PERSPECTIVES IN

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Ntufam: Patrick AGBOR ASSIBONG B.Sc.(Hons);M.Sc.,Ph.D Political Science (Specialized in the Political Economy of

Development and Underdevelopment or Development Studies)

FIRST EDITION

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION

DEDICATION

Perspectives in Political Science is dedicated to all the Progressive African People past and present and to my Godfather and Wife (Mr. and Mrs.Alfred and Catherine Schwarz) in Switzerland who have been serving as my role models over the years.

- t

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writing of this book would not have been possible but for the materials I got from all the authors mentioned in the bibliography. I remain grateful to the above authorities. I have to thank the University of Calabar Peer Review and Press Management Committee which after a thorough assessment of the book issued the International Standard Book Number (ISBN 978-065-192-6) to me. My thanks also go to Messrs: Bate and Kima of SONEL who gave me information on the role of SONEL as a public corporation in Cameroon; Mr. Joseph NtuiNdifon of the Nigerian Electricity Power Authority (NEPA) which was renamed Power Holding Company of Nigeria(PHCN) and now Electricity Distribution Company for the materials on NEPA,PHCN, Portharcort Electricity Distribution Company(PHEDC),Enugu Electricity Distribution Company(EEDC), Benin Electricity Distribution Company, Benue Electricity Distribution Company(BEDC),Kaduna Electricity Distribution Company(KEDC) Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company(IBEDC),Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company(IKEDC),Eko Electricity Distribution Company (EKEDC),Abuja Electricity Distribution Company(ABEDC), Jos Electricity Distribution Company(JEDC),Kano Electricity Distribution Company(KEDC) and Yola Electricity Distribution Company(YEDC).

I must also thank my past and present students who informed me that all those who used my first textbook - Introduction to Political Science to write Public Service Examinations or "Concours" in French West African Countries, passed the examinations. They however told me to write on Public Corporations, the Civil Service and the Electoral System because questions from these topics use to "embarrass" them during public examinations. This, I did by writing Perspectives in Political Science which is another textbook in Government which would be useful to students. I remain grateful to Messrs: Mbua Richard Akong Ojong and Check Watad who typed and proof-read the manuscript.

July, 2016 Dept. of Political Science and International Relations , Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Ntufam(Dr.) Assibong P.A

ii

I have written this book: Persp( illuminating all the topics in tl African and European Perspect advance the study and underst; Nigeria and other West Africa1 Leone.

This book can help candidates level and public examinations most African Countries with no they often encounter questiom the electoral system etc but the) This book now fills the above ~ not have.

Students in Political Science World, need a book like, Persp~ them study and comprehend Constitutional Development. P PAD417: Nigerian Local Gove Government. POS30 1: Public C POS418: Party and Electoral Sy

This book will not only be use students in Universities, tho "Concours" but it will also be and the Master Discipline of Po,

July, 2016 Dept. of t>olitical Science and International Relations CovenantUniversity, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

: for the materials I main grateful to the

Press Management book issued the

)to me. EL who gave me in Cameroon; Mr.

rity (NEPA) which md now Electricity HCN, Portharcort i.city Distribution

icity Distribution 1y(KEDC) Ibadan .city Distribution

, Jos Electricity Company(KEDC)

:1 me that all those ce to write Public Countries, passed Corporations, the n these topics use I did by writing k in Government

Check Watad

Assibong P.A

PREFACE

I have written this book: Perspective in Political Science with the hope of illuminating all the topics in the eleven Chapters of the book using the African and European Perspectives. It is hoped that this will also help us advance the study and understanding of Constitutional Developments in Nigeria and other West African countries like Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

This book can help candidates pass their Examinations at the university level and public examinations for recruitment into the Civil Service in most African Countries with no stress. Some job applicants complain that they often encounter questions on public corporations, public opinion, the electoral system etc but they have no idea about the above particulars. This book now fills the above gap because one cannot give what he does not have.

Students in Political Science Departments in all Universities in the World, need a book like, Perspectives in Political Science which can help them study and comprehend courses like - POS 112: Nigerian Constitutional Development. POS 114: Introduction to African Politics PAD417: Nigerian Local Government. PAD 222: Introduction to Local Government. POS30 1: Public Corporations. POS436: Constitutionalism, POS418: Party and Electoral System etc.

This book will not only be useful for Undergraduates and Postgraduate students in Universities, those writing Public Examinations or "Concours" but it will also be useful for all those who love knowledge and the Master Discipline of Political Science.

July, 2016 Dept. of :f>olitical Science and International Relations CovenantUniversity, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Ntufam:Assibong,P. A. Ph.D

... Ill

© Assibong, P.A 2016

Published in Nigeria by the University of Calabar Press

All rights reserved, no parts of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise,

without the prior permission of the author and the University of

Calabar Press.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of

trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated

without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or

other than that in which is published and without a similar condition

including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

PERSPECTIVES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE ISBN 978-065-192-6

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

PERSPECTIVES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

ISBN 978-065-192-6

Printed in Nigeria by the University of Calabar

Printing Company. Calabar

iv

--~.... .... --

.....

CON~

CHAPTER ONE THE ELECTORAL PROCESS .. Introduction ........................... . 1.2 The Evolution of suffrage in Ni. 1.2.1 Functions of Election ......... . 1.2.2 Procedure for Conducting elec 1.2.3 Electqral Constituencies ...... . 1.3 Types of Suffrage .............. .. . 1.4 Types of Electoral Systems ..... . 1.5- Direct Election ............... , ... . 1.6 Indirect Election .... .... ..... .... . 1. 7 Proportional Representation .. .. . 1 . & Advantage~ of Proportional Re~ 1. 9 Oisadvantages of Proportional f 1. 10 Simple Majority ................ . 1.11 Advantages of Simple Majorit: 1. 12 Disadvantages of Simple Majo 1.13 Absoh.tte Majority .............. . 1.14 Single Non -Transferable Vote 1. 15 Limited Vote System ........... . 1.16 Cumulative System ............ .. 1. 17 Communal Representation .... . 1.18 Advantages .ofCommunal Rep 1.19 Need to Vote Leaders ... , ...... . 1.20 Problems of Direct Elections .. . 1.21 The Electoral Commission .... . 1.22 Role, Duties or Functions ofEI 1.23 Problems of Electoral Commis:

v

,- ·- --·~

Calabar Press

may be reproduced,

:my form or by any

)rding or otherwise,

1 the University of

'shall not, by way of

otherwise circulated

form of binding or

uta similar condition

ubsequent purchaser.

cation Data

:ciENCE

blication Data

'lCIENCE

ofCalabar

zr

CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE THE ELECTORAL PROCESS ...................... ...... ............... .. 1

Introduction ........ . ... .... . ... . ........ ... ....................................... 1 1.2 The Evolution of suffrage in Nigeria ........................ ..... . ... ... . 3 1.2.1 Functions of Election ................... .. ....................... ........ .4 1.2.2 Procedure for Conducting elections .................................... 5 1.2.3 Electqral Constituencies ... ........... .. .................... ........... .. 6 1.3 Types of Suffrage .. .. ... ..................................... . , ...... ... .... 6 1.4 Types ofE1ectoral Systems .. ................................. . ......... ... 8 1 5· D' El . . . · rrect ectton .... ... ..... .... ..... .... ...... ... .............. ............... 9 1.6 Indirect Election ....... .... .............. ........................... ....... 11 1. 7 Proportional Representation ............... ........... . ......... . ... ..... 12 1.8 Advantages of Proportional Represeptation .. . ........ . ... ........... , 14 1.9 Disadvantages of Proportional Representation ..... ................... 15 1. 10 Simple Majority ....... ............. . ... , ................... ....... .. ..... 16 1.11 Advantages of Simple Majority .................................. .. ... 16 1.12 Disadvantages of Simple Majority ...... , ..................... .... . .. . 17 1.13 Absolute Majority ......... ..... . ........................................ 18 1.14 Single Non -Transferable Vote System ............................... 19 1.15 Limited Vote System .................. . ............................... .. 19 1.16 Cumulative System ... ....... ... . .. .................................... .. 20 1.17 Communal Representation .............................. ............... 20 1.18 Advantages.ofCommunal Representation ........................... 21 1.19 Need to Vote Leaders ... , ....... .. ...... .. , ............. : ............... 21 1.20 Problems of Direct Elections ....... .................................... 22 1.21 The Electoral Commission ........... . ....................... . ......... 24 1.22Role, Duties or Functions of Electoral Commission ................ 25 1.23 Problems of Electoral Commission ......... .' ..... ........... . .. .. ..... 26

v

. t -

CHAPTER TWO PUBLIC OPINION OR "VOX POPULI" . ....... . .. .......... .35 2.2.1 Definition of Public Opinion ........... · .............. ........... 35 2.2.2 Measurement of Public Opinion .......... .. ....... .......... .35 2.2.3 Agents of Public Opinion ... : .................................. 36 2.2.4 Factors Influencing Public Opinion .......................... 39 2.2.5 Importance of Public Opinion ..................... ........... .40 2.2.6 Major Steps in Public Opinion Polling .......... ... ....... :.45

CHAPTER THREE CIVIL SE:RVICE ........ .. ...... .. ...................... .......... .. . 47 3.3.1 Definition of Civil Service, .... · ................... ........... .47 3.3.2 'J.'he Structure and Functions of the Civil Service ......... 48 3.3.3 Functions of the variou~ cla~s~s ................... .... ~ ...... 51 3.3.4Personnel Administration irt the c•vil Service .. ............ 53 3.3.5 Char~cteristics of the Civil Service .............. : ..... ,, .... 55 3.3.6 Functions of the Civil Service .......................... ...... 57 3.3.7 Problems of the Public Service ....................... ... ..... 58 3.3.8 Controls of the Civil Service .......... ......... ............... 62

CHAPTER FOUR PUBLIC CORPORA TIONSIENTERPRISES ....... . . ........ 65 4.4.1Defintion of subject matter ..................................... 65 4.4.2 Reasons for Establishment .................. ............ , .... . 66 4.4.3 Sources of Finances .... ...................... ............... ... 68 4.4.4 Control of Public Corporations ................. . ... ....... ... 68 4.4.5 Advantages of Public Corporations ................. . .. ....... 71 4.4.6 Characteristics of Public Corporations ..... ................ . 71 4.4.7 Autonomy of Public Corporations ............................ 72

-!~ ~~v~

.. ,

CHAPTER FIVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT .. 5.5.1Definitional Polemics ... 5.5.2 Evolution ofLocal Gov 5.5.3 Features of the 1976 Lo 5.5.4 Sources ofRevenue of! 5.5.5 Central Government Gr. 5.5.6 Contr9l ofLocal Goven 5. 5. 7 Re(\.Sons for Control ... .. 5. 5. 8 Functions of the Local < 5.5.9 Problems of Local Gov~ 5. 5.10 Sol\ltions to the Proble 5.5 .11 How Power is Shared. 5.5.12 Relationship Between 5.5-.13 How to Improve the R1

CHAPTER SIX PRE .. COLONIAL POLID< 6.1Background Material-Intr 6.2 The Ejagham Pre-colonia 6.3 The Efik Pre-colonial Po:

6.4 The Igbo Pre-coloni~l Pol 65 The Tiv Pre-colonial Poli1 6.6The Yomba Pre-colonial F 6.7 The Selection ofObas .... 6.8 Checks and Balances in ( 6.9 The Hausa/Fulani Pre-col• 6.10 The Role of Traditional] 6.11 Government IntetferenC( 6.12 Democracy and Traditio· 6.13 Traditional Authority Be

~

~ -- -- --.,..,.. "ill!'"" -~- ,. - -

-- .•.. ·. ·. . ;.,;

···· · ····· . .. .... . 35

. ······· ..... . ..... 35 ... .. .. .... .. . .. . .35 ........ ... .... . .. 36 .: . . .. .... .. . .... 39 ....... .. .. .... ... 40 .... . ...... .. . .. ·.45

.... ........... ... 47 .... .... ... .. .... 47 .ervice ......... 48 .. .... .. . .. : ...... 51 ice .............. 53 .... . : ..... , . .. .. 55 ..... .. . .. ....... 57 ......... . ....... 58 ... . ... .. .. , .... . 62

;,, ... ... , ... . .... 65 ... .. .. ........ ... 65 .. ... ........... . 66 .. ... . .. .. ....... 68 . .... ... .. ... ... . 68 .... ...... ........ 71 . ... ·· ···· .... ... 71 ....... ......... . 72

CHAPTER FIVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ... ... ... ... . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..... ... ... .. . . ..... ... 74 5.5.1Definitional Polemics ..... .. ...... .. ... .. . .. . ... .... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... . 74 5.5.2 Evolution of Local Government. .. .. .. .... . ... .. .. .. .. . .. ... . . .. ...... 74 5.5.3 Features of the 1976 Local Government Reforms .. .. .. ........... 11 0 5.5.4 Sources of Revenue of Local Governments ... ... .. .. .. ... .. . ...... 115 5.5.5 Central Government Grants to Local Governments .......... .... 116 5.5.6 Contr9l of Local Governments .... .. .. . .. . .. . ....................... 116 5.5.7 Reasons for Control .. ... .. ... .. .... .. ... ..... . .. . .... .. ......... ...... 119 5.5.8 Functions of the Local Government Service Commission ... .... 120 55.9 Problems of Local Government Councils ... ... . ... . ... . ........... 121 5.5.10 Solutions t() the Problems . ... .. .. ~ ... .... .... . ..... . ... ............ 122 5.5.11 How Power is Shared ... ... .... .... . .. . . ..... .. . ... .... .' ...... ... .. .. 125 5.5 .12 Relationship Between the Three Tiers ... ........ , .... .... . ....... 126 5.5'.13 How to Improve the Revenue ... ....... .. ... . ... .. ... ... ....... .... . 126

CHAPTE:Q SIX PRE-COLONIAL POLITICAL SYSTEMS ... ...... .. . , . . ..... . .. . ... 128 6.1Background Material-Introduction ... : .. ... ..... .. .. .. .. ......... . ... . 128 6.2 The Ejagham Pre-colonial Political System ... .... .. .. .. ... .. . ... .. . 128 6.3 The Efik Pre-colonial Political System .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. ... . .. .. .. 133 6.4 The Igbo Pre-colonial Political System ... .. . ... ... .... .. .. .... . ... ... 13 7 6.5 The Tiv Pre-colonial Political System ........ . . ...... . ... .... .... .. .. 140 6.6The Yof\.lba Pre-colonial Political System ..... .. ... ....... ... .. .... . . 141 6.1 The Selection ofObas . .. .. ... . ..... . ....... .. ... ...... .... ' .. .... .... .... 145 6.8 Checks and Balances in Government ........... . ... .. .. . ..... .... .. .. 145 6.9 The Hausa!Fulani Pre-colonial Political System ... ... ....... .. . ..... 146 6.10 The Role of Traditional Rulers in Government. .. . .. ... .. .. .... ... 149 6.11 Government Interference .. . .... ......... . ....... .... . .. ... .... . ... . ... 152 6.12 Democracy and Traditional Rulership .. .. .. .. ... . ... .... .. ......... 154 6.13 Traditional Authority Before Colonization .... . . .......... ... .. ... .. 15 5 ,

vii

6.14 Control of Traditional Rulers ............... ... . ................... 156

CHAPTER SEVEN

BRITISH AND FRENCH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION .. . ... 157 7.1 British Colonial Administration ...... ... ........................... 157 7.1.1 The Structure of British ColoniarAdministration .. ............ 157 7.1.2 Indirect Rule System ...... ., ...................................... 159 7.1 .3 Indirect Rule in Northern Nigeria .... .... .. . ..................... 162 7.1.4 Indirect Rule in Western Nigeria ....... ...... ....... : ............ 164 7.1. 5 Indirect Rule in Eastern Nigeria .. . .. : ........................... 165 7.1.6 Merits of Indirect Rule .. .. .. ... .. : ............... ................. 166 7.1. 7 Demerits of Indirect Rule.:, ............. . ..... .... .. ...... ....... 167 7.2 French Colonial Administration 'in West Africa . .. ........ . ~ .... 169 7.2.1 The French Policy of Assjm.Hation ... ... ...... ..... .. .... . ...... 171 7.2.2Features of Association Policy .. . . , ........ ... .......... , ......... 172 7.2.3 Why Assimilation Policy Failed ........ , ............. , .......... 173 7.3 British and French Administration Contrasted ................... 175

CHAPTE~ EIGHT

CONSTITURIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA ......... 177 8.1Background History ... ........ .... . -.... : ...... ........... ... .......... 177 8.2 Demamts of the National Congress ofBritish West Africa ..... 178 8.3 The 1922 Clifford Constitution ... .. ............... ... .. .. . ........ 179 8.3.1 Features of the Clifford Constitution ............................ 180 8.3. 2 Merits of Clifford Constitution .......................... ......... 180 8. 3. 3 Demerits of Clifford Constitution ..... .. .. ........ . .... .......... 181 8.4 Richard Constitution of 1946 .... ... .......... .... ....... .. ......... 182 8.4.1 Merits of Richard Constitution ... .. . ... ...... ........ .. ..... ..... 186 8.4.2 Demerits of Richard Constitution .... .................... ........ 187 8.5The 1951 Macpherson Constitution ....... . .. .. ................ .... 188 8.5.1Features of Macpherson Constitution ..... ..... ................. 190

viii

....

8.5.2 Merits ofMacphersor 8.5.3 Demerits ofMacphen 8.6 The 1954 Littleton Con 8.6.1 Features ofLittleton ( 8.6.2 Merits ofLittleton Co 8.6.3 Demerits ofLittleton

CHAPTEI! NINE INDtPENDENCE AND POS1 9. 1 The 1960 Independence 9. 1.1 The Main Features of 9.1.2Meritsofthe 1960Cc 9. 1.3 Demerits of the 196.0 9.2 The1963 Republican C< 9.2.1 Features ofthe1963 R 9.3 .1 The 1979 Constitution 9.3.2 Features ofthe1979 C 9.3.3 Merits ofthe 1979 Cc 9. 3 .4 Demerits of the 1979 < 9.4 Thel979 and 1963 Con

CHAPTER TEN CONSTITUTIONAL :i>ltVELOP~

10.1 Preliminary .Statement 10.2Provition of the 1874 C 10.2.1 The LegislativeCou1 10.2.2 The Executive Coun· 10.3 The National Congres5 10.4 The 1925 Guiggisburg 10.4 .!Functions of the Prov 10.4.2 Defects of the 1925 (

ix

~~.. ... .. ·.. ,.. ..• ;::, ~;:JF'' _.., •

·- .__,~· ~' ' . .....

................... 156

'RATION ...... 157

.................. 157

ion .............. 157

....... .......... 159

······· ........... 162 I

... ............... 164 ................ 165 .. ............... 166 ................. 167 ......... ,., .... 169 ................ 171

...... , ......... 172 .... ······ ...... 173

············ .... 175

~RJA .... .. ... 177 ................ 177 st Africa ..... 178

········ ..... . 179 ··········· .... 180 .. ... .... .... .. 180 ............... 181 .......... ..... 182

········· ..... 186 ....... ....... 187 ...... ........ 188 ............. 190

.....

8.5.2 Merits of Macpherson Constitution ................................ . 192 8.5.3 Demerits of Macpherson Constitution ............... ............... 193 8.6 The 1954 Littleton Constitution ....................... . ......... . .... . 195 8.6.1 Features of Littleton Constitution ................................... 197 8.6.2 Merits of Littleton Constitution ............. ......................... 199 8.6.3 Demerits of Littleton Constitution ........... . ...... ................ 200

CHAPTE:a NINE INDtPENDENCE AND POST INDlPENDENCE CONSTITUTIONS . .. . . .. 203 9. 1 The 1960 Independence Constitution .... ... ... .. ..................... 203 9.1.1 The Main Features of the 1960 'constitution ........ , ......... ..... 203 9. 1.2 Merits of the 1960 Constitution ...•............ .... ................. . 205 9. 1.3 Demerits of the 196.0 Constitution ........................... .. .... . 207 9.2 The1963 Republican Constitution ........................... .. . ... . .. 208 9.2.1 Feawres ofthel963 Republican Constitution ............ ..... . ... 209 9.3.1The 1979 Constitution ................................................ . 214 9.3.2 Feat\lres ofthel979 Constitution .................................... 215 9.3.3 Merits of the 1979 Constitution .... .. ................... .. .......... 217 9.3 .4 Demerits of the1979 Constitution ................... .. .... .... .. .... 220 9.4 The1979 and 1963 Constitutions Compared ... ... ........ .......... . 223

CBAPTE~TEN

CONSTITU110NALl>EVELOPMENT IN GHANA, SIERA LEONE LIBERIA ....... 2Z7 10.1 Preliminary .Statements-Introduction ..... ......... .............. · .... 227 10.2Provition of the 1874 Constitution in Gold Coast ... .' .......... . .. 227 10.2.1 The Legislative Council in Gold Coast .............. . ............ 227 10.2.2 The Executive Council in Gold Coast. ........ . ................. .228 10.3 The National Congress of British West Africa ..................... 228 10.4 The 1925 Guiggisburg Constitution in Gold Coast.. ... .......... 229 10.4 .!Functions of the Provisional Council .......................... . ... 23 0 10.4.2 Defects of the 1925 Constitution ............................... .. .230

'

ix

.... 10.5The 1946 Burns Constitution in Qhana .... .... ..... .. ......... .. 231 10.5.2 The Executive Council. ............................ .............. 232 10.5.3 Demerits ofthe~onstitution .............. :, .... ................ 232

10.6The UGCC and thel984 Riots ... . ................. . ...... ......... . 232 1. Some 1983 Electoral F

10.7 The 1949 Cousseyd3mmittee .. .. ..................... .. .. ..... .. 233 2. The Structure of the Ci

10 .. 8 Arden··.Clark Constitution .... . ... : ................ . ....... ....... 234 3. Organizational and FUJ

10.8.1 The Legislative Assembly ....................... .... .. ......... 234 Government in Nigeri'

10.8.2 The Executive Col,lncil. .......... · . . ...................... .... ... 234 4. Hierarchy of Authorit}

10.8.3 Defects of the Constitution ...... , .............................. 235 5. Hierarc.p of Authority :

10.9 Kwame Nkrumah and the Convention Peoples' Party .. .. .... 236 6. Hierarchy of Authorit}

10.9.1 The 1954 Nkrumah Constitution ............... . ... ........... 237 7. The Structure ofBritis

10.9.2The Legislative Assembly" .... . . ....... ...... . . .. . ..... .. ......... 237 Africa .................. ..

1 0. 9. 3 The Executive Council .... ... : . ............ ..... . ............... 23 8 10.10 Steps Towards Gold Coa_st Jndep~ndence ..................... 238 10.11 Significant Aspects of the 1957 Constitution ...... ........ .. .. 240 10.12 The 1960 Republican Constitution ~f Ghana ... .. . ......... .. . 241 10.13 Constitutional Development in Sierra Leone .. .. . , ......... . ... 242 10.14 The 1924 Slater Constitution .. , ........ .. ....... ............ . .. . 243 10.15 1951 Stevenson or Beresford-Stooke Constitution ........ 244

1D.l6 Constitutional Development ofLiperia ... .................... . 245 10.17 The 1893 Buchanan Constitution. · ... ........ . ................. . 246

CHAPTER ELEVEN SOME ASPECTS OF NIGERIAN POLITICS ......... ....... .. . 247 11.1Nationalism in Nigeria ........ . ... .. . .. , .................... ... ..... 247 11.2Growth of Nationalism Before World War II. .... ..... ... ..... . 248 11.3 Rise of Nationalism After World War II ........... .. ... ... ...... 251 11.3 The Effects of Nationalism in Nigeria ............ .. ..... ........ 253 BffiLIOGRAPHY ...... . .......................................... . . 256-259

INDEX .......................... ; .................. ..... .................. . 260

. ... .... . 231

.. . ... ... . 232 ........ .. 232 .... .... .. 232 .......... 233 ... . ..... 234 ... ....... 234 .... ...... 234 ... .. ..... 235 :y ...... .. 236 ... ...... 237 .... ...... 237 .. , . ...... 238 ..... : .... 238 .. . , ... .... 240 .. .. ....... 241 ,, ......... 242 , . ......... 243 on ..... .. . 244 .... . ...... 245 .. ....... .. 246

.. .. ....... 247 ... ......... 247 .. .. . ... .. . . 248 ... .... ...... 251 .... .... . ... 253 ....... 256-259 ..... ....... 260

List of Figures

I. Some 1983 Electoral Forms ............ ........ .. ............... 29-34 2. The Structure of the Civil Service in British West Africa ...... .49 3. Organizational and Functional Structure of Local

Government in Nigeria ......... ... ........... ... ... . ........... 113-114 · 4. Hierarchy of Authority-Ejagham Society ............. .. ........... 130 5. Hierarc.Jl of Authority Efik Society ................................. 134 6. Hierarchy of Authority Hausa/Fulani. .. .... .... _ ............ ...... 14 7 7. The Structure of British Colonial Administration in West

Africa ....... .. ... ........ ........... .' ... .... ........................... 158

l i

1· 1 1 1 ]

1

List of Tables

1. State, Local Government and theiir Capitals .......... _ .... 77-110

ABU: NLC: BBC: CNN: CR: PR: NCBWA: GCARPS: FEDECO: ELECAM: USIS: USA: VOA: NMA: NBA: DCO: SONARA: SONEL: NEPA: CPP: UGCC:

xii

",:-;y;..,;-.... .-~.,- ..

}- ~ .... ~ .,.

... List of Ab

AhamduB Nigerian British Br, CableNe Comm

Election C United Sta: United Sta: Voice of Nigerian Nigerian Deliberate

Conventio United Gol

xlii

. ... ... 77-110 ABU: NLC: BBC: CNN: CR: PR: NCBWA: GCARPS: FEDECO: ELECAM: USIS: USA: VOA: NMA: NBA: DCO: SONARA: SONEL: NEPA: CPP: UGCC:

.....

List of Abbreviations

Ahamdu Bello University Nigerian Labour Congress l3ritish Broadcasting Corporation Cable Network News Communal Representation :Proportional Representation National Congress of British West Africa Gold Coast Aborgines' Rights Protection S09iety federal Election Commission Election Cameroon United States Information Service United S~tes of America Voice of America Nigerian Medical Association Nigerian Bar Association Deliberate Creation of Opinion Societe Nationale De Rliffinage Societe National D'Electricite National Electric Power Authority Convention Peoples' Party United Gold Coast Convention

- ' ~

Glossary 1. Option A 4- Voting System adopted in Nigeria to avoid rigging

2. Gerrymander- Manipulation of an electoral district to one's advantage

3. Lobbying-Trying to influence Legislators to favour particular Policies . .

4. Economic Determinism- The idea that economic factors cause social change

xiv

....

The Electoral Proc

1.1 Introduction An electoral system can whereby, members representatives either di through electoral colleae~ method of ~ electing electoral system d regards the qualification electoral systems must to perform effectively: 1. There must be

the practice whereby and be voted for on without discrimination race or social status. the exercise of adult sL

(i) Age: The would-be-v which his 21 years in 1

in Nigeria, the United and 25 years in Japani

(ii) Citizenship: i.e. the " particular country;

(iii) Residence: The citi particular voting area months e.g: 12 montl resident in the country.

(iv) Registration in advar registered to vote in ad

(v) Sanity: He or she must (vi) Solvency: i.e the vote

the government any t~

-- -~- - --

,:-;;.~ ... • .. ~ . .

-~:~> ·~~ ' ', ·. -~ ,., .