Dave T. BercadesDept. of Sports ScienceUniversity of the Philippines

Competition and sport(Peneyra, 2008)

“competition for elite athletes”

“no such thing as non-competitive sport”

“competition is an avenue to define myself in perfection of form…”

“Naglalaro ka para manalo. Kung hindi, hindi ka sport.”

“…carry a name na kailangan pangalagaan.”

Philippine performance in international sports competitions

YEAR

SEA GAMES HOST WINNER SECOND THIRD

1977 Kuala Lumpur Indonesia (62)

 Thailand (37)

 Philippines (31)

1979 Jakarta Indonesia (92)

 Thailand (50)

 Burma (26)

1981 Manila Indonesia (85)

 Thailand (62)

 Philippines (55)

1983 Singapore Indonesia (64)

 Philippines (49)

 Thailand (49)

1985 Bangkok  Thailand (92) Indonesia (62)

 Philippines (43)

1987 Jakarta Indonesia (183)

 Thailand (63)

 Philippines (59)

1989 Kuala Lumpur Indonesia (102)

 Malaysia (67)

 Thailand (62)

1991 Manila Indonesia (92)

 Philippines (90)

 Thailand (72)

1993 Singapore City Indonesia (88)

 Thailand (63)

 Philippines (57)

1995 Chiang Mai Thailand (157)

 Indonesia (77)

 Philippines (33)

1997 Jakarta Indonesia (194)

 Thailand (83)

 Malaysia (55)

1999 Bandar Seri Begawan  Thailand (65) Malaysia (57)

 Indonesia (44)

2001 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia (111)

 Thailand (103)

 Indonesia (72)

2003Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

 Vietnam (158)

 Thailand (90)

 Indonesia (55)

2005 Manila Philippines (113)

 Thailand (87)

 Vietnam (71)

2007 Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand (183)

 Malaysia (68)

 Vietnam (64)

2009 Vientiane  Thailand (86) Vietnam (83)

 Indonesia (43)

RP gold in the SEA Games

SEA Games Summary

COUNTRYOVER-ALL CHAMPION

SECOND

THIRD

 Indonesia 9 Times 2 Times 4 Times

 Thailand 5 Times 9 Times 3 Times

 Malaysia 1 Time 3 Times 1 Time

 Philippines 1 Time 2 Times 6 Times

 Vietnam 1 Time 1 Time 2 Times

 Myanmar - - 1 Time

 Brunei - - -

 Cambodia - - -

 Laos - - -

 Singapore - - -

 Timor-Leste - - -

Year

Asian Games Host

1st place 2nd place 3rd place

1951

New Delhi Japan (24) India (15) Iran (8)

1954

Manila Japan (38)Philippines (14)

South Korea (8)

1958

Tokyo Japan (67)Philippines (9)

South Korea (8)

1962

Jakarta Japan (73)Indonesia (21)

India (10)

1966

Bangkok Japan (78)South Korea (12)

Thailand (11)

1970

Bangkok Japan (74)South Korea (18)

Thailand (9)

1974

Tehran Japan (75) Iran (36) China (32)

1978

Bangkok Japan (70) China (51)South Korea (18)

1982

New DelhiChina (61)

Japan (57)South Korea (28)

1986

SeoulChina (94)

South Korea (93)

Japan (58)

1990

BeijingChina (183)

South Korea (54)

Japan (38)

1994

HiroshimaChina (125)

Japan (64)South Korea (63)

1998

BangkokChina (129)

South Korea (65)

Japan (52)

2002

BusanChina (150)

South Korea (96)

Japan (44)

2006

DohaChina (165)

South Korea (58)

Japan (50)

RP gold in the Asian Games

RP Olympic medalists Medal

Name Event SportYear

Bronze

Teofilo Yldefonso

Men's 200 metre breaststroke

Swimming

1928

Bronze

Men's 200 metre breaststroke

Swimming

1932

Bronze

Simeon Toribio Men's high jump Athletics

Bronze

José Villanueva Men's bantamweight Boxing

Bronze

Miguel WhiteMen's 400 metre hurdles

Athletics 1936

Silver Anthony Villanueva

Men's featherweight Boxing 1964

Bronze

Leopoldo Serantes

Men's light flyweight Boxing 1988

Bronze

Roel Velasco Men's light flyweight Boxing 1992

Silver Mansueto Velasco

Men's light flyweight Boxing 1996

RP Olympic medalists (demo)Medal

Name Event Sport Year

Gold Willy WangMen's Nanquan & Nangun combined

Wushu 2008

Gold Ariane Cerdena Women's bowling Bowling 1988

Bronze

Stephen Fernandez

Men's bantamweight Taekwon

do1992

Bronze

Beatriz Lucero Women's featherweight

RP in the Olympics

Team (IOC code)  

№ Summer  

Gold  

Silver  

Bronze  

Total  

Philippines (PHI) 19 0 2 7 9China (CHN) 8 163 117 106 386India (IND) 22 9 4 7 20Japan (JPN) 20 123 112 126 361South Korea (KOR) 15 68 74 73 215Indonesia (INA) 13 6 9 10 25Malaysia (MAS) 13 0 2 2 4Thailand (THA) 14 7 4 10 21

1. Population2. Economy3. Physical characteristics4. Diet 5. Competitive structure6. Mental attitude7. Coaching standards

Factors that influence the development of sport (Haller 1986)

Population 2007(http://www.prb.org/pdf07/07WPDS_Eng.pdf)

Country (IOC code)  

Total  Olympi

c Medals

Population 

(millions)

China (CHN) 386 1,318Japan (JPN) 361 128South Korea (KOR) 215 48Indonesia (INA) 25 232India (IND) 20 1,132Philippines (PHI) 9 89Malaysia (MAS) 4 27

Economy

Economies were divided according to 2008 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method.1. low income, $975 or less  2. lower middle income, $976 - $3,855 3. upper middle income, $3,856 -

$11,905 4. high income, $11,906 or more

(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20420458~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html)

Country (IOC code)  

Total  Olympi

c Medals

Population 

(millions)

GNI (clas

s)

China (CHN) 386 1,318 2Japan (JPN) 361 128 4South Korea (KOR) 215 48 4Indonesia (INA) 25 232 2India (IND) 20 1,132 2Philippines (PHI) 9 89 2Malaysia (MAS) 4 27 3

Physical characteristics(http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/height-chart.shtml)

Country (IOC code)  

Total  Olymp

ic Medal

s

Population 

(millions)

GNI (clas

s)

M/F Height

(cm)

China (CHN) 386 1,318 2 172/160Japan (JPN) 361 128 4 171/159South Korea (KOR) 215 48 4 175/163Indonesia (INA) 25 232 2 158/147India (IND) 20 1,132 2 165/165Philippines (PHI) 9 89 2 164/152Malaysia (MAS) 4 27 3 165/153

BMI adults % normal (18.5-24.99)(http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp)

Country(IOC code)  

Total  Olympic Medals

Population 

(millions)

GNI (clas

s)

M/F Heigh

t (cm)

BMI%

China (CHN) 386 1,318 2172/16

0 59

Japan (JPN) 361 128 4171/15

9 69South Korea (KOR) 215 48 4

175/163 63

Indonesia (INA) 25 232 2158/14

7

India (IND) 20 1,132 2165/16

5 63Philippines (PHI) 9 89 2

164/152 70

Malaysia (MAS) 4 27 3165/15

3 49

Asian v. Western food

Competitiveness

a comparative concept in economics of the ability and performance of a firm, sub-sector or country to sell and supply goods and/or services in a given market.

National Competitiveness takes into account the challenges of global competition given the constraints of government and the private sector.

(http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm )

MORE COMPETITIVE, LESS COMPETITIVE, NO DATA

Country comparisons (n=134)Most competitive global Most competitive Asian

Switzerland 1 United States 2 Singapore 3 Sweden 4 Denmark 5 Finland 6 Germany 7 Japan 8 Canada 9 Netherlands 10

Hong Kong SAR 11 Taiwan, China 12 Korea, Rep. 19 Malaysia 24 China 29 Brunei Darussalam 32 Thailand 36 India 49 Indonesia 54 Philippines 87

Mental attitude (Peneyra, 2008)

“Filipino Athletes’ Construct of Sport”

Filipino athletes, multiple sports, national/international level, medalists

Personal interview, open-ended questions

Common themes

Questions:1. What is your personal definition of

‘sport’?2. What is it for? (function, role) For

whom?3. What are benefits from participation?4. Does it promote national identity?

How?5. How does participation contribute to

the development of the country6. Insights from participation

2. What is it for? For whom? “For elite athletes”; training more rigid

(vs. game) “For everyone, to derive recreation,

fitness, health” “Para sa katawan, sa sarili, malayo sa

bisyo” “to prolong life in a happy, fun way” “for the self; it creates me, shapes me,

makes me” (What are you? “a warrior”)

4. Does participation promote national identity? How? “overwhelming, flattering especially pag

nababanggit pangalan at nationality” “sport is the greatest propaganda tool; can’t

have a strong identity in the world circle if you don’t have a strong sports program”

FMA unity program to put the Philippines in the map; we must choose our battles

“nagkakaroon ng pangalan, tulad ni Pacquiao”

“No, because sport is universal; all aim for the same goal so boundaries between cultures are broken”

5. How does participation contribute to the country? Work ethic instilled; “train nang maayos” “attention will be given to the country if

for example we win an Olympic gold, it means we are bringing up our economic program”

“magturo sa walang kaalaman; ipasa ito” “Carry a name, fight not for the self, but

for the country because people expect us to do something”

Coaching standards (Cruz, 2007)

10 national coaches

Coach’s profile sheetCoach’s profile sheet

Interview questionnaireInterview questionnaire

Figure 1: Years Coaching the National Team

02468101214161820

Figure 2: Educational Attainment

1

63

Figure 5: Accreditation/Seminars attended

9

2

1 1

6

3

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 PSCSeminars

Others

Certification requirement In Commonwealth countries, a 3-level

system is in place for regular coaches. For coaches at the national level, Levels

4 , and possibly 5, are required. Each level has a program of study and a

number of hours of practical experience required.

Most WGBs have certification programs for coaches also.

NSA qualifications

1. Experience as a player 2. Achievements in the sport 3. Seminars attended4. Educational attainment5. Character/leadership skills 6. Interpersonal skills

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs