Presented by:Dr. Wahyu W. Pandoe

Development, Operational and Maintenance of the Indonesian Tsunami Buoy Program

BPPT

Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster

PERIOD : 1991 - 2010BMKG

Liwa 94

Bengkulu 00

Banggai 00

Mataram 04

Simeulue 02, 10

Kerinci 95

Majalengka 01 Alor 91

Manokwari 03

Nabire 04, 04

Earthquake TSUNAMI

Earthquake

Mentawai 05

Earthquake : 30 x

Tsunami : 14 x

Yogyakarta 06

P. Buru 06

Alor, 04

Flores 92

Biak, 96

Molucca 98

Banyuwangi 94

Aceh 04

Pangandaran 06

Nias 05

Timor 95

Padangpanjang 07

Bengkulu 07

Situbondo 07

Gorontalo 08Manokwari 09

Mentawai 10

3

Regional Tsunami Warning Service Provider (RTSP) for Indian Ocean (UNESCO IOC)

ICG/IOTWS

IOC of UNESCO

RTSP Indonesia:

BMKG

(also as Indonesia National Tsunami Warning Center)

RTSP Australia: Bureau of Meteorology (BoM)

RTSP India: INCOIS

NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING

CENTRES in the INDIAN

OCEAN

UN Agencies and Other

International Organizations

ICG/IOTWS: Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean

Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System

4

Components of InaTEWS (Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System)

Indonesia National Tsunami Warning Center at BMKG

STRUCTURE

BMKG

Seismometer Accelerometer

Indonesia Geospatial

Agency (BIG)

Tide Gauges

BPPT

Tsunami Buoys

CULTURE

(> 11 institutions/agencies)

Preparedness, Education,

Dissemination, Risk Assessment and reduction,

etc

Post Disaster management,

Awareness and Response

BPPT (The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology) is the

Indonesia government agency under coordination of the Ministry of Research

and Technology

BMKG

BAKOSURTANAL

6

Tsunami Buoy Operation Program at BPPT

BPPT Chairman

(under the Ministry of Research and Technology

Deputy TIEMDeputy TIRBR

Deputy TPSA (Technology for

Natural Resources Development)

Operational and Maintenance Tsunami Buoy

Program

(Task Force since 2007)

48 Interdisciplinary Engineers , Scientists

and Technician

Technology Center for

Marine Survey

- 4 (Four) Baruna Jaya Research Vessels Fleet Management,

- 105 employees & crews

5 other Centers

Deputy TAB Deputy PKT

President’s Delivery Unit for Development

Monitoring & Oversight

Baruna Jaya Ship Particulars

Tsunami Buoy Operation Program at BPPT (The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology)

BPPT Chairman

(under the Ministry of Research and Technology

Deputy TIEMDeputy TIRBR

Deputy TPSA (Technology for

Natural Resources Development)

Operational and Maintenance Buoy Tsunami

Program

(Task Force since 2007)

78 Engineers , Scientists and

Technician

Technology Center for

Marine Survey

- 4 (Four) Baruna Jaya Research Vessels Fleet Management,

- 105 employees & crews

5 other Centers

Deputy TAB Deputy PKT

9

President Advisory Board

Concept of Buoy Tsunami

Type of operational buoys in Indonesia:

•InaBuoy TEWS (Indonesia)

•DART / DART ETD (USA, Australia, Thailand, India)

•GITEWS (Germany)

Scope of Operational Buoy Tsunami Program at BPPT:

The Operational Buoy Tsunami Program is a task force since 2007 – present (ad-hoc). This program is proposed to become the Indonesia Data Buoy Center (IDBC) that includes:

1. Operational tsunami buoys: InaBUOY, DART (NOAA), DART-ETD Australia, GITEWS (Germany), New development (CBT, HF Radar)

2. Ocean & Climatological Buoys: Global ocean observing System, long term sistematic and sustain observation, include: ATLAS /RAMA / TFLEX (NOAA-USA), TRITON (JAMSTEC-Japan), FIO (China), InaGOOS (Indonesia)

3. Operational experiment for ARGO FLOATERS and DRIFTERS:Starting in 2012 collaboration with NOAA-USA

InaBuoy TEWS ProgramBuoy Operational in Eastern Indian Ocean /

Western Pacific / internal waters

InaBuoy 2nd Gen

•The 2nd Generation start for operational in

mid 2008

Bali,

09/03/2010Indonesian Tsunami Buoy 14

Buoy Hull Design & Manufacture

• Material : Fiber glass• Max diameter 2,1 m• Height 3 m• Inside diameter 1,7 m• Berat kering: 2700kg• Max payload: 2000 kg

Bali,

09/03/2010Indonesian Tsunami Buoy 15

Buoy Hull Payload• Solar cells• Outdoor Instrumentation

– Oceanographic / meteorological sensors

• Flash lamp• Acoustic transducer• Antennas (Iridium n Inmarsat) inside the

hull• Instrument & Battery compartment

Sea Operation for Tsunami Buoy Deployment

US DART Buoy WaveScan Buoy

InaBuoy, Gen-2 GITEWS Buoy

4 R/Vs

BARUNA

JAYA

Data Flowfrom the sea floor to the National Warning Centre

• Data Center at BPPT (also called “Read Down Station - RDS”) operates continuously 24/7

basis

• BPPT sends the data to BMKG as the National Tsunami Warning Center

• By State Law, BPPT do not have the authority to issue tsunami early warning, but BMKG

VSAT

TV/Radio/News

BMKG

(RTSP)

Time line of tsunami warningEarthquake

T1=5m

T2=6m

0

t5

FIRST WARNING

ESTIMATION OF THE THREAT

FIRST OBSERVATION

END OF THREAT

SECOND OBSERVATION

FIRST UPDATING

SECOND UPDATING

THIRD OBSERVATION

Bulletin no 1

Bulletin no 2

Bulletin no 3.1

Bulletin no 3.2

Bulletin no 3.3

Bulletin no 4

t0

T3=20m

t4

t6

Seismic

Tsunami

scenario

Tide gauge

Buoy

GPS

Tide gauge

Buoy

GPS

………

• Previous [2009] plan: 23 buoy along the seas prone to tsunami; consisting of: 10 InaBuoy, 10 Germany, 2 DART USA, 1 Malaysia

DART II - StandardInstalled in Sept 2007Stop transmission in March

2008Site visit in 2009 indicating the

buoy was vandalized

Buoy KomodoJuni 2008: installedAgustus 2008: detect minor tsunamiOktober 2008: vandalizedNov 2008: repaired and re-installed,

but get vandalized again a week after

April 2009 reinstalledSeptember 2009: drifting

(vandalized) and recovered

Buoy MentawaiInstalled inOctober 2009November 2009:

drifting/vandalizedApril 2010: redeploymentJuli 2010 : vandalized13 November 2010: reinstalledMaintenace OBU in Feb 2011Recovered in June 2011Shifted to ENGGANO in Oct

2011

Buoy HalmaheraApril 2009 : deploymentJanuari 2010 : lost contactAug 2010: considered

missing, and redeployment

Nov 2010: technical failureJan 2011: recovered

Buoy Aru/NairaApril 2009 : deploymentSept 2009 : towed by

fishermanNovember 2009: found and

recovered in North Sulawesi

Buoy SimeulueInstalled in May 2010June2010 detects Nicobar minor

tsunamiLost in November 2010 Redeployment: Feb 2011Malfunction in April 2011Recovered/redeploy in June 2011Drifting (Lost) August 2011Redeploy: May 2012

Buoy CilacapInstalled in August 2010Oct 2010: reported vandalism on solar

panelDecember 2010: drifting, cut on

mooring line (vandalized), and recovered

Redeploy in May 2011Recovered in Feb 2012

Buoy KrakatauMei 2007 prototype deploymentMei 2008 driftingJuni 2008 transferred to Komodo

Buoy Pelabuhan RatuInstalled August 2011Maintenance Sept 2011

(vandalized)Redeploy Feb 2012

Buoy ENGGANOOkt 2011: deployment, now in service, but OBU fails, buoy is drifting since 24 Apr 2012

SUMATRA-2Installed in April 2009Apr 2010: buoy was

drifting ‘suspiciously’May 2010: Buoy is

recovered

JAVA-01Installed in April 2009Drifting and recovered in Nov 2009

SUMATRA-3Installed in April 2009Jan 2011: buoy was drifting

suspiciouslyFeb 2011: recovered 28 Feb

2011 near Sunda Str.

SUMATRA-1Installed in April 2009Dec 2010: site visit, but could

not find the buoy. Considered missing/sinking

JAVA-02Installed in April 2009Status: unreporting/unknownSites check are scheduled in

Early-Mid 2012

SUMATRA-4Installed in April 2009Status: un-reportingSite visit Oct 2011: Buoy is

missing

JAVA-03Installed in Aapril 2009Status: damaged n recovered (Feb

2012)

JAVA-04Installed in Aapril 209Status: missing (site check on (Feb

2012)

22

Expected Buoy Status by end 2012

ENGGANORedeployment in October 2012

PELB.RATURedeployment in Feb 2012

DART ETD ID-AUDeployment in Feb 2012

SIMEULUEIna BUOY, Redepoyment 20 May 2012

Examples on Vandalism Issue on buoy(s)

02/11/10Pupuk Berimbang

Vandalism on

NAIRA Buoys (Banda Sea)

• Deployed in Banda Sea in April

2009 at the depth 5035m

• Buoy unexpectedly 'travel' to north

Sulawesi in Sept-Oct 2009

• Buoy is fully recovered by BJ-III in

Nov 2009

• Major damage in the surface buoy

• Indonesian, DART-USA and GITEWS Germany buoys were also experienced nearly similar problems

DART 0N92E / 2009

Tracked SUM-03

when vandalized

KOMODO / 2009

GITEWS JAV-03

26

Some EQ & Tsunami Events detected by Tsunami Buoys:

• Indian Ocean (Bengkulu), 12 September 2007

• Indian Ocean (Mentawai), 25 October 2010

• East Japan EQ, 11 March 2011

• Indian Ocean (Aceh), 11 April 2012

02/11/10Pupuk Berimbang

Recorded Vs Predicted Sea Level for Krakatau Tsunameter on Bengkulu EQ 12 Sept 2007

02/11/10Pupuk Berimbang

Bengkulu EQ 12 Sept 2007

Tsunami signal

• Comparison between post processed KRAKATAU Tsunameterdata (red line) to the TUNAMI (Tohoku University’s Numerical-Analysis for Investigation of Tsunami) Numerical model (blue line) of Tsunami wave height.

• Implement new algorithms on KRAKATAU tsunameter data analysis in conjunction to the local tsunami source signals

• Well agree between observation and numerical model for the first tsunami peak wave, but still unable to remove the seismic noise

29

Indian Oc. Tsunami Event, 11 April 2012: NOAA’s WEBSIFT Inverse Numerical Model

• Websift Inverse Numerical model result was validated iteratively in near real time to the closest buoy(s) tsunami.

• During EQ 11 April 2012, buoy DART #23401 detects a minor tsunami ~10cm.

• The height of tsunami recorded at DART is inputted into the inverse numerical model to estimate the tsunami height in other areas, including when the tsunami is approaching the western coast of Sumatra

Estimasi waktu rambatan gelomban tsunami (int. kontur = 5 menit)

22/12/2009Footer 30

Tsunami (minor) event, 11 April 2012

Detiding signal

Raw data

1m

31

Time in UTC (WIB-7)

Sealevel at Meulaboh (west coast of Aceh) Station

Confirmation the occurrence of minor tsunami at coastline detected by

coastal tide gauge

EQ & Tsunami, East Japan, 11 Maret 2011Tsunami Buoy DART #52403

900km NNE Jayapura, d=4431m

Tsunami Height and Propagation Model (WEBSIFT)

Remark: 2nd wave > 1st wave

#1 offshore Biak

#2 offshore Jayapura

(USA)

(USA)

(USA)

(USA)

Jerman

(Jerman)

(Jerman)

(Jerman)

(Jerman)

21:47 WIB (5 minutes)

21:55 WIB (13 Minutes) 22:02 WIB (20 minutes)

DSS products of Simulation

M 7.2 , 25-Oct-2010, 21:42:20 WIB 3.63 S, 99.92 E DEPTH 10 Km

Estimation tsunami height < 0.5m

Source: GFZ Germany, 2010 Note: = GITEWS SUM-03

Sea level & Tsunami detected on SUMATRA-3 Buoy

during EQ Mentawai 25 Oct 2010

22:02 WIB (20 minutes)

M 7.2 , 25-Oct-2010, 21:42:20 WIB

(14:42:20UTC)

Sumber: GFZ Jerman, 2010

Concepts of New Designs InaBuoy TEWS(2013-2014)

• Near field or local tsunamis limits the buoy detection in time

• Surface Buoys subject to a vandalism

• Proposed new designs:1. Indonesia Cable Based Tsunameter (CBT)

2. HF Radar

Cable-based Tsunameter (CBT)

• Consider small islands along west coast Mentawai Islands as a fix buoy.

• Shift surface buoy to the coast line with a permanent structure, while OBU is still sitting in the 'deep water'

• Connect OBU to the “surfaced/landed buoy” with a submarine cable →'Cable-based InaTEWS' system

• The system does not replace buoys, but complement or redundancy.

• More focus in western Sumatra and southern Java

RS-232toFO

FOto

RS-232

Cable Optics

Power Junction

Power Junction

CPU

Copper Cable

Inmarsat Iridium

Battery RechargerableBattery

Power Management

Modul

Solar Panel

BPR

RS-232

RS-232

Ocean Bottom Unit

(OBU)

Shore-based Station

Prototype Cable-Based Tsunameter

22/12/2009Footer 39

OBU-

CBT

Marine Fiber

Optic Cable

Dry test at Puspiptek

Serpong

New development in 2012: Cable Based InaTEWS

Proposed Sites:

1. South coast of West Java (1st prototype in September 2012)

2. P. Bajo (northern Siberut Is.)

3. P. Sinyaunyau (southern Siberut Is)

4. P. Rondo (northern Weh Is.)

5. P. Enggano (southwestern Bengkulu)

R&D 2013/2014: Cable based InaTEWS(to be connected to a mesh network of

pressure/seismic sensors)

22/12/2009Footer

Notional design of a mesh network with

redundant paths between nodes, connected to

existing on-shore warning systems.

• Initiate collaborative proposal with University of Pittsburgh of USA

has been submitted to US National Science Foundation

• Expected to implement in 2013/2014

HF Radar (expected for prototyping in 2013/2014)

• Current

• Radial Current

• Surface Wind Direction and Direction

• Surface Current Speed

• Significant Wave Height

• Dominant Wave Period and Direction

• Non-Directional Wave Spectrum

• Directional Wave Spectrum

• Tsunami

Proposed Area:

• Southern coast of Java (~ Cilacap)

• Bengkulu/Padang Coast

• Aceh west coast

43

HF Radar: ANTENNA SYSTEM CONFIGURATION (1)

HF Radar: Example : The 2011 Sendai Tsunami observed off Hokkaido Japan

by SeaSonde HF RadarTsunami Height at KINAOSHI

Tsunami height is superimposed into

total current velocity. (Accuracy

decreases as approaching the coast

line)

Source: Gurgel et al., 2011

Source: Lipa et al.,Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 1663-

1679, http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/8/1663

CLOSING REMARKS and CONCLUSION

1. The „Buoy Technology‟ development and engineering at BPPT has been established since 2007, and will continue with some improvements (long/short range tsunamis)

2. Vandalisms are the main issues in the operational of tsunami buoys in Indonesia (and adjacent seas/oceans)

3. Near future collaboration is expected to be established. BPPT engineers would like to share and learn on the state-of-the-art ocean technologies through a close regional/international partnership

4. Strengthening a ‘capacity building’ and related national / international institution efforts to establish national/regional ocean observing/warning system.

Recommendations

• Near Future development, design, engineering and prototyping:– Cable-based tsunami detection system (also collaborates with

University of Pittsburg, USA, and open possibility with other partners)

– HF Radar: initiation for joint development with University of Hamburg (WERA HF Radar) and looking forward with other R&D institutions

• Looking forward to have a specific collaboration

with Asian countries in marine technologies, mainly

related to the real time tsunami and ocean-climate

long term observation/warning system It is essential to complete and sustain the (near real time) oceanic observing/warning system for oceanic, climate, and disaster mitigation (McPhaden, Sept. 2011)

47

Thank you

The BPPT INDONESIAN TSUNAMI BUOY Program

Wahyu W. PandoeEmail: wahyu.pandoe@bppt.go.id; wpandoe@yahoo.com