Chapter 21: Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation and Regulation

Multiple Choice

1. Systemic blood vessels transport bloodA) from the left ventricle through the body to the left atrium.B) from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.C) from the right ventricle through the body to the left atrium.D) from the right ventricle through the body to the right atrium.E) from the left ventricle to the lungs.Answer: bLevel: 1

2. What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?A) arteriole, artery, capillary, vein, venuleB) capillary, arteriole, artery, vein, venuleC) artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, veinD) vein, capillary, artery, arteriole, venuleE) artery, venule, capillary, arteriole, veinAnswer: cLevel: 1

3. Which of the following enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces?A) the thinness of the capillary wallB) minimal branching in the capillary bedC) increased blood velocity through the capillariesD) the high pressure in the interstitial spacesE) the stratification of the capillary wallAnswer: aLevel: 1

4. The lining of a capillary is called theA) endothelium.B) adventitia.C) pericapillary layer.D) thoroughfare layer.E) tunica.Answer: aLevel: 1

5. The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function ofA) veins.B) arteries.C) arterioles.D) capillaries.E) venules.Answer: dLevel: 1

6. Continuous capillariesA) have many thin areas called fenestrae.B) are freely permeable to large molecules such as hormones.C) have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.D) are more permeable then fenestrated capillaries but not as permeable as sinusoidal capillaries.E) are characterized by continuous pores.Answer: cLevel: 1

7. Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries?A) spleenB) kidneyC) bone marrowD) muscleE) pancreasAnswer: bLevel: 1

8. Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers forA) oxygen and carbon dioxide.B) electrolytes.C) glucose.D) proteins.E) small water-soluble molecules.Answer: dLevel: 1

9. Precapillary sphinctersA) serve as valves in veins.B) are found in the tunica media.C) carry blood under high pressure.D) control the blood flow into capillary beds.E) are voluntary structures.Answer: dLevel: 1

10. Which coat of an artery contains endothelium?A) tunica intimaB) tunica mediaC) tunica adventitiaD) tunica elasticaE) tunica intermediaAnswer: aLevel: 1

11. Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries?A) thermoregulationB) nutrient supply to tissuesC) removal of metabolic waste products from tissuesD) oxygen supply to tissuesE) pH regulationAnswer: aLevel: 2

12. Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in theA) tunica intima.B) tunica media.C) tunica adventitia.D) tunica externa.E) tunica interna.Answer: bLevel: 1

13. Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true?A) The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall.B) The tunica media is found in all blood vessels except veins.C) The tunica adventitia is composed of smooth muscle and endothelium.D) Capillaries have both a tunica intima and a tunica media.E) Vessel diameter is control primarily by the tunica intima.Answer: aLevel: 1

14. The blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are theA) arterioles.B) capillaries.C) elastic arteries.D) veins.E) venules.Answer: cLevel: 1

15. Which of the following best describes arteries?A) strong, rigid vessels that carry blood under high pressureB) thin, elastic vessels that transport blood under low pressureC) elastic vessels that connect arterioles and venulesD) fragile vessels that are prone to rupture.E) strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressureAnswer: eLevel: 1

16. Distributing arteriesA) contain a lot of elastic tissue.B) contain a thick tunica media.C) are strong, rigid vessels.D) transport blood from arterioles to capillaries.E) do not contain smooth muscle in their walls.Answer: bLevel: 1

17. From the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct?A) muscular artery, arteriole, elastic artery, capillaryB) arteriole, muscular artery, elastic artery, capillaryC) elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillaryD) elastic artery, arteriole, muscular artery, capillaryE) distributing artery, muscular artery, medium artery, capillaryAnswer: cLevel: 2

18. Valves similar to semilunar valves are found in someA) arteries.B) arterioles.C) capillaries.D) venules.E) veins.Answer: eLevel: 1

19. When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true?A) Veins have thicker walls than arteries.B) Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.C) Veins have a tunica media while arteries do not.D) Arteries have valves, but veins do not.E) Arteries have smooth muscle in their walls, but veins do not.Answer: bLevel: 2

20. VeinsA) carry blood away from the heart.B) carry blood under very high pressure.C) may contain valves and are lined with endothelium.D) are described as strong, rigid vessels that always carry oxygenated blood.E) have thick, many layered walls.Answer: cLevel: 1

21. The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery becauseA) the capillary wall has only two tunics.B) capillaries have more smooth muscle.C) capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement membrane.D) capillaries can constrict or dilate.E) capillaries are impermeable to all substances.Answer: cLevel: 1

22. The vasa vasorum areA) incompetent valves in the large veins.B) special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.C) the blood vessels that supply blood to the vas deferens.D) blood vessels that directly connect arteries to veins.E) supply blood to skeletal muscle.Answer: bLevel: 1

23. The structure that allows blood to flow from arteries to veins without passing through capillaries is called a(n)A) phlebitic connector.B) vasa vasorum.C) varicose vein.D) arteriovenous anastomoses.E) thoroughfare channel.Answer: dLevel: 1

24. Sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel walls are found primarily in theA) tunica intima.B) tunica media.C) tunica adventitia.D) tunica externa.E) tunica interna.Answer: bLevel: 1

25. Arteriosclerosis is characterized byA) a thickening of the tunica adventitia.B) increased elasticity of the tunica media.C) decreased resistance to blood flow.D) an enlargement of the lumen of the vessel.E) thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media.Answer: eLevel: 1

26. In the pulmonary circulation, the _____ carry blood to the lungs.A) carotid sinusesB) pulmonary arteriesC) coronary arteriesD) superior and inferior vena cavaeE) aortaAnswer: bLevel: 1

27. The systemic circulationA) carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.B) includes all arteries but the veins are part of the pulmonary circulation pathway.C) includes the aorta and all of its branches.D) ends in capillaries of the toes.E) includes blood flow to the body but not the brain.Answer: cLevel: 1

28. The blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are theA) coronary arteries.B) brachiocephalic arteries.C) common carotid arteries.D) subclavian arteries.E) pulmonary arteries.Answer: aLevel: 1

29. Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aortic arch?A) brachiocephalic arteryB) coronary arteryC) pulmonary arteryD) right subclavian arteryE) right common carotid arteryAnswer: aLevel: 1

30. A thrombus in the first branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch

might affect the flow of blood to which of the following structures?A) right armB) right side of the brainC) left side of the brainD) left armE) A and BAnswer: eLevel: 2

31. A thrombus in the second branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to theA) left side of the head and neck.B) myocardium of the heart.C) right side of the head and neck and right upper extremity.D) left upper extremity.E) right arm.Answer: aLevel: 2

32. Which of the following arteries is part of a circulatory pathway to the brain?A) radial arteryB) cephalic arteryC) internal carotid arteryD) external jugular veinE) axillary arteryAnswer: cLevel: 1

33. Tracing the blood from the heart to the right hand, blood leaves the heart; passes through the ascending aorta, aortic arch, right subclavian artery, axillary and brachial arteries, either the radial or ulnar arteries and palmar arches to arrive at the hand. Which artery is missing in this sequence?A) cephalicB) jugularC) brachiocephalicD) right common carotidE) left subclavian arteryAnswer: cLevel: 2

34. Which of the following arteries is not part of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)?A) anterior communicating arteryB) posterior cerebellar arteryC) posterior communicating arteryD) anterior cerebral arteryE) internal carotid artery

Answer: bLevel: 1

35. The three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are theA) brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries.B) brachial, axillary, and radial arteries.C) subclavian, axillary, and radial arteries.D) subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries.E) cephalic, basilic, brachial arteriesAnswer: dLevel: 1

36. Which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta?A) the heartB) the lungsC) the esophagusD) the intercostal musclesE) the thymus gland.Answer: dLevel: 1

37. Which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the diaphragm?A) axillary arteryB) intercostal arteryC) superior phrenic arteryD) inferior mesenteric arteryE) gastric arteryAnswer: cLevel: 1

38. Which of the following arteries sends branches to the stomach and liver?A) celiac arteryB) superior mesenteric arteryC) inferior mesenteric arteryD) renal arteryE) splenic arteryAnswer: aLevel: 1

39. The abdominal aorta divides at L5 to form the twoA) inferior mesenteric arteries.B) common iliac arteries.C) superior mesenteric arteries.D) femoral arteries.E) renal arteries.

Answer: bLevel: 1

40. The internal iliac arteries supply blood to theA) diaphragm.B) urinary bladder and rectum.C) lower leg.D) spleen.E) reproductive organs.Answer: bLevel: 1

41. The posterior tibial artery is a continuation of theA) popliteal artery.B) femoral artery.C) iliac artery.D) peroneal artery.E) fibular arteryAnswer: aLevel: 1

42. The anterior tibial artery becomes theA) posterior tibial artery.B) dorsalis pedis artery.C) femoral artery.D) plantar artery.E) fibular artery.Answer: bLevel: 1

43. One of the best ways to determine the adequacy of peripheral circulation is to check the pedal pulses. To check the pedal pulse you would check the pulse in theA) ankle.B) wrist.C) groin.D) neck.E) foot.Answer: eLevel: 2

44. An obstruction in the inferior vena cava would hamper the return of blood from theA) head and neck.B) upper extremities.C) lungs.D) abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs.E) heart.

Answer: dLevel: 2

45. Veins that return blood directly to the heart include theA) brachiocephalic vein.B) superior vena cava.C) portal vein.D) azygos vein.E) pulmonary arteries.Answer: bLevel: 1

46. The venous sinuses in the cranial vault drain blood into theA) cephalic vein.B) internal jugular vein.C) internal carotid vein.D) brachiocephalic vein.E) carotid artery.Answer: bLevel: 1

47. The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form theA) superior vena cavae.B) axillary veins.C) brachiocephalic veins.D) azygos veins.E) external jugular veins.Answer: cLevel: 1

48. A vein responsible for draining blood from the upper limb is theA) azygos vein.B) portal vein.C) cephalic vein.D) peroneal vein.E) common iliac veinAnswer: cLevel: 1

49. Which of the following veins is a superficial vein?A) brachial veinB) basilic veinC) radial veinD) subclavian veinE) ulnar veinAnswer: b

Level: 1

50. What vessel is prominent in many people and often used as the site for drawing blood?A) basilic veinB) brachial arteryC) cephalic veinD) brachial veinE) median cubital veinAnswer: eLevel: 2

51. The longest vein in the body is theA) superior vena cava.B) inferior vena cava.C) hepatic portal vein.D) great saphenous vein.E) femoral vein.Answer: dLevel: 1

52. Blood from the posterior abdominal wall drains into theA) hepatic portal vein.B) inferior vena cava.C) ascending lumbar vein.D) mesenteric vein.E) hepatic vein.Answer: cLevel: 1

53. The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and theA) superior mesenteric vein.B) inferior mesenteric vein.C) hepatic vein.D) renal vein.E) gastric vein.Answer: aLevel: 1

54. Which of the following are components of the hepatic portal system?A) azygos veinB) inferior vena cavaC) splenic veinD) superior mesenteric veinE) C and DAnswer: eLevel: 2

55. The hepatic portal systemA) begins and ends with capillary beds.B) transports nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.C) allows the liver to detoxify substances entering the body through the GI tract.D) has no pumping mechanism between the capillary beds.E) all of the above.Answer: eLevel: 2

56. The _____ begins with capillaries in the abdominal viscera and ends with capillaries in the liver.A) superior mesenteric systemB) celiac systemC) hepatic portal systemD) hepatic veinE) splenic systemAnswer: cLevel: 1

57. Which of the following is correct?A) external iliac vein, internal iliac vein, common iliac veinB) liver sinusoid, central vein, hepatic veinC) superior vena cava, azygos vein, posterior intercostal veinD) fibular vein, femoral vein, popliteal veinE) hepatic vein, hepatic portal system, inferior vena cavaAnswer: bLevel: 1

58. As the popliteal vein ascends the leg, it becomes theA) peroneal vein.B) saphenous vein.C) common iliac vein.D) femoral vein.E) deep femoral vein.Answer: dLevel: 1

59. The azygos vein drains blood from the _____ into the superior vena cava.A) headB) upper armC) kidneysD) thoraxE) abdominal wallAnswer: dLevel: 1

60. The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vesselA) is equal to the blood pressure.B) is faster in the center of the blood vessel.C) is most rapid at a bend or turn in the vessel.D) increases along the walls of the blood vessel.E) is more rapid along the sides of the vessel.Answer: bLevel: 1

61. Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true?A) The innermost layer of blood moves at the lowest velocity.B) Laminar blood flow occurs when blood flows past an area of constriction.C) The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow.D) In laminar blood flow, the rapid rate of blood flow exceeds critical velocity.E) It makes lots of different noises.Answer: cLevel: 1

62. Blood pressure is theA) product of the stroke volume times heart rate.B) number of layers of blood in laminar flow models.C) measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.D) viscosity of the blood and resistance to blood flow.E) measure of the volume of the blood.Answer: cLevel: 1

63. The auscultatory method of measuring blood pressureA) relies on the insertion of a cannula into the vessel in which pressure is being measured.B) monitors the oscillations in the blood vessel during changes in pressure.C) involves an electronic transducer attached to a mercury manometer.D) relies on hearing Korotkoff's sounds through a stethoscope.E) relies on hearing the sounds made by laminar flow of the blood.Answer: dLevel: 1

64. A blood pressure reading of 120/80 wouldA) indicate a diastolic pressure of 120 mm Hg.B) have Korotkoff sounds at pressures above 120 mm Hg.C) be considered normal for a young adult male.D) indicate a systolic pressure of 80 mm Hg.E) would be considered hypertensive.Answer: cLevel: 1

65. When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, which of the following best describes when blood flow in the brachial artery is turbulent?A) while the left ventricle is contractingB) when pressure in the blood pressure cuff is greater than systolic but less than the diastolic pressureC) when pressure in the blood pressure is greater than the diastolic pressureD) when pressure in the blood pressure cuff is less than the diastolic pressureE) when pressure in the brachial artery is greater than in the blood pressure cuff and greater than the diastolic pressureAnswer: eLevel: 3

66. Which of the following would increase resistance to blood flow?A) a decrease in the length of the vesselB) a decrease in the number of red blood cellsC) a decrease in blood viscosityD) a decrease in the radius of the vesselE) a decreased hematocrit.Answer: dLevel: 2

67. Resistance in the cardiovascular systemA) tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.B) tends to decrease as the diameter of blood vessels decreases.C) dramatically increases blood flow through the circulatory system.D) is directly related to flow ( R Flow).E) does not occur. If it did, blood would not circulate in the blood vessels.Answer: a

68. According to Poiseuille's law,A) blood flow is not related to resistance.B) pH of the blood influences flow.C) viscosity of the blood is not related to flow.D) if resistance increases, flow increases.E) if resistance increases, flow decreases.Answer: eLevel: 1

69. As viscosity of the blood increases,A) the pressure required to force it to flow increases.B) the pressure required to force it to flow decreases.C) the fluid becomes thinner.D) the hematocrit decreases.E) the flow does not change.Answer: aLevel: 1

70. When the blood pressure of a vessel drops below the critical closing pressure for that vessel,A) there is hypertension.B) there is an increase in blood flow.C) there is an increase in peripheral resistance.D) the vessel collapses.E) the vessel expands.Answer: dLevel:1

71. According to the Laplace's Law, as the diameter of a blood vessel increases, the force applied to the wall of that vesselA) increases.B) decreases.C) increases, then decreases.D) remains the same.E) none of the above.Answer: aLevel: 1

72. The greater the compliance theA) greater the resistance generated in the vessel.B) more easily the vessel wall stretches.C) longer the blood vessel will measure.D) higher the blood pressure will be.E) less the elasticity of the vessel.Answer: bLevel: 1

73. Which of the following acts as a storage area for blood?A) the aortaB) the veinsC) capillariesD) arteriolesE) the arteriesAnswer: bLevel: 1

74. In the aorta,A) the blood pressure and blood velocity are both high.B) the velocity of blood flow is high, but blood pressure is low.C) the resistance to blood flow is high, but velocity of blood flow is low.D) the resistance to blood flow and the blood pressure are both low.E) velocity is diminished because the total cross-sectional area is small.Answer: a

Level: 1

75. Resistance to blood flow is greatest inA) arteries.B) arterioles.C) venules.D) veins.E) capillaries.Answer: bLevel: 1

76. If someone has a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg, their pulse pressure would beA) 110 mm Hg.B) 70 mm Hg.C) 40 mm Hg.D) 180 mm Hg.E) 90 mm Hg.Answer: cLevel: 2

77. Arteriosclerosis results in decreased compliance, which in turn causes the pulse pressure toA) increase.B) decrease.C) increase, then decrease.D) decrease, then increase.E) remain the same.Answer: aLevel: 2

78. Art is 75. He has advanced arteriosclerosis. He is suffering from a number of manifestations, which are consistent with his arteriosclerosis. Over the past several years he has developed hypertension and he is beginning to show signs of renal failure. Which of the following are consistent with his condition?A) increased resistance to blood flowB) increased renin secretion from the kidneysC) increased aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortexD) increased angiotensinogen formationE) all of the aboveAnswer: eLevel: 3

79. In which of the following would you detect a weak pulse?A) hypertensionB) hemorrhagic shockC) fluid excess

D) increased stroke volumeE) a healthy young personAnswer: bLevel: 2

80. When blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there isA) a net movement of fluid into the capillary.B) a net movement of fluid out of the capillary.C) less lymph formed.D) a decrease in the volume of the interstitial fluid.E) a decreased likelihood of edema.Answer: bLevel: 2

81. A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary isA) blood pressure.B) positive interstitial pressure.C) blood colloid osmotic pressure.D) critical closing pressure.E) lymph pressure.Answer: aLevel: 1

82. A force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces isA) blood pressure.B) negative interstitial pressure.C) blood colloid osmotic pressure.D) venous pressure.E) active transport.Answer: cLevel: 1

83. Edema can occur when there isA) an increase in the amount of plasma proteins.B) a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins.C) a decrease in blood pressure.D) a blockage of the lymphatics.E) an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure.Answer: dLevel: 2

84. Which of the following is LESS likely to result in edema?A) increase in capillary permeabilityB) reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressureC) blockage of veinsD) increased mean arterial pressure

E) A and BAnswer: dLevel: 3

85. In which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema?A) shock (which is accompanied by low blood pressure)B) burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)C) dehydration (which results in low blood pressure)D) vomiting (which leads to a decreased plasma volume)E) diarrhea (which leads to a decreased blood volume)Answer: bLevel: 3

86. In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true?A) Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.B) Interstitial fluid normally has a higher osmotic pressure than plasma.C) Constriction of the precapillary sphincter will increase blood pressure in the capillary.D) Interstitial protein concentration is normally higher than plasma protein concentration.E) Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary enters the lymphatic system.Answer: aLevel: 2

87. Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? 1. arterial dilation2. valves in the veins3. sympathetic stimulation4. compression of veins by muscular movementsA) 1 and 2B) 1, 2, 3C) 1, 2, 3, 4D) 2, 3, 4E) 1, 3, 4Answer: dLevel: 1

88. Increased venous tone willA) relax the veins.B) help return blood to the heart.C) allow blood to pool in the veins.D) stabilize blood velocity in the veins.E) dilate the veins.Answer: bLevel: 2

89. Which of the following happen when a person stands in one place for a long period of time?

A) Gravity causes an increased accumulation of blood in the veins in the feet and legs.B) Blood pressure rises in the venules of the feet.C) Without muscular movement the pressure at the venous end of the capillaries increases.D) Edema may occur in the lower extremities.E) All of the above.Answer: eLevel: 2

90. Which of the following would lead to relaxation of the precapillary sphincter?A) decreased tissue metabolismB) decreased oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillaryC) decreased carbon dioxide concentration in the capillary bedD) decreased lactic acid production by cells in the capillary bedE) decreased nitric acid levelsAnswer: bLevel: 2

91. Vasomotor tone can be increased byA) taking a nap.B) emotional excitement.C) soaking in a warm bathtub.D) an increase in body temperature.E) relaxing with a cup of tea.Answer: bLevel: 2

92. Which of the following statements regarding regulation of local blood flow is true?A) Increased metabolic rate in a tissue increases capillary blood flow into the tissue.B) Blood flow through capillaries is continuous.C) Contraction of precapillary sphincters will increase blood flow to a capillary bed.D) Increased levels of carbon dioxide increase the contraction of precapillary sphincters.E) Tissue need for oxygen and amino acids will cause precapillary sphincters to contract.Answer: aLevel: 2

93. Which of the following events would cause a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure?A) an increase in ADH productionB) release of atrial natriuretic factorC) constriction of blood vessels in the skinD) activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanismE) an increase in aldosterone productionAnswer: bLevel: 1

94. When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood

pressure?A) Baroreceptors are stimulated.B) Action potential frequency to the cardioregulatory center of brain decreases.C) Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases.D) Heart rate increases.E) An increase in number of action potentials in the cardiac nerve.Answer: aLevel: 2

95. EpinephrineA) increases the heart rate but decreases the stroke volume.B) causes vasodilation of coronary blood vessels.C) causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skeletal muscle.D) decreases red blood cell count.E) decreases the force of contraction.Answer: bLevel: 2

96. When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of theA) baroreceptor mechanism.B) chemoreceptor mechanism.C) CNS ischemic mechanism.D) stress-relaxation mechanism.E) adrenal medullary mechanism.Answer: aLevel: 2

97. Baron von Quacko, famous tag-team wrestler, has a famous "sleeper hold" that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand, he presses on his opponent's neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect?A) subclavian arteries; blood flow to brain is stoppedB) carotid chemoreceptors; blood pressure increasesC) baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rateD) vertebral arteries; blood flow to brain is increasedE) jugular vein; blood flow back to heart is decreasedAnswer: cLevel: 3

98. Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and causeA) a decrease in the frequency of action potentials from the aortic baroreceptors.B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.C) vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels increasing the blood pressure.D) increased ADH secretion.E) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.Answer: bLevel: 2

99. When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there isA) an increase in the frequency of action potentials produced by the baroreceptors.B) an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction..C) reflexive slowing of the heart.D) an increase of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.E) a decrease in heart rate and stroke volume.Answer: bLevel: 3

100. ChemoreceptorsA) are located in the aortic and carotid bodies.B) are sensitive to small changes in oxygen levels in the blood.C) monitor blood pressure.D) are not sensitive to carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion levels.E) are not sensitive to changes in pH of the blood.Answer: aLevel: 1

101. The chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain homeostasis A) under normal conditions.B) when carbon dioxide levels increase.C) when stimulated by changes in blood osmotic pressure.D) when epinephrine levels increase.E) when hydrogen ion concentrations decrease.Answer: bLevel: 2

102. The central nervous system ischemic responseA) is triggered by an increase in blood flow to the vasomotor center.B) plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions.C) is stimulated by a rise in oxygen.D) is inhibited by a rise in the level of hydrogen ions.E) plays an important role in regulating blood pressure under normal conditions.Answer: bLevel: 1

103. Which of the following hormones does not influence blood pressure?A) ADHB) epinephrineC) atrial natriuretic hormoneD) aldosteroneE) growth hormoneAnswer: eLevel: 1

104. Angiotensin IIA) causes vasoconstriction.B) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release ADH.C) is released in response to high blood pressure.D) is responsible for increasing urine output.E) stimulates peripheral vasodilation.Answer: aLevel: 1

105. Which of the following would occur as a result of increased renin release by the kidneys?A) an increase in vasodilator secretionB) an increase in urine outputC) an increase in blood volumeD) a decrease in aldosteroneE) a decrease in blood pressure.Answer: cLevel: 3

106. Which of the following chemical substances, when released into the blood, would cause blood pressure to decrease?A) angiotensin II (active angiotensin)B) aldosteroneC) ADHD) vasopressinE) atrial natriuretic hormoneAnswer: eLevel: 1

107. Hormones from the adrenal medullaA) are released in response to parasympathetic stimulation.B) cause vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.C) decrease the heart rate.D) cause an increase in stroke volume.E) are released in response to vagal stimulation.Answer: dLevel: 2

108. In response to circulatory shock,A) the body decreases ADH secretion.B) the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated.C) atrial natriuretic factor is released.D) the vasomotor center is inhibited.E) the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are inactivated.Answer: bLevel: 2

109. If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causesA) water to shift from inside cells into the extracellular fluid.B) water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces.C) water to shift from the interstitial space into the capillaries.D) increased filtration in the kidney thereby increasing urine output.E) water to stay inside the capillaries.Answer: bLevel: 1

110. Atrial natriuretic factorA) is released in response to elevated atrial pressure.B) stimulates the release of ADH.C) decreases urine production.D) stimulates release of aldosterone.E) increases blood volume.Answer: aLevel: 2

Refer to the following figure for questions 111-115.

111. On this diagram label pulse point “A”.A) femoral arteryB) radial arteryC) common carotid arteryD) popliteal arteryE) brachial arteryAnswer: cLevel: 1

112. On this diagram label pulse point “B”.A) femoral arteryB) radial arteryC) common carotid arteryD) popliteal arteryE) brachial arteryAnswer: eLevel: 1

113. On this diagram label pulse point “C”.A) femoral arteryB) radial arteryC) common carotid arteryD) popliteal arteryE) brachial arteryAnswer: bLevel: 1

114. On this diagram label pulse point “D”.A) femoral arteryB) radial arteryC) common carotid arteryD) popliteal arteryE) brachial arteryAnswer: aLevel: 1

115. On this diagram label pulse point “E”.A) femoral arteryB) radial arteryC) common carotid arteryD) popliteal arteryE) brachial arteryAnswer: dLevel: 1

Questions 116-118 are all based on the following case study:Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some “spoiled” potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock.The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock.

116. Which of the following would occur as a person goes into shock?A) baroreceptors are stimulatedB) chemoreceptors are depressedC) renin release is inhibitedD) parasympathetic stimulation is increasedE) sympathetic stimulation is decreasedAnswer: aLevel: 3

117. Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result ofA) decreased ADH secretion.B) increased renin secretion.C) increased secretion of atrial natriuretic factor.D) decreased vasoconstriction due to the stress relaxation response.E) decreased aldosterone secretionAnswer: bLevel: 3

118. Compensatory shock in characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure?A) 99/40B) 70/20C) 92/64D) 82/40E) 100/50Answer: cLevel: 3

For questions 119 to 123 use the following key to choose the most correct answer.A) Choose this if the first item is greater than the second item.B) Choose this if the first item is less than the second item.C) Choose this if the first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

119. 1) systolic pressure;2) diastolic pressureAnswer: aLevel: 2

120. 1) velocity of blood flow in the arterioles;2) velocity of blood flow in the aortaAnswer: bLevel: 2

121. 1) velocity of blood flow when cross-sectional area increases;2) velocity of blood flow when cross-sectional area decreases

Answer: bLevel: 3

122. 1) blood pressure in the aorta;2) blood pressure in the superior vena cavaAnswer: aLevel: 2

123. 1) plasma volume when ADH levels increase;2) plasma volume when ADH levels decreaseAnswer: aLevel: 2

For questions 124 to 128 match the following terms with the appropriate description.A) a bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wallB) degenerative changes in arteriesC) an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremitiesD) inflammation of the veinsE) small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries

124. varicose veinsAnswer: cLevel: 1

125. phlebitisAnswer: dLevel: 1

126. arteriosclerosisAnswer: bLevel: 1

127. aneurysmAnswer: aLevel: 1

128. vasa vasorumAnswer: eLevel: 1

For questions 129 to 133 match the following with the appropriate description.A) formed when the right and left vertebral arteries uniteB) supplies blood to the face, nose, and mouthC) terminates by forming the middle cerebral arteriesD) supplies blood to the arm and shoulder regionsE) sense organs that monitor blood pressure

129. subclavian arteryAnswer: dLevel: 1

130. carotid sinusesAnswer: eLevel: 1

131. external carotid arteryAnswer: bLevel: 1

132. internal carotid arteryAnswer: cLevel: 1

133. basilar arteryAnswer: aLevel: 1

For questions 134 to 138 match the following vessels with the appropriate description.A) supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brainB) a circle of arteries at the base of the brainC) supplies large portions of the lateral cerebral cortexD) supplies the posterior portion of the cerebrumE) formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

134. common iliac arteryAnswer: eLevel: 1

135. posterior cerebral arteryAnswer: dLevel: 1

136. middle cerebral arteryAnswer: cLevel: 1

137. cerebral arterial circleAnswer: bLevel: 1

138. anterior cerebral arteryAnswer: a

Level: 1

For questions 139 to 143 match the following terms with the appropriate description.A) dead tissueB) a floating clotC) sudden decreased blood supply to a part of the brainD) a stationary clotE) a localized area of dead cells resulting from ischemia

139. strokeAnswer: cLevel: 1

140. infarctAnswer: eLevel: 1

141. necrotic tissueAnswer: aLevel: 1

142. thrombosisAnswer: dLevel: 1

143. embolismAnswer: bLevel: 1

For questions 144 to 148 match the following vessels with the appropriate description.A) supplies blood to the diaphragmB) supplies blood to the esophagusC) supplies blood to the thoracic wallD) supplies blood to the pancreas and small intestineE) supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen

144. thoracic visceral arteryAnswer: bLevel: 1

145. thoracic parietal arteryAnswer: cLevel: 1

146. celiac trunkAnswer: e

Level: 1

147. superior mesenteric arteryAnswer: dLevel: 1

148. superior phrenic arteryAnswer: aLevel: 1

For questions 149 to 153 match the following vessels with the appropriate description.A) supplies blood to the pelvic areaB) formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aortaC) the continuation of the femoral arteryD) extends from the common iliac artery to the thighE) continuation of the external iliac artery into the thigh

149. common iliac arteryAnswer: bLevel: 1

150. external iliac arteryAnswer: dLevel: 1

151. internal iliac arteryAnswer: aLevel: 1

152. femoral arteryAnswer: eLevel: 1

153. popliteal arteryAnswer: cLevel: 1

For questions 154 to 158 match the following vessels with the appropriate description.A) drains blood from the armB) superficial vein of the head and neckC) the posterior intercostals veins join this vein on the right side of the bodyD) deep vein that drains blood from the cranial vaultE) formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian veins

154. external jugular veinAnswer: b

Level: 1

155. internal jugular veinAnswer: dLevel: 1

156. subclavian veinAnswer: aLevel: 1

157. brachiocephalic veinAnswer: eLevel: 1

158. azygos veinAnswer: cLevel: 1

Fill in the Blank

159. Most of the exchange of nutrients and waste products that occurs between the blood and interstitial spaces occurs across the walls of the _______.Answer: capillariesLevel: 1

160. The innermost layer of a blood vessel wall is the tunica _______.Answer: intimaLevel: 1

161. The _______ arteries branch from the ascending aorta.Answer: coronaryLevel: 1

162. The brachial artery divides into the _______ and _______ arteries.Answer: ulnar; radialLevel: 1

163. The pelvic area is supplied with blood from the _______ arteries.Answer: internal iliacLevel: 1

164. _______ _________ is a measure of the force exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls.Answer: Blood pressureLevel: 1

165. The viscosity of blood is influenced largely by __________, which is the percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells..Answer: hematocritLevel: 1

166. The maintenance of blood flow by tissues is called _______.Answer: autoregulationLevel: 1

167. The vasomotor center is located in the _______ and _______ _______Answer: pons & medulla oblongataLevel: 1

168. Fill in the missing blood vessel.Abdominal aorta _____________ Splenic arteryAnswer: celiac arteryLevel: 1

169. Fill in the missing blood vessel.Hepatic vein _____________ Right atriumAnswer: inferior vena cavaLevel: 1

170. Fill in the missing blood vessel.Ext. jugular vein _____________Superior Vena CavaAnswer: brachiocephalic veinLevel: 1

171. Fill in the missing blood vessel.Femoral artery _____________ Posterior tibial arteryAnswer: popliteal arteryLevel: 1

172. Fill in the missing blood vessel.Aortic arch _____________ Left axillary arteryAnswer: Left subclavian arteryLevel: 1

173. Fill in the missing blood vessel.Innominate artery _____________ Right external carotid arteryAnswer: right common carotid arteryLevel: 1

174. Fill in the missing blood vessel.Vertebral artery _____________ Posterior cerebral artery

Answer: basilar arteryLevel: 1

Essay Questions

175. How are blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance related to one another?Answer: Blood flow is the volume or quantity of blood flowing through a vessel or group of vessels within a specific period of time. Blood pressure is the force with which blood is pushed against the walls of the blood vessels. Impedance to flow by friction is known as resistance. Blood flow is caused by blood pressure differences or a pressure gradient, and opposition to flow is known as resistance. F (flow) = pressure difference or driving force (blood pressure)/R (resistance to flow).Level: 3

176. You are sleeping peacefully when the telephone suddenly begins ringing. You literally jump up from the bed and race to the phone. Explain how the baroreceptor reflex responds to regulate your blood pressure in this situation.Answer: The decrease in blood pressure that occurs when you suddenly stand up causes fewer impulses to go to the cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers of the medulla. The decrease in action potentials results in increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart, increased heart rate and stroke volume, and increased sympathetic simulation of the blood vessels, causing vasoconstriction. These responses begin to increase blood pressure to accommodate the increased activity and upright posture.Level: 3

177. Heart rate and cardiac output were measured in a group of nonathletic students. After two months of aerobics, these measurements were repeated on this same group of students. It was found that the heart rate had decreased but cardiac output remained the same for many activities. Explain these results.Answer: The aerobic exercises increased the cardiovascular efficiency of these students. Most likely, the exercises increased venous return, and the increased venous return caused stroke volume to increase. Now the same cardiac output could be obtained with a slower heart rate. Hence, the heart rate decreased, but there is little or no change in cardiac output.Level: 3

178. A person in hypovolemic shock has a decreased blood pressure, cold, clammy skin, decreased urine output, and an increased heart rate. Explain why each of these responses occurs.Answer: The decreased blood pressure is due to the decrease in blood volume. The cold clammy skin is due to vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels in response to the drop in blood pressure. The baroreceptors and/or central nervous system ischemic response will cause this vasoconstriction. The decreased urine output could result from one of several factors: The decreased perfusion of the kidneys results in decreased urine output. The decreased blood pressure would increase renin production, angiotensin II production, and aldosterone production, which leads to decreased urine volume. The decrease in blood pressure will also stimulate the release of ADH from the hypothalamus, which causes the kidney to reabsorb more water and

decrease urine volume. An increase in heart rate will occur as a result of the baroreceptor reflex, which is stimulated by the decrease in blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure causes sympathetic stimulation of the heart and increases heart rate.Level: 3

179. Trace the path (naming blood vessels) that a red blood cell would travel in going from a. the left ventricle to the left little finger b. the venous sinuses to the heart c. great saphenous vein to the left common carotid artery d. the gastric vein to the inferior vena cavaAnswer: A) left ventricle ascending aorta aortic arch left subclavian artery left axillary artery left brachial artery left radial or left ulnar artery one of the palmar arches digital artery little fingerB) venous sinuses internal jugular vein brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava heartC) great saphenous vein femoral vein external iliac vein common iliac vein inferior vena cava heart ascending aorta aortic arch left common carotid arteryD) gastric vein hepatic portal vein liver sinusoids hepatic veins inferior vena cava.Level: 2

180. Speculate what would happen to mean arterial blood pressure in each of the following situations:a. excess ADH Production b. increased renin production in a hypertensive individual c. increased peripheral resistance d. a bee sting causes vasodilation of almost all of the body's arterioles.Answer: A) increased mean arterial blood pressureB) increased mean arterial blood pressureC) increased mean arterial blood pressureD) decreased mean arterial blood pressureLevel: 3