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What IS Aging and Late Adulthood ?
Aging Definition?
Aging = reduced tissue/physiological
function
Aging = increased susceptibility to
disease (age-related diseases)
Aging = decreased resistance to stress
(physical and psychological)
Late Adulthood Definition?
• Age: 65 years of age and up
• Ego integrity vs. despair
• Condition based on markers of disease, disability, and functional decline, Hazzard (2001) defined true old age as “above 75 years.”
• Erikson’s psychosocial theory – Eighth or final stage of life is called ego integrity or despair; he believed
people who achieved positive outcomes to an earlier life crisis would be more likely to obtain ego integrity than despair in late adulthood
• Ego integrity versus despair – Basic challenge is to maintain the belief that life is meaningful and
worthwhile in the face of physical decline and the inevitability of death; ego integrity derives from wisdom, as well as from the acceptance of one’s lifespan as being limited and occurring at a certain point in history; adjustment in the later years requires wisdom to let go
Theories of Social and Emotional Development bin Late Adulthood
Robert Butler’s Life Review
• Butler (2002) suggests reminiscence is a normal aspect of aging. – People can be extremely complex and nuanced. – They can be incoherent and self-contradictory – Life reviews attempt to make life meaningful, to
help people move on with new relationships as others in their lives pass on, and to help them find ego integrity and accept the end of life.
categories of aging
• “Young-old” 65-75
• “Old-old” 75+
• “Oldest-old” 85+
• Centenarian 100+
• Supercentenarian 110+
Geriatric development
• Physical health
• Psychologic /mental health
• Emotional
• Social
Geriatric development
• Physical: body growth
• Mental: mind development
• Emotional: feelings
• Social: interactions and relationships with others
Physical health • bone, joint, and muscle health ( calcium,
vitamin D, exercise )
• heart health (physical activity, heart healthy diet, smoking, manage stress)
• Bowel Health (diet high in fiber, limit high-fat meats, sweets)
• Urinary (incontinence , regularly, weight , Kegel exercises)
• Eye and Ear Health (macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma effect , 43% of those with hearing loss are 65+, regular check ups, take precautions )
• Oral Health(25% of those 60+, wear dentures ,brush and floss, regular check-ups)
Physical health
• Healthy Skin (be gentle, use sunscreen, smoke)
• Obesity (75% of those 65+, overweight , 40% have metabolic syndrome, diet, exercise)
• Arthritis (half of elderly, cause of disability, exercise , weight management
• Cancer (increases with age, lung cancer accounts of more deaths, regular check ups)
Physical health
• Cardiovascular Disease (33% for those 45-55, cause of death,control blood pressure ,low sodium diet, lifestyle change can reduce risk 80%)
Physical health
Mental health, emotional, social
• Dementia • 4.5 million people
• Problems with:
• Memory
• Language
• Difficulties with comprehension
• Difficulties with reasoning
• Poor concentration
• Difficulties with time and space knowledge
Mental health, emotional, social
• Depression and anxiety • Typical Aging and Memory
• Stress
• Anxiety
• Mental overload
• Depression :
• Not recognized
• Not a normal part of aging
• Complicated by co-morbid conditions
Mental health , emotional, social
• Suicide • The “Golden Years”
• Retirement
• Children moving out
• Loss of spouse/friends
• Health problems
• Personal mortality
Death and Dying
• Death is “the final stage of growth”
• Experienced by everyone and no one escapes
• Young people tend to ignore its existence
• Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death
Dr. Kübler-Ross identified 5 stages of grieving
Dying patients and their families/friends may experience these stages
Stages may not occur in order
Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once
Death and Dying
• Denial – refuses to believe
• Anger – when no longer able to deny
• Bargaining – accepts death, but wants more time
• Depression – realizes death will come soon
• Acceptance – understands and accepts the fact they are going to die
Stages of Death and Dying
