CADD/CAM

ASIGNMENT NO-1

OTHER PERIPHERAL DEVICES

(KEYBORAD,MOUSE & WEBCAMS)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Prof.Arun K.Lal Ravinder Pratap singh

Mechanical Engineering Department SID:11107046

PEC University Of Technology Mechanical, 4th year.

DEFINTION

Peripherals are a generic name for any device external to a computer, but still normally associated with

it's extended functionality. The purpose of peripherals is to extend and enhance what a computer is

capable of doing without modifying the core components of the system.

A computer peripheral is a device that is connected to a computer but is not part of the core computer

architecture. The core elements of a computer are the central processing unit, power supply, motherboard

and the computer case that contains those three components. Technically speaking, everything else is

considered a peripheral device. However, this is a somewhat narrow view, since various other elements

are required for a computer to actually function, such as a hard drive and random-access memory (or

RAM). A peripheral device connects to a computer system to add functionality. Examples are a mouse,

keyboard, monitor, printer and scanner. Learn about the different types of peripheral devices and how

they allow you to do more with your computer.

Types of Peripheral Devices

There are many different peripheral devices, but they fall into three general categories:

1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard

2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer

3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive.

Peripheral devices can be external or internal. For example, a printer is an external device that you

connect using a cable, while an optical disc drive is typically located inside the computer case. Internal

peripheral devices are also referred to as integrated peripherals. When most people refer to peripherals,

they typically mean external ones.

Some Computer peripheral parts:-

BlankMedia&MassStorage

This refers to CD and DVD disc. CD, a compact disc is a flat round storage medium that is read by a

laser in a CD-ROM drive. The standard CD is capable of holding 72 minutes of music or 650 MB of data.

80 minute CDs are also commonly used to store data and are capable of containing 700 MB of data.

Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, DVD or DVD-ROM 

It is a type of disc drive that allows for large amounts of data on one disc, the same size of a

standard Compact Disc.

Batteries

A hardware device that supplies power to a device or appliance and enables that device or

appliance to work without a power cord.

ComputerCases/Chassis

This is the housing that helps protect and organize all the components that make up your

computer..

CD/DVDROMDrives 

CD-ROM drives are CD-Players inside computers that has the capability of playing audio CDs

and computer data CDs. DVD-RW Drive is a technology that enables a user to read and write to

a DVD+RW or DVD+R disc several times.

Harddrive 

Computer's main storage media device, also called a hard disk drive or abbreviated as HD or

HDD.

Memory/RAM

is a term commonly used to describe the memory within a computer.

Memory Stick

Also known as a USB flash drive, is a portable memory disk, a small device (about the size of

your index finger) that connects to a computer's USB port and often is capable of storing

512MB, 1GB, or more.

MiceandKeyboards

Keyboard is one of the main input devices used on a computer, a PC's keyboard looks very

similar to the keyboards of electric typewriters, with some additional keys. Mouse is an input

device that allows an individual to control a mouse pointer in a graphical user interface (GUI).

Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program

or file and does not require the user to memorize commands, like those used in a text-based

environment such as MS-DOS.

Modems

A hardware device that enables a computer to transmit and receive information over telephone

lines.

Monitor&Display

A a video display screen and the hard shell that holds it. Is use to view or watch over someone or

something.

Motherboard

It is a printed circuit that is the foundation of a computer and allows the CPU, RAM, and all

other computer hardware components to function with each other.

NetworkCard

Network Interface Card, a NIC, also referred to as a "network adapter", is a printed circuit board

containing the necessary hardware used to connect a computer to a network or other computer.

PowerSupply

The PS is an internal hardware component used to supply the components within the computer

with power. Besides properly supplying power to the computer and all its internal components,

the power supply also converts the AC electrical current found in most standard wall sockets

throughout the United States into a lower DC voltage that the computer components use.

Processor/CPU

was first developed by Intel in 1974. Unit. The computer CPU is responsible for handling all

instructions and calculation it receives from other hardware components in the computer and

software programs running on the computer.

Printers

An external hardware device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard copy of

that data. Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are commonly used to

print text, images, and/or photos.

Scanners

Hardware input device that allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into a digital

file, allowing the computer to read and/or display the scanned object. A scanner is commonly

connected to a computer USB, Firewire, Parallel or SCSI port.

Sound Cards

Also known as a sound board or an audio card, a sound card is an expansion card or integrated

circuit that provides a computer with the ability to produce sound that can be heard by the user.

Speakers

A hardware device connected to a computer's sound card that outputs sounds generated by the

card.

TV Tuners

A TV tuner card is a computer component that allows television signals to be received by a

computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record

television programs onto a hard disk.

UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply)

Uninterruptible Power Supply, UPS is a hardware device that provides a backup power source in

case of a power outage (blackout), brownout, or a surge in power. A UPS provides enough

power for the computer or computers to shut down properly or to remain up during a temporary

power outage.

Video/GraphicCards

Also known as a graphics card, video card, video board, or a video controller, a video adapter is

an internal circuit board that allows a display device, such as a monitor, to display images from

the computer

VideoProjectors

A hardware device that enables an image, such as a computer screen, to be projected onto a flat

surface. These devices are commonly used in meetings and presentations as they allow for a

large image to be shown so everyone in a room can see.

Webcams

A camera connected to a computer or server that allows anyone connected to the Internet to view

still pictures or motion video of a user.

KEYBOARD

A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the computer system

by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter text. A keyboard typically contains

keys for individual letters, numbers and special characters, as well as keys for specific functions. A

keyboard is connected to a computer system using a cable or a wireless connection.

A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically

corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding

several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs

(characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.

Most keyboards have a very similar layout. The individual keys for letters, numbers and special

characters are collectively called the character keys. The layout of these keys is derived from the

original layout of keys on a typewriter. The most widely used layout in the English language is

called QWERTY, named after the sequence of the first six letters from the top left.

History

Standard Qwerty Keyboard Origin: Late 1870's:

In 1872, Remington produced the first mechanical typewriter, patented by C. Latham Sholes. Soon

typists were going so fast that they were able to jam the keys which flew up to hit the typewriter ribbon.

In the late 1870's: the "improved" Qwerty layout was designed to slow down typing, so those pesky keys

would not jam anymore.

Electric Typewriters: 1930's

In the 1930's electric typewriters were invented. What a great opportunity to improve on the

keyboard layout. Sadly, effortless action on keys, including shift, was not sufficient to draw new

customers. They had to have Qwerty too.In 1936, August Dvorak patented a new layout to: (a)

Reduce finger reach and strain by putting common letters on the home row (in red), (b) Avoid

awkward use of key pairs (digraphs), to improve speed. Relearning typing on the Dvorak layout

may take a month. Some enthusiasts use it today, but it has not become the standard.

Alternative Keyboards: 1990's

In the 1990's, at least two keyboards were patented with the aim of reducing finger reach and strain and to a lesser extent, minimizing the effort of change from Qwerty. Unfortunately, the main emphasis was on the middle or home row. Six frequent letters moved from Qwerty locations, making these new keyboards still hard to learn.

Modern Keyborads:

Bluetooth Laser Virtual Keyboard

This is a tiny device which laser projects a keyboard on any flat surface. You can then type away accompanied by simulated key click sounds. With 63 keys and and full size QWERTY layout the Laser Virtual Keyboard can approach typing speeds of a standard keyboard, use it to compose an e-mail on your Bluetooth enabled PDA or Cell Phone.

Flexible Keyboard

It looks like a standard slim keyboard in a standard QWERTY layout, but with a nifty twist of being the most portable keyboard to date. A great tool for laptop users who miss their full-sized KB when on the

road, or LAN party warriors looking to lighten their load. Its dust and moisture proof,and available in PS/2 or combo USB and PS/2 connectivity.

Cyborg Robotic Gaming Keyboard

This keyboard from the future with user selectable backlit key colors and special metal plated gaming keys. With 12 programmable gaming keys and a special 'Cyborg' mode which disables those annoying Windows keys.

DX1 Input System

The DX1 Input System is a USB peripheral device by newcomer Ergodex, designed for users to arrange (and rearrange) an assortment of programmable keys anywhere on its 11-inch x 9-inch “DX1 Pad.” The concept is simple: You begin with 25 DX1 keys, place as many of them on the DX1 Pad in any layout you wish, and use the included software to assign functions to each one.

 

MOUSE

In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface.

This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control

of a graphical user interface.

HISTORY

The history of the computer mouse begins in the 1960s when Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart and his team at

Stanford Research Institute (SRI) created the original mechanical pointing device that is widely credited

as being the first mouse. For more than a quarter of a century, Logitech has been the technological leader,

driving innovation in mouse technology and design

.

The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1964 and consisted of a wooden shell, circuit board and two metal wheels that came into contact with the surface it was being used on.

\It was 8 years later in 1972 that Bill English developed the design further by inventing what is known as the "Ball Mouse" that we know today. The ball replaced the wheels and was capable of monitoring movement in any diection. The ball came into contact with two rollers that in turn spun wheels with graduations on them that could be turned into electrical pulses representing direction and speed. It would be another 8 years before the mouse would be developed any further. An optical mouse was developed in around 1980, eliminating the ball which often became dirty from rolling round the desktop, negatively affecting its operation. However, they were far too expensive to be used widely. In fact it wasn't until around 1998 with the increase in microcontroller processing power and the reduction in component costs that optical mice became a commercially viable alternative to the ball mouse and infiltrated the mass consumer market. Today the optical mouse has completely replaced the ball mouse being supplied as standard with all new computers.

Operation:

A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI).

The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic

signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.

The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the

screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so that the hand movements are

replicated by the pointer. Clicking or hovering (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds

of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through

small images called "icons" and other elements.

Present types and variants:

Computer mice some in a number of varieties. You can find a computer mouse for just about any use. To

figure out what kind of mouse would work best with your PC, you need to know your mouse options:

Mechanical mouse: Houses a hard rubber ball that rolls as the mouse is moved. Sensors inside

the mouse body detect the movement and translate it into information that the computer

interprets.

Optical mouse: Uses an LED sensor to detect tabletop movement and then sends off that

information to the computer for merry munching.

Infrared (IR) or radio frequency cordless mouse: With both these types, the mouse relays a

signal to a base station wired to the computer's mouse port. The cordless mouse requires power,

which comes in the form of batteries.

A mouse with many buttons: The extra buttons can be programmed to do specific things, such

as navigate the Web or turn pages when you’re reading a document. The typical button-ified

mouse has about five buttons.

Trackball mouse: Like an upside-down mouse. Rather than roll the mouse around, you use your

thumb or index finger to roll a ball on top of the mouse. The whole contraption stays stationary,

so it doesn’t need a lot of room, and its cord never gets tangled.

Stylus  mouse: Another mouse mutation enjoyed by the artistic type is the stylus mouse, which

looks like a pen and draws on a special pad.

Cordless 3-D mouse: This kind of mouse can be pointed at the computerscreen like a TV remote.

FUTURE SCOPE

Recently, Asus introduced a rather interesting device - VivoMouse, mouse, combined with the touchpad.

The device the curved and rather unusual shape in a metal case together the round touchpad and sensor,

that recognizes multiple simultaneous touches, and a laser sensor the conventional laser mouse, located

on the bottom.

This month, scientists at the University of Washington have published findings showing that patients who

had a thin layer of electrodes placed in their brain were able to move a cursor on a computer screen by

demand by just thinking about it. Although in the early stages, this technology has the potential for

users to communicate with computers using only their thoughts to control the commands on the screen.

Gesture control is shaping up to become a real alternative to traditional methods of making computers,

TVs and other devices work. Leap Motion is an $80 peripheral that lets you point your

fingers and wave your hands to control apps on personal computers. Coming in 2014 is

Waterloo’s Thalmic Labs Myo, an armband that mixes gesture control with wearable

computing. Microsoft’s Xbox One is also coming in November with a new and improved

Kinect sensor.

CAMERAS / WEBCAMS

 A front-facing video camera that attaches to a computer typically via USB or that is built into a laptop or desktop screen. It is widely used for Skype and other video calling software as well as to continuously monitor an activity and send it to a Web server for public or private viewing. Webcams purchased as separate peripherals generally have a microphone built into the unit, or an external mike comes in the package.

Webcams Vs. Network Cameras

A Webcam attaches to, or is built into, the computer, whereas a "network camera" is a stand-alone unit that connects to an Ethernet network. While the Webcam is commonly used for video phoning with another user, network cameras are used to monitor locations such as stores and offices.

HISTORY

Early Development:

First developed in 1991, a webcam was pointed at the Trojan Room coffee pot in the Cambridge University Computer Science Department. The camera was finally switched off on August 22, 2001. The final image captured by the camera can still be viewed at its homepage. The oldest webcam still operating is FogCam at San Francisco State University, which has been running continuously since 1994.

Connectix Quick Cam

The first commercial webcam, the black-and-white QuickCam, entered the marketplace in 1994, created by the U.S. computer company Connectix (which sold its product line to Logitech in 1998). QuickCam was available in August 1994 for the Apple Macintosh, connecting via a serial port, at a cost of $100. Jon Garber, the designer of the device, had wanted to call it the "Mac-camera", but was overruled by Connectix's marketing department; a version with a PC-compatible serial port and software for Microsoft Windows was launched in October 1995. The original QuickCam provided 320x240-pixel resolution with a grayscale depth of 16 shades at 60 frames per second, or 256 shades at 15 frames per second. These cam were tested on several Delta II launch using a variety of communication protocols including CDMA, TDMA, GSM and HF. In 2010, Time Magazine named the QuickCam as one of the top computer devices of all time.

One of the most widely reported-on webcam sites was JenniCam, created in 1996, which allowed Internet users to observe the life of its namesake constantly, in the same vein as the reality TV series Big Brother, launched four years later.

Around the turn of the 21st century, computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams directly into laptop and desktop screens, thus eliminating the need to use an external USB or FireWire camera.

For less than US$100 in 2012, a Three-dimensional space webcam became available, producing videos and photos in 3D Anaglyph image with a resolution up to 1280 x 480 pixels. Both sender and receiver of the images must use 3D glasses to see the effect of three dimensional image.

WORKING:

Webcams typically include a lens, an image sensor, support electronics, and may also include a microphone for sound. Various lenses are available, the most common in consumer-grade webcams being a plastic lens that can be screwed in and out to focus the camera. Fixed focus lenses, which have no provision for adjustment, are also available. As a camera system's depth of field is greater for small image formats and is greater for lenses with a large f-number (small aperture), the systems used in webcams

have a sufficiently large depth of field that the use of a fixed focus lens does not impact image sharpness to a great extent.

Image sensors can be CMOS or CCD, the former being dominant for low-cost cameras, but CCD cameras do not necessarily outperform CMOS-based cameras in the low cost price range. Most consumer webcams are capable of providing VGA resolution video at a frame rate of 30 frames per second. Many newer devices can produce video in multi-megapixel resolutions, and a few can run at high frame rates such as the PlayStation Eye, which can produce 320×240 video at 120 frames per second.

Support electronics read the image from the sensor and transmit it to the host computer. The camera pictured to the right, for example, uses a Sonix SN9C101 to transmit its image over USB. Typically, each frame is transmitted uncompressed in RGB or YUV or compressed as JPEG. Some cameras, such as mobile phone cameras, use a CMOS sensor with supporting electronics "on die", i.e. the sensor and the support electronics are built on a single silicon chip to save space and manufacturing costs. Most webcams feature built-in microphones to make video calling and videoconferencing more convenient.

The USB video device class (UVC) specification allows for interconnectivity of webcams to computers without the need for proprietary device drivers. Microsoft Windows XP SP2, Linux and Mac OS X (since October 2005) have UVC support built in and do not require extra device drivers, although they are often installed to add additional features.

Current scenario:

IP Camera

An Internet protocol camera, or IP camera, is a type of digital video camera commonly employed for surveillance, and which, unlike analog closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, can send and receive data via a computer network and the Internet. Although most cameras that do this are webcams, the term "IP camera" or "netcam" is usually applied only to those used for surveillance. The first centralized IP camera was Axis Neteye 200, released in 1996 by Axis Communications.

There are two kinds of IP cameras:

Centralized IP cameras, which require a central Network Video Recorder(NVR) to handle the recording, video and alarm management.

Decentralized IP cameras, which do not require a central Network Video Recorder (NVR), as the cameras have recording function built-in and can thus record directly to any standard storage media, such as SD cards, NAS (network attached storage) or a PC/Server.

IntegratedMany laptop computers, especially netbooks and other computers designed for portability, include built-in webcams. Usually located at the top of the screen, these cameras provide lower image quality than top of the line devices, but can still manage video calls.

Standalone

Standalone webcams predate most other types. Composed of a lens unit and stand or clip, these cameras usually connect to the computer via a USB cable. Older models may use serial port connectors or other outdated methods of data transfer. 

Wireless Webcams

Wireless webcams are cameras that do not need to be physically connected to a computer or network to transmit images, as they do so via radio waves or a wireless network. Wireless webcams connected to a network are often used for security purposes as they can send images to multiple computers at the same time.

FUTURE:

Periscopes:- Mini-periscope covering your webcam and extending down to eclipse a portion of screen. It solves the eye-contact problem.

Camera behind the screen:- Webcam that sits on top and is embedded it into the middle of the screen. Then simply webcam video feed is positioned over the hidden camera to get seamless eye contact. But there are some pretty complications. Light has to pierce through the glow of your screen to reach the camera lens. Apple’s idea is to rapidly cycle the display between active and inactive, transparent and opaque, at such a rate that the camera can still get a good image while your eyes notice nothing.

Monitor-camera hybrid:- Instead of having one central lens that collects visual information, try having thousands – as many sensors as there are pixels in the screen. That’s Apple’s other solution  Weave in loads of light-sensitive receptors in-between the cells of an LCD screen and then combine the separate data feeds into one big picture.

References:

http://community.tradekey.com/article-269/Top_10_Modern_Computer_Keyboards.html

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-computer-keyboard-parts-layout-functions.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard

http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/613/the-history-of-the-computer-mouse/

http://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/2013/07/08/beyond-the-mouse-the-future-of-computer-interfaces/

http://www.thestar.com/life/technology/2013/07/31/motion_control_points_the_way_to_a_mousefree_future.html

http://www.workshifting.com/2011/10/the-workshifting-world-of-tomorrow-future-webcams.html