hrs

for n

ext d

ay.

0500

hrs

Haz

e Al

ert (

1700

hrs

).R

ecei

ve 5

.00a

m H

aze

Aler

t if

Mon

itor w

heth

er o

r not

is

sued

.H

aze

Aler

t iss

ued.

0745

hrs

Prov

ide

fore

cast

of w

eath

er

Rec

eive

fore

cast

s et

c fro

m B

oM

Obt

ain

wea

ther

dat

a (0

700

hrs)

M

onito

r whe

ther

or n

ot H

aze

FESA

to o

btai

n w

eath

er

(win

ds, a

tmos

pher

e,

via

Fire

Sup

port

netw

ork.

and

dist

ribut

e fo

reca

sts

to C

ALM

Al

ert i

ssue

d an

d co

nsul

t with

fo

reca

st a

nd F

ire D

ange

r st

abilit

y, s

ynop

tic s

ituat

ion)

.at

074

5 hr

s. V

erba

l adv

ice

on

BoM

as

nece

ssar

y.R

atin

gs fr

om B

oM th

roug

h sm

oke

traje

ctor

y as

requ

ired.

curre

nt li

nk.

Dis

tribu

te to

Reg

ions

.

0800

to 0

830

hrs

Anal

ysis

of d

ata

on fi

re

CAL

M c

alcu

late

Fire

Dan

ger,

Fire

W

hen

requ

este

d by

CAL

M, B

oMW

hen

requ

ired

DEP

assi

st w

ithFE

SAto

adv

ise

Swan

w

eath

er, f

ire b

ehav

iour

.Be

havi

our f

or p

resc

ribed

bur

ns a

t to

pro

vide

furth

er in

form

atio

n on

Mes

osca

le M

odel

ling

Reg

ion

LGAÕ

s (C

hief

FC

OÕs

) ea

ch D

istri

ct C

entre

.ha

ze d

evel

opm

ent p

oten

tial f

or

deve

lopm

ent.

of F

ire D

ange

r sui

tabl

e bu

rnsp

ecifi

c ar

eas.

cond

ition

s.

0845

hrs

Prop

osed

Bur

n Pr

ogra

m

Dis

trict

bur

n re

ques

ts c

olla

ted

by

dete

rmin

ed.

Burn

Coo

rdin

ator

. Bu

rn P

rogr

am d

eter

min

ed b

ased

on

the

Dec

isio

n Tr

ee o

utco

me

and

othe

r ext

erna

l fac

tors

.


Part 2: Agreed processes for advice on proposed burn program.

AG

ENC

Y R

OLE

Tim

ePr

oces

sD

epar

tmen

t of C

onse

rvat

ion

and

Bur

eau

of M

eteo

rolo

gyD

epar

tmen

t of

Fire

and

Em

erge

ncy

Land

Man

agem

ent

Envi

ronm

enta

l Pro

tect

ion

Serv

ices

Aut

horit

y

0900

to 0

930

hrs

Burn

Pro

gram

Dep

t Fire

Co-

ordi

nato

r to

revi

ewD

ecis

ion

by B

urn

deci

sion

prio

r to

forw

ardi

ng a

dvic

eC

o-or

dina

tor t

o be

to

DEP

, BoM

, and

Min

iste

r.fo

rwar

ded

to C

ALM

fire

Com

o

0930

to 1

000

hrs

Advi

ce o

f Bur

n Pr

ogra

m

CAL

M to

dis

sem

inat

e bu

rn p

rogr

amBo

M to

be

advi

sed

of P

rogr

amD

EPto

ens

ure

Burn

Pro

gram

LG

AÕs

to e

nsur

e Bu

rn

prop

osed

and

fact

ors

deci

sion

and

rele

vant

info

rmat

ion

deci

sion

.D

ecis

ion

is a

vaila

ble

for

Prog

ram

Dec

isio

n is

af

fect

ing

deci

sion

to b

eto

Min

iste

r, D

EP, F

ESA,

and

BoM

an

swer

ing

publ

ic q

uerie

s et

c.av

aila

ble

for a

nsw

erin

g ci

rcul

ated

to re

leva

nt

by fa

x.pu

blic

que

ries

etc

as th

ey

auth

oriti

es.

see

fit.

1000

to 1

700

hrs

Mon

itor S

mok

e em

issi

on

¥ CAL

M s

potte

rs/to

wer

s, to

pro

vide

BoM

to a

dvis

e C

ALM

/FES

Aof

M

onito

r air

qual

ity im

pact

s fro

mLG

AÕs

to a

dvis

e D

EPif

any

and

poss

ible

impa

cts

on

CAL

Mfir

e Br

anch

with

info

rmat

ion

unex

pect

ed c

hang

es in

wea

ther

bush

fire

smok

e in

/nea

r met

ro

larg

e sm

oke

resu

lting

from

Perth

met

ropo

litan

are

a on

sm

oke

accu

mul

atio

n, li

kely

to(p

artic

ular

ly w

inds

) lik

ely

to a

ffect

and

regi

onal

are

as.

priv

ate/

Brig

ade

burn

an

d se

lect

ed R

egio

nal

effe

ct P

erth

and

Reg

iona

l Cen

tres

burn

pro

gram

.Fe

edba

ck to

CAL

M/F

ESA.

oper

atio

ns m

ay im

pact

C

entre

s¥ C

ALM

to a

dvis

e D

EPof

pot

entia

l re

side

ntia

l are

as.

smok

e in

cide

nts

(eg.

bus

hfire

s,

burn

s).

As re

quire

dM

edia

ale

rt on

unp

redi

cted

C

ALM

to d

evel

op M

edia

ale

rt (w

here

To b

e co

nsul

ted

prio

r to

final

isin

g To

be

cons

ulte

d pr

ior t

o fin

alis

ing

To b

e co

nsul

ted

prio

r to

smok

e ac

cum

ulat

ion.

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117December 2000

Appendix 9

WA greenhouse initiatives corresponding to the strategies and actions ofthe Perth Air Quality Management Plan (Consultation draft)

Strategy and action in the National WA greenhouse gas abatement ResponsiblePerth AQMP greenhouse recommendation technical panel

strategy (WA greenhouse measure strategy)

Health Effects and Research (HER). No correlating actions identified.

Monitoring, Modelling and Research (MMR). No correlating actions identified.

Land Use and Transport Planning (LTP).LTP 1.4 Include transport impact assessment 5.2 Investigate the potential to include Transport, Urban as performance criteria for new major transport impact assessment as Land Use and development and redevelopment proposals. performance criteria for new development Planning.

and redevelopment proposals.

LTP 1.8 Continue with travel behaviour 5.13 Extend the TravelSmart¨ individualised Transport, Urbanprogram, such as TravelSmart¨. marketing program to include the inner Land Use and

suburbs of the Perth metropolitan area. Planning.

LTP 2.2 Research and evaluate the application 5.3 Consider developing a research program Transport, Urbanof urban consolidation strategies in the Perth on potential policy responses to support Land Use and metropolitan region. more efficient outcomes from decisions Planning.

on urban land development.

LTP 2.3 Develop a government policy position 5.2 Undertake a study similar to the Victorian Transport, Urban on increased levels of urban infill, density and Urban Villages project in Western Australia Land Use and renewal. to identify possible sites for urban Planning.

redevelopment where the Community Design Code can be applied. Development plans for these sites should then be prepared.

LTP 3 Integration of land use and transport 5.2, 5.3 Actively pursue the development of Transport, Urbanplanning. measures to promote best practice in Land Use and

integrated urban land use and transport Planning.planning including:¥ policy guidelines for integrated urban

land use and transport planning; and¥ a ÒGood Practice GuideÓ on integrated

urban land use and transport planning.

LTP 4 Encourage the adoption of energy 4.9(ii) The Western Australian Government should Energy Supply efficiency principles in planning, building participate in the national program for and Use.design and construction. developing appropriate building standards,

with particular reference to the commercialbuildings sector.

Vehicle Emission Management (VEM).VEM 4.3 Encourage national moves towards 5.11 Actively participate in the oversighting of Transport, Urbanregulating for cleaner fuel formulation. fuel efficiency and fuel technology Land Use and

investigations through MVEC. Planning.

VEM 5.1 Support the consistency and early 5.10 Encourage the Australian Government to Transport, Urbanadoption of Australian Design Rule emission adopt emission standards that are Land Use andstandards with international best practice compatible with the UN ECE standards as Planning.emission standards. soon as is practically possible.

VEM 5.4 Investigate and promote the benefits 5.12 Investigate the potential for compensating Transport, Urbanand feasibility of using CNG and LPG as fuel subsidies to encourage development and Land Use andsources for the road passenger transport and use of alternative fuels. Planning.freight sectors where appropriate.

VEM 5.5 Investigate the use of electric, 5.12 Investigate the potential for compensating Transport, Urbanalternate fuel vehicles and ultra-light vehicles. subsidies to encourage development and Land Use and

use of alternative fuels. Planning.


Strategy and action in the National WA greenhouse gas abatement ResponsiblePerth AQMP greenhouse recommendation technical panel

strategy (WA greenhouse measure strategy)

Domestic Activities Emissions (DAE).DAE 2.2 Promote effective greenwaste 7.3 Continue implementation of the Green and Industry and collection and reprocessing services and Organic Waste Management Strategy. Wastesupport a co-ordinated approach by all local Management.government authorities in Perth.

DAE 3.1 Support the enhancement of the 4.9(i) The Western Australian Government Energy Supplyexisting voluntary program to promote energy should participate in the national program and Use.efficiency in building design and the for developing appropriate building construction of new dwellings, major standards, with particular reference to therenovations and redevelopments. commercial buildings sector.

DAE 3.2 Support the establishment of 4.9(i) The Western Australian Government Energy Supply minimum standards for energy efficiency for should participate in the national program and Use.all new houses, major renovations and for developing appropriate building redevelopments by the adoption of the standards, with particular reference to thestandards to be introduced into the Building commercial buildings sector.Code of Australia.

DAE 3.3 Advocate the introduction of energy 4.9(i) The Western Australian Government Energy Supplyefficiency standards into the Building Code of should participate in the national program and Use.Australia. for developing appropriate building

standards, with particular reference to the commercial buildings sector.

DAE 4.2 Investigate the feasibility of 4.10 The national programs of labelling and Energy Supply developing a rating scheme for domestic minimum energy performance standards and Use.appliances and recreational equipment for domestic appliances and commercial according to relative impacts on air quality. and industrial equipment are worth

supporting by appropriate legislation and funding from the State.

Burning Emissions Management (BEM). No correlating actions identified.

Industrial Emissions Management (IEM).IEM 3.2 Develop and implement a position 4.5 Access arrangements should be liberalised Energy Supplypaper and policy on co-generation and its to enable electricity from small and Use.implications for the Perth airshed. co-generation projects and from renewable

sources to be wheeled through the grid to service small discrete loads.

IEM 5 Promote and provide incentives for the 7 Continue implementation of the National Industry and broader adoption of Òcleaner technologiesÓ in Strategy for Cleaner Production. Wasteall industrial activities. Management

Community Information and Education (CIE). No correlating actions identified.

Management Plan

Air QualityPerth

119December 2000

Australian Academy of Technological Sciencesand Engineering (1997) Urban Air Pollution inAustralia. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra,ACT.

Australian and New Zealand EnvironmentCouncil (1990), National Goals for Fluoride inAmbient Air and Forage. Australian and New ZealandEnvironment Council, March 1990.

Australian Building Codes Board (1996a) Volume1: Class 2-Class 9 Buildings. CCH Australia Ltd:Sydney, NSW. Australian Building Codes Board(1996b) Volume 2: Class 1 and Class 10 Buildings; thehousing provisions. CCH Australia Ltd. Sydney, NSW.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1996) 1996 Censusof Population and Housing - Western Australia.Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1997) AustralianTransport and the Environment 1997 (4605.0).Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1999) Year BookAustralia 1999 (1301.0). Commonwealth ofAustralia: Canberra, ACT.

Australian Greenhouse Office (1998) The NationalGreenhouse Strategy: Strategic Framework forAdvancing Australia’s Greenhouse Response.Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT.

BP Kwinana (1998) Cleaner Fuels Strategy andWestern Australia. BP Refinery (Kwinana) Pty Ltd,WA.

Cities for Climate ProtectionTM Australia (1998)CCPTM Local Action Plan Summary. Melbourne, VIC.

Coffey Geosciences (2000) Setting National FuelQuality Standards – Review of Fuel QualityRequirements for Australian Transport – Volume 1.Prepared for Environment Australia. Commonwealthof Australia: Canberra, ACT.

Commonwealth of Australia (1986a) AustralianDesign Rule 30/00 - Diesel Engine Exhaust SmokeEmissions. National Standard issued by the FederalDepartment of Transport and Communications,December 1986.

Commonwealth of Australia (1986b) AustralianDesign Rule 36/00 - Exhaust Emission Control forHeavy Duty Vehicles. National Standard issued by theFederal Department of Transport andCommunications, December 1986.

Commonwealth of Australia (1993) AustralianDesign Rule 70/00 - Exhaust Emission Control for DieselEngined Vehicles. National Standard issued by theFederal Department of Transport andCommunications, September 1993.

Commonwealth of Australia (1995) AustralianDesign Rule 37/01 - Emission Control for Light Vehicles.National Standard issued by the Federal Office ofRoad Safety, March 1995.

Conservation Council of Western Australia (1996)Policy No 50 Fire in the Natural Environment. Perth,WA.

Department of Conservation and Environment(1982) The Kwinana Air Modelling Study. ReportNumber 10. Government of Western Australia:Perth, WA.

Department of Conservation and LandManagement (1998) Annual Report 1997-1998.Government of Western Australia: Bentley, WA.

Department of Environment (1998) South EastQueensland Regional Air Quality Strategy - Draftstrategy for managing air quality in south-eastQueensland. Queensland Government: Brisbane, Qld.

Department of Environmental Protection (1996)The Perth Haze Study 1994-1996: Summary and MajorFindings. Government of Western Australia: Perth,WA.

Department of Environmental Protection (1998)Western Australia Waste Management Strategy.Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Department of Environmental Protection (1999)Ambient Air Quality Data Summary, Western Australia(July 1998-Sept 1998). Government of WesternAustralia: Perth, WA

Department of Environmental Protection(Unpublished) Draft Environmental Code of Practicefor Managing Smoke from Fire Hazard Reduction.Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Department of Environmental Protection(Unpublished) Draft Western Australian CleanerProduction Strategy. Government of WesternAustralia: Perth, WA.

Department of Environmental Protection (2000a)Volatile Organic Compounds Monitoring in Perth:Baseline Air Toxics Project. Government of WesternAustralia: Perth, WA.

Appendix 10

References


Department of Environmental Protection (2000b)Perth Airshed Emissions Inventory Update(Unpublished) Government of Western Australia:Perth, WA.

Department of Environmental Protection (2000c)State of Knowledge - Perth Air Quality ManagementPlan. Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Department of the Environment, Sport andTerritories (1996) Australia: State of the Environment1996. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT.

Department of Planning and Urban Development(1990) Metroplan: A Planning Strategy for the PerthMetropolitan Region. Government of WesternAustralia: Perth, WA.

Dockery, D.W. and Pope, C.A. (1994) ‘AcuteRespiratory Effects of Particulate Air Pollution’,Annual Review of Public Health. 15:107-132.

Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D.,Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E., Ferris, B.G. and Speizer, F.E.(1993) ‘An Association between Air Pollution andMortality in Six US. Cities’ N. Eng. J. Med. 329,1753-59.

EPAQS (1994) Expert Panel on Air QualityStandards, Benzene, 1994, Department of theEnvironment, London.

European Commission (1999) Future EuropeanCommunity Emission Requirements.

Federal Office of Road Safety (1996) Motor VehiclePollution in Australia - Report on the National In-ServiceVehicle Emissions Study. Commonwealth of Australia:Canberra, ACT.

Fire and Emergency Services Authority(Unpublished) Draft Hazard Reduction PolicyPrevention & Risk Management Directorate.Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Gordian, M.E., Ozkaynak, H., Xue, J.P., Morris,S.S. and Spengler, J.D. (1996) ‘Particulate AirPollution and Respiratory Disease in Anchorage,Alaska’, Environmental Health Perspectives.104(3):290-297.

Government of Victoria (1999). State EnvironmentProtection Policy (Ambient Air Quality). EnvironmentProtection Act 1970. Government of Victoria:Melbourne, Vic.

Government of Western Australia (1998a)Environment Western Australia 1998: State of theEnvironment Report. Government of WesternAustralia: Perth, WA.

Government of Western Australia (1998b) TheWestern Australian Government’s Response to the reportof the Select Committee on Perth’s Air Quality.Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Gras, J.L. (1996) A Report to the Western AustralianDepartment of Environmental Protection. The PerthHaze Study. CSIRO Division of AtmosphericResearch.

Howard, J. (1997) Safeguarding the Future:Australia’s response to climate change. Statement by thePrime Minister of Australia the Hon. John HowardMP, 20 November 1997, Australia.

International Organisation for Standardisation(1998) ISO Standards Compendium: ISO 14000 -Environmental Management. ISO Central Secretariat:Geneva, Switzerland.

James, B. (1997) Perth Motor Vehicle EmissionsInventory: Scenario Tests. Transport Report 96/2.Perth, WA.

Legislative Assembly (1998) Report of the SelectCommittee on Perth’s Air Quality. State Law Publisher,Parliament of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Main Roads Western Australia (1998) TransformWA: Securing Western Australia’s Future. Governmentof Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Manins, P.C., Cope, M.E., Hurley, P.J., Newton,P.W., Smith, N.C., and Marquez, L.O. (1998) ‘Theimpact of urban development on air quality andenergy use’ in Proceedings of the 14th InternationalClean Air and Environment Conference.

Ministry for Planning (1998) Perth’s Bushplan.Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

National Environment Protection Council (1998a)National Environment Protection Council (Ambient AirQuality) Measure.

National Environment Protection Council(1998b). ‘Jurisdictional Air Quality ImplementationPlan - Western Australia’, in Final Impact Statementfor the Ambient Air Quality National EnvironmentProtection Measure 26 June 1998. NEPC ServiceCorporation, Adelaide, SA.

OECD (1995) Motor Vehicle Pollution: Reductionstrategies beyond 2010, Paris, France.

Standards Australia (1992) AS4013 - DomesticSolid Fuel Burning Appliances - Method forDetermination of Fuel Gas Emission.

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Transport (1996b) State Transport Policy: WesternAustralia (1996-2029). Government of WesternAustralia: Perth, WA.

Transport (1998a) Better Public Transport: Ten-YearPlan for Transperth 1998-2007. Government ofWestern Australia: Perth, WA.

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Transport (1999) Travelsmart 2010: A 10 Year Plan,Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA.

Transport, Ministry for Planning, Main RoadsWestern Australia, Fremantle Port Authority,Westrail and Government of Western Australia.(1999) Perth Metropolitan Freight Transport Strategy:Draft for Public Comment January 1999. Governmentof Western Australia: Perth, WA.

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Documents

Perth Air Quality Management Plan