MEMORY:

Persistence of learning over time

With memory, mind like a computer

Requires three steps:

INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL:

Putting information into memory system3 types of codes:1. Visual/structural codes:

Encode by how it looks2. Acoustic codes:

Encode by how it sounds3. Semantic codes:

Encode by meaning of information

ENCODING:

Craik and Lockhart-memory is affected by how deeply we process during encoding

Shallow processing: superficial (looks,sounds)Deep (elaborative) processing: semantic-create meaning, associations with existing

memories

ENCODING-LEVELS OF PROCESSING

Structural processing

Acoustic processing

Semantic processing

Shallow processing Deeper processing

HOW WE ENCODE:

AUTOMATIC ENCODING: remember without conscious effort (time, space)

EFFORTFUL ENCODING: encode purposefully with conscious effort (names, information)

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studying.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

File:Girl_eating_yogurt_parfait_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg

THREE STAGE MODEL:

Atkinson-Schiffrin Model: 3 memory systems:

Sensory Memory

Short-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Duration: Fraction of a secondCapacity: Holds ALL sensory informationVast amount of information

Selective Attention: awareness/focusDetermines what will be encoded and

moved into Short-Term Memory

Sensory register for all senses:-iconic memory: vision-tenths of a second

-eidetic imagery: photographic memory-echoic memory: sounds-4 seconds

SENSORY MEMORY:

George Sperling flashed a group of letters (see left) for 1/20 of a second. People could recall only about half of the letters

When he signaled to recall a particular row with a specific tone, they could do so with near-perfect accuracy.

GEORGE SPERLING’S RESEARCH:

K H A

Q Y C

S G P

Research shows that sensory memory holds all sensory information

Duration: about 30 secondsCapacity: average 7 pieces of information

(George Miller)

Working memory /short term memory -where we sort and encode information

before transferring it to long-term memory, or forgetting it.

-where we think, where we are conscious.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY:

Grouping information into meaning units-increases capacity of STM

Example: 5558675309 vs. 555-867-5309

Mnemonic devices: tricks to aid memory Example: ROY G BIV for the color

spectrum

CHUNKING:

Maintenance rehearsal: This is a process where information is repeated to keep it from fading while in working memory.

Elaborative rehearsal: (deep processing) better for remembering. Giving meaning to information, relating it to what you know.

◦Rehearsal keeps info in STM and moves it into LTM

REHEARSAL:

Permanent memoryDuration: unlimitedCapacity: unlimited

LONG TERM MEMORY:

Long-term memory

Explicit memory

Episodic memory

Semantic memory

Implicit memory

Procedural memory

Physical change in the brain during memory storage

-happens in synapse, more efficient at transmitting signals

LONG-TERM POTENTIATION:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LTP_Stage.png

Conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information

2 types:Semantic memory: facts and general

knowledgeEpisodic memory: personal events of life-Flashbulb memory: very detailed, emotional

memories

EXPLICIT MEMORY/DECLARATIVE:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg

Memories not easily brought into conscious awareness

Procedural memory: how to perform tasks

IMPLICIT MEMORY:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Fellow_on_a_push-bike%2C_Route_45%2C_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1716260.jpg

Semantic network model: information is stored in a connected fashion

Parallel distributed processing model: memory processes take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

-We are constantly encoding, storing, relating, making meaning, retrieving at the same time

LTM ORGANIZATION:

Hippocampus information in the working memory is changed over to long term memories.

Amygdala memories that have strong emotional connections.

Cerebellum procedural memories

NEUROANATOMY OF MEMORY:

hippocampus

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocampus.png

Locating and recovering information from memory

2 methods:Recall: retrieval of previously learned info-Essay test; police sketch of a suspect

Recognition: identification of previously learned items

-Multiple choice test; police line-up

RETRIEVAL:

the sequence in which material is presented affects memory

Generally items in the middle are remembered less.

Primacy: remember the first items

Recency: remember last items

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT:

Something that helps us to remember

Context-dependent memory: remember better in same physical stetting where learned

State-dependent memory: remember better in same physiological/psychological state

Mood-congruent memory: remember better in same mood

RETRIEVAL CUES:

Elizabeth Loftus

Memories are constructed-not like movie in your head-has holes and gaps-they are altered, revised to fit our schemas-eyewitness testimony is unreliable

RECONSTRUCTION OF MEMORY:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Elizabeth_Loftus-TAM_9-July_2011.JPG

Herman Ebbinhaus research on forgetting

Curve of forgetting:

FORGETTING:Forgetting is greatest just after learning-don’t use then it decays

Distributed practice: spacing out study sessions increases retrieval

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Ebbinghaus_Forgetting_Curve.jpg

Other information blocks retrievalProactive interference: old information

blocks the retrieval of new information-can’t remember friend’s new phone number, because you keep dialing the old one

Retroactive interference: new information blocks the retrieval of old information-can’t remember assignments from 1st period because of all the class since then

INTERFERENCE:

Severe loss of memory-Retrograde amnesia: memory loss of the

past -due to head trauma-can’t remember before the accident

-Anterograde amnesia: inability to put new information into memory -due to damage to hippocampus-H.M.-famous case study-epileptic had hippocampus removed-no new declarative memories, but could procedural

AMNESIA: