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Personality

Personality

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Personality. Assessment of Personality. Describe personality Approximately 18,000 words Trait theory Personality inventory. Allport & Odbert list 4500 terms Raymond Cattell 181 clusters 16 factors. Hans Eysenck 2 factors ( now 3 factors ) The Big Five. Trait theory. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Personality

Personality

Page 2: Personality

Assessment of Personality

Describe personality Approximately 18,000

words

Trait theory Personality inventory

Page 3: Personality

Trait theory

Allport & Odbert list 4500 terms

Raymond Cattell 181 clusters 16 factors

Hans Eysenck 2 factors ( now 3 factor

s )

The Big Five

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Eysenck’s personality factor

Introversion-extraversionNeuroticism

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The Big Five ( OCEAN )

Opennes Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

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Personality inventory

MMPI CPI Q-Sort

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MMPI

True ,False, and cannot sayParanoid and normal individualEmpirical testMMPI-II, CPI

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Q-Sort

Sort about 100 cards into piles Explicitly compare each trait with other traits

within the same individual

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personality structure

1.id-pleasure principle

2.ego-reality principle

3.superego

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defense mechanisms 防衛機制

1.repression 潛抑

-excluding from conscious awareness impulses or memories that are too frightening or painful

←→ suppression 主觀上

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2.rationalization 合理化

-assigning logical or socially desirable motives to what we do so that we seem to have acted rationally

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3.reaction formation 反向作用

-concealing a motive form ourselves by giving strong expression to the opposite motive

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4.project 投射作用

-assigning our own undesirable qualities to others in exaggerated amounts

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5.intellectualization 理性

-attempting to gain detachment from a stressful situation by dealing with it in abstract, intellectual terms

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6.denial 否定

-denying that an unpleasant reality exists

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替代

沒有辦法用某種方式滿足的動機會改用新的方法來滿足取代

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性心理發展期 

口腔期 肛門期 性蕾期 潛伏期 兩性期

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Projective test(投射性測驗 )

P465-469The Rorschach TestThe Thematic Apperception Test

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The Rorschach Test

Developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in the 1920s.

10張一系列複雜 inblot的卡片,有彩色有黑白。每看完一張說出這些墨跡像什麼

再將 10個看完圖後的 response分類,並指出這些分類有何特定印象。

以多元方式對這些 response評分,分三大類。

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Scoring the response

Location是根據某部位 or整體對圖跡做出 response?

Determinants是根據圖跡的形狀、顏色 or脈絡、影像的不同做聯想?

Content What the response represents?

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大部分的 testers也會根據不同人對同一張圖的反應頻率評分。有些 response很普遍

有些細緻化的評分也建立在這三大類中, but預測的價值有限。

所以,以印象派的評估,以及個體對受試環境的反應 (defensive, open…)來詮釋。

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1974,整合了所有評分方式的有效部分,再經過廣大的校正後, Exner&Weiner在 1995提出了一個完整的評分系統。

此系統由一個電腦評分 service和微電腦的軟體補充。

大量地在臨床或法庭情境中使用。

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The Thematic Apperception Test

1930s, Henry Murray, Harvard Uni.受試者看 20張意向不明的人物或風景圖,幫每張圖編故事。

目的:揭露一個人的想像中最深層的 theme

Apperception是基於先前的經驗所準備認知的某種方式。

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根據 apperception說故事

從故事中反映他感到困擾的主題為何。

分析受試者反應時,心理學家找出重複出現的 theme,可揭露需求、動機、處理人際關係的性格。

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Problems with projective tests

Rorschach test病態歸類,尤其對少數文化的民族。信度低,同樣的 response被不同實驗者做不同評估,難以預測行為或區分團體差異。

TAT使用特定評估系統時較有效, EX測量成就動機攻擊性主題時,信度較高

預測特定行為有效, EX對權力的需求

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Projective test的基礎:給予一個人刺激→以個人方式作反應

許多 test 研究不夠多,不足已建立評估人格的有效性;研究夠多的信度效度不夠持續

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心理分析對人性的描繪

對人性截然不同的哲學性善、中、惡?主被動? ..

Freud, Copernicus, and Darwin── 喜歡破壞人性的名望和尊嚴

Copernicus:地球非宇宙中心 Darwin:把人類降級 Freud:人類無法控制自己的行為、潛意識影響動機、性和攻擊的天性→剝奪了人性尊嚴

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心理分析派

人性本惡社會抑制、 superego、典型的內化使人類不會自我消滅。

Freud:悲觀主義者人格 = 天生 + 五歲前的生活環境的事件只能用大量的心理分析拆解早年經驗的負

面結果我們是戲中被潛意識操控的小卒

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對心理分析方法的正面評價

對文件的衝擊性、科學貢獻自由聯想:開啟了從未被系統性開發的觀

察資料許多行為是 wish和 fear 間對立的妥協潛意識影響行為

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對心理分析方法的負面評價

許多觀念意向不明、難下定義或客觀測量不同行為會反映相同動機?效度不夠清楚,病人自述的過去經驗是內

植在心中還是推斷的? (有些只是性幻想 )理性的說法: Freud提出理論喚醒大家對

兒童性虐待的關切創憶引導回答即使病人否認, Freud也認為有。

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對心理分析方法的負面評價

連結人格與兒時性的經驗總是負面結果每一樣性格特質都可連結到父母的類似性格, EX 如廁練習和成人性格特質→強調秩序整潔──以學習理論來說較經濟

Freud將理論建立在對少數人的觀察上受神經官能症之苦的中上階級男女

文化爭議──特別是對於女性的理論Penis Envy──反映當時的性爭議

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Remarkable Feature

It managed to transcend its narrow observational base.

防衛機制和焦慮的動力理論──歷久彌堅心理分析導向的心理學家和精神學家──普遍同意 freud一開始的理論有許多爭議。

包括兒時經驗對人格養成的重要mental life中的潛意識。

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The Behaviorist Approach

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Operant conditioning 操作制約

Operant conditioning

影響我們習得行為的因素: ‧ direct

‧ vicarious ─ observational learning

‧ self-administered

http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~r93722009/data/CH12_1.pdf

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Behavior V.S. situation

‧Generalization

Aggressive ‧obscure the cross-situational variability of

behavior

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Classical Conditioning 古典制約

classical conditioning

Forbidden activity ─ CS

punishment ─ UCS

anxiety ─ CR

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Individual Difference 個別差異

Variables on which individual differ from one another

The general process of personality function

行為學派著重後者

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A Behaviorist Portrait of Human Behavior

Deterministic

Focuses on environmental determinants

John Watson

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An Evaluation of The Behaviorist Approach

貢獻 ─ clinical psychology

─ human actions are reactions to specific environment

─ 改變環境 → 改變行為

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‧ 批評 ─ overemphasizing situation influences o

n befavior

Cross-situation consistency of personality