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PersonalityPersonalityWhat is your personality?
What are the ideas about What are the ideas about personality?personality?
PsychoanalyticHumanisticTraitSocial cognitiveThe self
What is the Psychoanalytic What is the Psychoanalytic perspective?perspective?
Sigmund Freud◦The mind is like an
iceberg◦Conscious
(Above the water)
◦Unconscious Largely unaware (Below the water) Thoughts Feelings Memories
What happened?What happened?
How do we evaluate the How do we evaluate the unconscious?unconscious?Projective tests
◦ Ambiguous stimuli that people “project” information onto E.g. describe or tell a story
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)◦ Patient makes up a story based on ambiguous pictures
What do you see?What do you see?
Rorschach TestRorschach Test
10 inkblots - people discuss what they see in the inkblots
Designed to identify people’s inner unconscious feelings
Not successful in predicting behavior or diagnosis
What is Freud’s personality theory?What is Freud’s personality theory?Id = Pleasure principle
◦Sex & violence◦Hedonistic
Ego = Reality principle◦Mediates between Id and Superego
Superego = conscience◦Pride and guilt◦Right & wrong◦Ideal standards
What are ego defense mechanisms?What are ego defense mechanisms?Repression
◦ Underlies all other defense mechanisms◦ Keeps repressed urges (e.g. incest) from becoming
consciousRegression
◦ Retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of development
Reaction formation◦ Doing the opposite of what you actually feel◦ Inadequate feelings become bravado◦ “I hate him” becomes ” I love him”◦ Makes unacceptable impulses more acceptable
Ego defense mechanisms (Cont.)Ego defense mechanisms (Cont.)Projection
◦ Projecting your unacceptable impulses to others◦ E.g. “He is lying like everyone else.”
Rationalization◦ Thinking up socially acceptable reasons for your
negative behavior.◦ E.g. “I only steal from rich people”
Displacement◦ Diverts sexual or aggressive energies toward a more
acceptable target. E.g. Mad child kicks the pet.
Do you remember?Do you remember?Where is the unconscious in the
iceberg?If you feel guilty, what part of
Freud’s personality theory is operating?
What are two methods attempting to measure the unconscious?
What are the ego defense mechanisms?
What is the Humanistic Perspective?What is the Humanistic Perspective?
The self concept – “Who am I”◦A basic focus of the Humanistic
perspectiveMaslow’s Self-actualization
◦People strive for self-actualization To be the best you can be
◦After other needs are met for physiological, safety, love, and self-esteem
What is the Humanistic Perspective?What is the Humanistic Perspective?
Carl Rogers - Person Centered Perspective◦Unconditional positive regard
If we feel accepted, we will be more open and expressive.
What is the Trait Perspective?What is the Trait Perspective?Traits = Characteristic behaviors or
dispositionMyers-Briggs type indicator
◦Describes personalities in complimentary terms
◦Extroversion or introversion◦Thinking or feeling
Trait Perspective (cont.)Trait Perspective (cont.)MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory◦Most widely used personality inventory◦Used to identify emotional disorders
MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryPersonality Inventory
Do you remember?Do you remember?What is Maslow’s “Self-
actualization”?What is Carl Rogers’ “unconditional
positive regard”?What is one of the main tests used
to determine your personality traits?
What is the most widely used inventory used to identify personality disorders?
What is the Social Cognitive What is the Social Cognitive Perspective?Perspective?How does learning & thinking & society
influence each other?Reciprocal Determinism
◦Albert Bandura◦Behavior, internal personal factors, and the
environment all operate to determine each other.
Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism
What is your locus of control?What is your locus of control?
Internal locus of control◦“I personally control my destin
y.”
External locus of control◦“Outside forces which I can not
control determine my destiny.”
What is Learned Helplessness?What is Learned Helplessness?Repeatedly faced with traumatic events
over which people have no control, people feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.
Exploring yourExploring your““self conceptself concept”” Benefits of positive self
esteem:More persistent at tasksLess likely to use drugs and
conform to group pressureHappier
Self serving biasWe like to perceive ourselves
favorablyWe contribute successes to our
own effort and failure to factors beyond our control.
Do you remember?Do you remember?What is an example of Bandura’s
reciprocal determinism?Do you tend to have an internal or
external locus of control?What is an example of learned
helplessness with humans?What is an example of self serving
bias in the stock market?