Persecutions & Persecutions & HeresiesHeresies

Persecutions & ProgressPersecutions & Progress

Church grew quicklyChurch grew quickly Persecutions, imprisonment, martyrdomPersecutions, imprisonment, martyrdom Even St. Paul was a persecutorEven St. Paul was a persecutor Even the Romans considered Christians Even the Romans considered Christians

a threat to the established ordera threat to the established order– Worship of many gods – including the Worship of many gods – including the

emperoremperor– Jews received exemption – did not apply to Jews received exemption – did not apply to

the Christiansthe Christians

– Easy scapegoats when turmoil occurredEasy scapegoats when turmoil occurred– Often martyred rather than renounce FaithOften martyred rather than renounce Faith

The Blood of the MartyrsThe Blood of the Martyrs– Christians deemed atheists and cannibalsChristians deemed atheists and cannibals– Blamed for earthquakes, fire, plaguesBlamed for earthquakes, fire, plagues– NeroNero

Fire in RomeFire in Rome Blamed ChristiansBlamed Christians Martyred Paul and PeterMartyred Paul and Peter Public recreationPublic recreation Continued under DomitianContinued under Domitian Others like Trajan did not hunt down ChristiansOthers like Trajan did not hunt down Christians

Diocletian- worst persecutions – decided to Diocletian- worst persecutions – decided to eradicate Christianseradicate Christians

– Seized property, sacred booksSeized property, sacred books

– The Seed of the ChurchThe Seed of the Church Tertullian – “the blood of the martyrs is the Tertullian – “the blood of the martyrs is the

seed of the Church”seed of the Church” Stood out for their love and care for the poorStood out for their love and care for the poor Appealed to intellectuals and those of good Appealed to intellectuals and those of good

willwill

– Reasons for the growthReasons for the growth Christian evangelistsChristian evangelists Gentiles open to itGentiles open to it Common languageCommon language Roman roadsRoman roads Constant ships to other landsConstant ships to other lands Pax Romana- Roman Peace- 2 centuriesPax Romana- Roman Peace- 2 centuries

Early Christian WorshipEarly Christian Worship Sunday – official day of rest and worship Sunday – official day of rest and worship

for Christiansfor Christians– EasterEaster– PentecostPentecost

Eucharist was the heartEucharist was the heart Gathered in homesGathered in homes Liturgy of the WordLiturgy of the Word

– Old testamentOld testament– Often sang PsalmsOften sang Psalms– Letters from Paul or PeterLetters from Paul or Peter– Talk by presider and prayers for the Talk by presider and prayers for the

communitycommunity

Liturgy of the EucharistLiturgy of the Eucharist– Someone brings bread, water, wineSomeone brings bread, water, wine– Presider takes them and offers glory to Presider takes them and offers glory to

the Fatherthe Father– Deacons give the eucharist to those Deacons give the eucharist to those

presentpresent The CollectionThe Collection

– Council of Jerusalem –”be mindful of the Council of Jerusalem –”be mindful of the poor”poor”

– Even left over gifts were given to the Even left over gifts were given to the presider and distributed to the poor (food presider and distributed to the poor (food & money)& money)

– Romans provided no pensions or Romans provided no pensions or retirement - beggingretirement - begging

The Didache or The Teaching of the The Didache or The Teaching of the 12 Apostles12 Apostles– Gives instructions on the EucharistGives instructions on the Eucharist

The Early ApologistsThe Early Apologists

ApologistsApologists– Writers and PhilosophersWriters and Philosophers– To show that Christianity was To show that Christianity was

reasonable, creditable, respectablereasonable, creditable, respectable– Apology (Greek) – a defense of a belief Apology (Greek) – a defense of a belief

or a way of lifeor a way of life St. Ignatius of AntiochSt. Ignatius of Antioch

– Refused to renounce his faithRefused to renounce his faith– Called the Way = ChristiansCalled the Way = Christians

– Wrote letters of encouragement & Wrote letters of encouragement & instruction to Christians of Asia Minor & instruction to Christians of Asia Minor & GreeceGreece Remain faithful to apostolic teachingRemain faithful to apostolic teaching Bishops are successors to the ApostlesBishops are successors to the Apostles

St. IrenaeusSt. Irenaeus– Combated GnosticismCombated Gnosticism– GnosticismGnosticism

Knowledge would earn us salvationKnowledge would earn us salvation Salvation was for a chosen fewSalvation was for a chosen few Led to denial of human nature of JesusLed to denial of human nature of Jesus

Authority in the ChurchAuthority in the Church

Peter- the first PopePeter- the first Pope– Peter & Paul hard at work spreading the Peter & Paul hard at work spreading the

GospelGospel Peter – mainly JewsPeter – mainly Jews Gospels not yet writtenGospels not yet written The keys to the KingdomThe keys to the Kingdom Peter emerged as Bishop of Rome – primacy Peter emerged as Bishop of Rome – primacy

over all bishopsover all bishops– See (seat) of PeterSee (seat) of Peter– Head of the college of bishopsHead of the college of bishops

– Vicar of Christ and Pastor (shepherd)Vicar of Christ and Pastor (shepherd)– Eventually called Pope- fatherEventually called Pope- father

– Constantine moved capital to Constantine moved capital to ConstantinopleConstantinople

– Church remained in RomeChurch remained in Rome Letters to TimothyLetters to Timothy

– Bishops, priests, deaconsBishops, priests, deacons– No seminariesNo seminaries– Learned from their familyLearned from their family– Community judged him worthyCommunity judged him worthy– Laying on of handsLaying on of hands

DeaconsDeacons– Stephen – first Christian martyrStephen – first Christian martyr– Help the Apostles- widows, orphans, Help the Apostles- widows, orphans,

poorpoor– Vatican II reestablished deaconsVatican II reestablished deacons

Roles of Bishops and PresbytersRoles of Bishops and Presbyters– Delegate their helpersDelegate their helpers– Presbyters and deacons share in the Presbyters and deacons share in the

mission of the Church but lack the mission of the Church but lack the authorityauthority

Constantine & the Edict of Constantine & the Edict of MilanMilan

Emperor Constantius died in 306 – Emperor Constantius died in 306 – Constantine chosen an EmperorConstantine chosen an Emperor

Faced opposition when he reached Faced opposition when he reached RomeRome

Had a dream- saw Chi-Rho on Had a dream- saw Chi-Rho on banners & shields of soldiersbanners & shields of soldiers

Won the battle- became EmperorWon the battle- became Emperor Christianity LegalizedChristianity Legalized

– 313- Edict of Milan313- Edict of Milan– Religious toleranceReligious tolerance– Practice faith freelyPractice faith freely

– New privilegesNew privileges Clergy exempt from taxesClergy exempt from taxes Christian property returnedChristian property returned Building of churchesBuilding of churches

Changes in WorshipChanges in Worship– Churches not homesChurches not homes– Eucharistic celebrations for whole Eucharistic celebrations for whole

congregationscongregations– Churches modeled after basilicasChurches modeled after basilicas

Worship in East and WestWorship in East and West– Constantine became Emperor of East Constantine became Emperor of East

and Westand West

– Moved to Byzantium – became Moved to Byzantium – became Constantinople (now Istanbul)Constantinople (now Istanbul)

– Different styles of celebrating the Different styles of celebrating the Eucharist and architectureEucharist and architecture

– Essential elements of liturgy the sameEssential elements of liturgy the same

Fathers of the ChurchFathers of the Church

FathersFathers– Shaped the direction of the Church for Shaped the direction of the Church for

the futurethe future– Theological positions within accepted Theological positions within accepted

doctrinedoctrine– Writings and teachings approved by the Writings and teachings approved by the

ChurchChurch

best remembered for best remembered for his role in his role in the conflict with the conflict with Arius and Arianism Arius and Arianism

Bishop of AlexandriaBishop of Alexandria Athanasian Creed is Athanasian Creed is

based on his teachingsbased on his teachings Exiled several times for Exiled several times for

his opposition to his opposition to ArianismArianism

Arius- Christ not fully Arius- Christ not fully GodGod

St Athanasius

– St. AmbroseSt. Ambrose Opposed the resurgence of Opposed the resurgence of

paganismpaganism Tutor of St AugustineTutor of St Augustine

– St. Augustine of St. Augustine of HippoHippo

– Bad boyBad boy Son of MonicaSon of Monica Bishop of Hippo, Bishop of Hippo,

AfricaAfrica Taught by AmbroseTaught by Ambrose

– St Gregory the GreatSt Gregory the Great Established papal power in Established papal power in

temporal affairstemporal affairs Relief for the poorRelief for the poor Education of priestsEducation of priests Evangelized barbariansEvangelized barbarians

Church Councils and Church Councils and DoctrineDoctrine

Council of NiceaCouncil of Nicea– 325- called by Constantine325- called by Constantine– Ecumenical Council – in response to Ecumenical Council – in response to

ArianismArianism– Jesus was not God therefore he cannot Jesus was not God therefore he cannot

redeem usredeem us– Nicene Creed- further developed by the Nicene Creed- further developed by the

Council of Constantinople (381)Council of Constantinople (381)– Consubstantial with the FatherConsubstantial with the Father

Council of Ephesus (431)Council of Ephesus (431)– Nestorian Heresy – rejected Theotokos- Nestorian Heresy – rejected Theotokos-

said Mary was only Mother of the human said Mary was only Mother of the human JesusJesus

– Hypostatic union- human and divine Hypostatic union- human and divine inseparableinseparable

Eastern PatriarchsEastern Patriarchs– Early Church – 3 Patriarchs- Rome, Early Church – 3 Patriarchs- Rome,

Alexandria, AntiochAlexandria, Antioch– Later Patriarch of Constantinople – Later Patriarch of Constantinople –

pilgrims to the Holy Landpilgrims to the Holy Land– Today there are 6 PatriarchsToday there are 6 Patriarchs

– 21 Ecumenical 21 Ecumenical CouncilsCouncils

– Latest- Vatican II Latest- Vatican II (1962-1965) – (1962-1965) – modernizedmodernized

– Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodox accept first 7 accept first 7 CouncilsCouncils

Fall of the Roman EmpireFall of the Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire continued to Eastern Roman Empire continued to grow in power and influencegrow in power and influence

Western Empire faced collapseWestern Empire faced collapse– Barbarian invadersBarbarian invaders– Social and moral decaySocial and moral decay– Weakened militaryWeakened military– Economic hardshipsEconomic hardships– Rome sacked in 410Rome sacked in 410– Rome fell in 476Rome fell in 476

Eastern EmpireEastern Empire– Captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453 – Captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453 –

when Constantinople capturedwhen Constantinople captured Leo the GreatLeo the Great

– Shaped the role of the PapacyShaped the role of the Papacy– Leadership in the Western EmpireLeadership in the Western Empire

Contributions of the Papacy and the Contributions of the Papacy and the ChurchChurch– Provided leadership in a vacuumProvided leadership in a vacuum– Took care of basic needs of citizensTook care of basic needs of citizens– Provided for the poorProvided for the poor– Schools for the clergySchools for the clergy– Education for the laityEducation for the laity

EndEnd

The Eastern SchismThe Eastern Schism

DisputesDisputes– Nestorian HeresyNestorian Heresy– Council of ChalcedonCouncil of Chalcedon

Elevated Patriarch of Constantinople to a Elevated Patriarch of Constantinople to a position only 2position only 2ndnd to the Pope to the Pope

Pope Leo rejected itPope Leo rejected it Split loyaltiesSplit loyalties

– Church and State relationshipsChurch and State relationships East accepted Emperor’s dominance over East accepted Emperor’s dominance over

ChurchChurch Emperor seen as Vicar of ChristEmperor seen as Vicar of Christ

– Use of iconsUse of icons Emperor condemned veneration of Emperor condemned veneration of

sacred imagessacred images Ordered destruction of all icons- idolatryOrdered destruction of all icons- idolatry Pope in oppositionPope in opposition

– Final breakFinal break Both accepted the Pope as successor of PeterBoth accepted the Pope as successor of Peter Took away power of Patriarch of Took away power of Patriarch of

ConstantinopleConstantinople Patriarch declared the Churches could not be Patriarch declared the Churches could not be

in unionin union– Closed all Latin churchesClosed all Latin churches– Excommunicated those loyal to the PopeExcommunicated those loyal to the Pope– Mutual excommunicationMutual excommunication– Eastern Orthodox ChurchEastern Orthodox Church

CrusadesCrusades

BeginningBeginning– Byzantine Emperor sent request for help to Byzantine Emperor sent request for help to

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II– Turkish Muslims had invaded their territoryTurkish Muslims had invaded their territory

Destruction of the Church of the Holy SepulcherDestruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher Churches pillaged – mosques built in their placeChurches pillaged – mosques built in their place Pilgrimages blocked – JerusalemPilgrimages blocked – Jerusalem

– Church responded quicklyChurch responded quickly

First CrusadeFirst Crusade– Urban turned to the French to recruit Urban turned to the French to recruit

menmen Take back JerusalemTake back Jerusalem Suspicious motives of crusadersSuspicious motives of crusaders Massacred Jews and Muslims alikeMassacred Jews and Muslims alike

– Jerusalem retakenJerusalem retaken– Granted indulgencesGranted indulgences– Also rewards – lootAlso rewards – loot

Other crusadesOther crusades– 22ndnd – Muslims recaptured Holy Land – Muslims recaptured Holy Land– 33rdrd- Kings Crusade - Kings Crusade

Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II, Frederick Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II, Frederick BarbarosaBarbarosa

Failed to recaptureFailed to recapture

– Children’s CrusadesChildren’s Crusades Death, disease, starvationDeath, disease, starvation Survivors abducted and sold into slaverySurvivors abducted and sold into slavery

– OutcomesOutcomes Minor successesMinor successes Brought back many goods and inventionsBrought back many goods and inventions Advances in astronomy, math, scienceAdvances in astronomy, math, science Works of Greek philosophersWorks of Greek philosophers

Challenges to the PapacyChallenges to the Papacy

Pope Innocent IIIPope Innocent III– After his reign – papacy regan to lose After his reign – papacy regan to lose

temporal powertemporal power– England & France – struggle over England & France – struggle over

territory- lasted for nearly 100 yearsterritory- lasted for nearly 100 years Decline of the PapacyDecline of the Papacy

– Boniface VIIIBoniface VIII Rise of nationalismRise of nationalism England & France – gain control- tax clergyEngland & France – gain control- tax clergy

Pope forbadePope forbade Philip sent troops to arrest the Pope (rescued)Philip sent troops to arrest the Pope (rescued) Next Pope – FrenchNext Pope – French

Avignon PapacyAvignon Papacy– Pope Clement – dominated by KingPope Clement – dominated by King– Moved from Rome to AvignonMoved from Rome to Avignon– European Christians believed Pope European Christians believed Pope

should be in Romeshould be in Rome– Catherine of SienaCatherine of Siena

Avignon lasted for more than 70 yearsAvignon lasted for more than 70 years Persuaded Pope to returnPersuaded Pope to return Condemned materialism, pride of Papal courtCondemned materialism, pride of Papal court

Black DeathBlack Death

Bubonic plague (maybe phlegmatic)Bubonic plague (maybe phlegmatic)– Killed 1/3 of European populationKilled 1/3 of European population– Likely spread by fleas on rats from Likely spread by fleas on rats from

mercant shipsmercant ships– Many clergy died- scrambled to replace Many clergy died- scrambled to replace

with ill- preparedwith ill- prepared– Time of concentration on the Passion of Time of concentration on the Passion of

ChristChrist

Great Western SchismGreat Western Schism

Elected Italian pope – Urban VI – Elected Italian pope – Urban VI – pressured by Romanspressured by Romans

French Cardinals elected own Pope – French Cardinals elected own Pope – Clement VIIClement VII

Confusion for ChristiansConfusion for Christians Church Council – deposed both PopesChurch Council – deposed both Popes

– Named Pope – Alexander VNamed Pope – Alexander V Died on way to RomeDied on way to Rome Elected John XXIIElected John XXII

Council of Constance – ended Council of Constance – ended schism- elected Martin Vschism- elected Martin V

Consequences- papacy lost dignity, Consequences- papacy lost dignity, cynical viewcynical view