44
Peripheral Vascular Injury Presented by Int. Chariyakorn Sontisampan

Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    6

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Peripheral Vascular InjuryPresented by Int. Chariyakorn Sontisampan

Page 2: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Association with high-risk behavior > Substance abuse, violence, and late night hours• Blunt trauma with extremity fractures, small-caliber handguns, and

knives cause the vast majority of civilian extremity vascular injuries• In military series, high-caliber rounds and explosive ordinance with

shrapnel are the predominant wounding agents• Survivable vascular injuries are most common in the extremities

because of the lethality of torso vascular wounds

Page 3: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Vascular trauma occurs in less than 2% of combatants in military series and in less than 4% of patients in civilian series• Vascular injuries occur most commonly in the extremities• The great majority of vascular injuries are due to penetrating trauma• associated skeletal and nerve injury occurs in approximately 25% of

patients

Page 4: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Iatrogenic arterial injuries continue to increase. This increase parallels the rapid rise in endoluminal procedures, which increased 40% between 1996 and 2003• The postprocedure iatrogenic arterial injury rate is now 0.6% and

appears to be specialty related• Cardiologists have a significantly higher rate (1.3%) than either the

interventional radiologists (0.9%) or the vascular surgeons (0.5%)

Page 5: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Trauma to a blood vessel (artery or vein) can produce hemorrhage, thrombosis, or spasm, either alone or in combination, depending on the magnitude of the force applied to the vessel

• Hemorrhage• Hematoma• Thrombus• Flap• Spasm

Page 6: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Penetrating injury : more discrete or focal• blunt injury : more diffuse with

injury not only to the vascular structures but also to the adjacent bone, muscle, and nerves

also disrupts smaller vessels that would normally provide collateral flow around an occluded or narrowed vessel -> ischemia

Page 7: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Penetrating injury • low velocity (<2,500 ft/s) : stab

wounds, fragment injuries, and low-velocity gunshot wounds• High-velocity (>2,500 ft/s)

wounds : military assault rifle wound

• Acute injury• subacute or chronic injuries• arteriovenous fistulalocal tenderness and edema, regional ischemia from “steal,” and congestive heart failure if the fistula enlarges• PseudoaneurysmThey can enlarge and produce local compressive symptoms, erode adjacent structures, or, rarely, be a source of distal emboli

Page 8: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Acute interruption of blood flow to an extremity results in a number of systemic pathophysiologic disturbances that may threaten life as well as the affected limb• Ischemia depends on its basal energy requirement, substrate stores,

and duration and severity of the ischemic insult• Peripheral nerves > Skeletal muscle • motor and sensory deficits are often the first manifestations of

arterial occlusion

Page 9: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Peripheral vascular injury

Page 10: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Peripheral vascular injury

Page 11: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Mechanisms of injury

1. Blast injury 2. Blunt injury 3. Penetrating injury • a. high velocity • b. stab wound

4. Iatrogenic injury

Page 12: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Type of injury

Page 13: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Type of injury

Page 14: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Initial evaluation

• ABCDE• ตําแหนง่ที+เลอืดออกควรได้รับการประเมินและห้ามเลอืด ในชว่ง primary survey สว่นการตรวจที+

จําเพาะลงไปจะอยู ่ในชว่ง secondary survey • ประวติัที+ควรซกัคือ ปริมาณเลอืดที+เสยีในที+เกิดเหต ุเวลาที+ได้รับบาดเจ็บ และกลไกการบาดเจ็บ

Page 15: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

การหา้มเลือด

1. Digital pressure 2. Compression dressing 3. Packing 4. Balloon occlusion

• การห้ามเลือดไมค่วรใช้วิธี blind clamping เพราะจะทําให้เกิดความเสียหายตอ่เนื Jอเยื+อข้างเคียงมากขึ Jน

• การรัดด้วย tourniquets ควรเลือกใช้เป็นวิธีสดุท้าย

ใช้ในกรณีเป็น life- saving procedure เพราะถ้ารัดแนน่จะเป็นการ occlude collateral vessels ไปด้วย

Page 16: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Initial evaluation

• การตรวจร่างกายที+จําเพาะตอ่หลอดเลอืดที+ได้รับบาดเจ็บ ต้องเปรียบเทียบกบัด้านตรงข้ามที+ไมไ่ด้รับบาดเจ็บเสมอ โดย การวดัความดนัโลหิต การวดัอณุหภมิู การคลาํชีพจร และการประเมินทางเข้าออกของกระสนุ

• ATB : S. aureus• Tetanus prophylaxis

Page 17: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Diagnosis

Page 18: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury

Page 19: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Investigation

1. Ankle-brachial index หรือ

arterial pressure index (ABI or API)

• ถ้า ABI < 1.0 บง่ชี Jวา่นา่จะมี vascular injury โดยมี sensitivity 95%, specificity 97%• การตรวจนี Jมีข้อจํากดัในผู้ ป่วยที+กําลงัอยูใ่นภาวะ shock, nonaxial arterial injury eg.

profunda femoris artery injury, non-occlusive arterial injury (เชน่ AVF, false aneurysm, intimal flap) และผู้ ป่วยที+มีภาวะ atherosclerosis อยูก่่อนแล้ว

Page 20: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Investigation

2. Duplex ultrasound และ color flow duplex ultrasound - non-invasive test - สามารถขนย้ายได้โดยสะดวก

- ทําซํ Jาและใช้ในการติดตามผลได้โดยในมือของผู้ ชํานาญ

- sensitivity 95-100%, specificity 97% และ accuracy 98%

มีข้อจํากดัคือ ถ้าผู้ ป่วยตวัใหญ่ อ้วน หรือ ตําแหนง่ของหลอดเลือดมีกระดกูหรือ dressing บงั soft tissue injury มากหรือติดตอ่เข้าไปใน chest wall, pelvic cavity ก็จะไมส่ามารถดไูด้สะดวก นอกจากนี Jยงัเป็น operator dependent

Page 21: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Investigation

3. Angiography• gold standard • sensitivity 95-100%, specificity 98%

• มีข้อเสียคือเป็น invasive study, มี nephrotoxicity จาก contrast

Page 22: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Indications for angiography

Page 23: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Investigation

4. CT angiogram (CTA) • ทําได้เร็ว non-invasive• ไมต้่องใช้ angiographic team sensitivity • specificity 90%• แตมี่ nephroroxic, radiation exposure5. MRA• ใช้น้อยใน trauma ใช้เวลานาน

• contraindication ในผู้ ป่วยที+มีเศษโลหะค้างอยูใ่นแผล

Page 24: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Treatment

• Medical treatment • Non-operative treatment • Endovascular treatment • Operative treatment

Page 25: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร
Page 26: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Medical treatment

• มีการศกึษาในสตัว์ทดลองพบวา่ antiplatelet ได้ผลในกลุม่ที+มีการบาดเจ็บของหลอดเลอืดที+สั Jนกวา่ U mm. เป็น intramural hematoma <50% circumference และไมมี่ pulse deficit • การให้ systemic anticoagulant (heparin 100u/kg) พบวา่ชว่ยปอ้งกนั

microvascular thrombosis, ลด amputation rate และเพิ+ม limb salvage rate

Page 27: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Non-operative treatment

• Indication1. low velocity injury 2. Minimal arterial wall

disruption (< 5 mm) for intimal defect and pseudoaneurysm

3. Adherent or downstream protrusion of intimal flap

4. Intact distal circulation5. No active hemorrhage

• เฝา้ระวงัและให้คําแนะนําถงึอาการที+ต้องให้ความสําคญั คือการ develop hard sign ที+อาจเกิดขึ Jนมาภายหลงั

• ติดตามอาการและติดตามด้วย imaging ซึ+งในอดีตใช้ angiography แตปั่จจบุนั duplex ultrasound ก็สามารถนํามาใช้ในการติดตาม อาการได้

Page 28: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Endovascular treatment

• Indication1. Low flow AVF 2. False aneurysm 3. การ embolized active bleeding from non critical artery 4. Difficult to surgical access เช่น thoracic outlet หรือเพื+อใช้เป็น Proximal and

distal vascular control ก่อนที+จะทํา surgical repair 5. Patients with medical comorbidity 6. Intra-arterial pharmacotherapy เช่น การให้ intra-arterial vasodilator ใน severe

vasospasm 7. Remove embolized missiles 8. Vascular stent

Page 29: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Operative treatment

• หลกัการรักษาคือ

1. Clinical evaluation / angiography 2. Preoperative ABO 3. Tetanus prophylaxis 4. Systemic heparin : Dose: 100 u/kg หรือ WXXX u IV ก่อน clamp เส้นเลอืด W นาที

ให้ซํ Jาทกุ Y-Y.W ชั+วโมงในขนาดครึ+งหนึ+งของ dose แรก

5. Prepare & drape

Page 30: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Operative treatment

• หลกัการรักษาคือ

6. Surgical exposure, Proximal & distal control : ตามแนวหลอดเลือดบริเวณที+เป็นข้อควรลงเป็น S-shape curvature

7. Debridement, vascular conduit : DB soft tissue > thrombectomy > heparinized saline > DB vascular

8. Cover anastomosis with viable tissue

Page 31: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Operative treatment

• หลกัการรักษาคือ

9. Fasciotomy : ควรพิจารณาทํา prophylaxis fasciotomy เมื+อผู้ ป่วยมีความเสี+ยงสงูที+จะเกิด compartment syndrome ได้แก่

1. Popliteal artery injury 2. Combined arterial and venous injury 3. Prolonged ischemia > 4-6 hr4. Associated with shock 5. Crush injuries 6. Combined skeletal and vascular 7. Ligation of a major extremity vein or artery โดยเฉพาะ popliteal vessels

10. Monitoring : completion angiography, pulse, Doppler u/s, capillary refill อณุหภมิู และสีของ limb, reperfusion syndrome

Page 32: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Complex vascular injury

Page 33: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Combine venous injury

• การซอ่มแซมหลอดเลอืดดําชว่ยลดอาการบวม เพิ+ม venous return เพิ+มการสร้าง collateral vein ซึ+งจะชว่ยเพิ+ม patency ของ artery ที+ได้รับการซอ่มด้วย แม้วา่จะมีการอดุตนัหลงัซอ่ม ได้ถงึ ]X-^X% ภายใน Y สปัดาห์ก็ตาม

• การบาดเจ็บของหลอดเลอืดดําบางตําแหนง่ควรพิจารณา ซอ่มมากกวา่ผกูหรือใช้ intraluminal temporary shunt แล้วมาซอ่มภายหลงั

1. combine arteriovenous injury2. popliteal vein injury3. bilateral internal jugular vein injury

Page 34: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Non-salvageable limbs

• ถ้า Mangles Extremities Severity Score (MESS) ≥ 7 ควรพิจารณา primary amputation

• ควรพิจารณาร่วมกนัระหวา่ง ศลัยแพทย์ ศลัยแพทย์กระดกู ผู้ ป่วย และญาติ

Page 35: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Postoperative management

• Vascular patency• Compartment syndrome• Reperfusion syndrome• Infection

Page 36: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Compartment syndrome

• โดยทั+วไปความดนัใน compartment น้อยกวา่ YX-YU mmHg • ถ้าปลอ่ยให้ความดนัใน compartment สงูกวา่ UW mmHg ก็จะทําให้เส้นประสาทและกล้ามเนื Jอ

ตาย

• อาการที+พบเริ+มจากชาบริเวณ Yst dorsal webspace และทํา dorsiflexion ของเท้าไมไ่ด้ หรือชาบริเวณ Yst webspace และทํา wrist extension ไมไ่ด้ นอกจากนี Jผู้ ป่วยจะมีอาการปวดขามากโดยเฉพาะเมื+อทํา passive stretching คลําได้ pulse เบาลงหรือคลาํไมไ่ด้และ muscle paralysis ซึ+งถือเป็น ระยะท้าย

Page 37: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Compartment syndrome

• การวดั compartment pressure

Page 38: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Compartment syndrome

• การรักษาทําได้โดย

1. Remove external device เชน่ เฝือก webril2. Elevate limb to cardiac level 3. Treatment of myoglobinuria โดยการให้ volume expansion, manitol,

loop diuretics, Alkalinized urine 4. Four-compartment fasciotomy

Page 39: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Compartment syndrome

• Indication for fasciotomya. Prophylaxis fasciotomy :

1) Popliteal artery injury 2) Combined arterial and venous injury of the extremity 3) Prolonged ischemic time > 6 hours 4) Extremity arterial injury with shock 5) Ligation of the major extremity vein

Page 40: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Compartment syndrome

• Indication for fasciotomyb. Compartment pressure > 40-45 mmHg c. Compartment pressure > 30 mmHg more than 3-4 hrsd. Pain on palpation of the swollen compartment e. Reproduction of symptoms with passive muscle stretch f. Sensory deficit in the territory of a nerve traversing the

compartment g. Muscle weakness h. Diminished pulses (a very late sign)

Page 41: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร
Page 42: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร
Page 43: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร

Poor prognosis factor

• ระยะเวลาการบาดเจ็บมากกวา่ ^ ชั+วโมง

• blunt หรือ blast injury • ไมมี่ Doppler signal • มีอาการของ ischemia • associated life threatening injury • popliteal injury • underlying chronic vascular insufficiency

Page 44: Peripheral Vascular Injuryorthochumphae.com/images/document/Peripheral-vascular...Correlation between orthopedic injury and vascular injury Investigation 1.Ankle-brachial index หร