Peripheral Blood

Prof. Dr. Xiaoxun Xie 2006. 9

* a specialized form of C.T.

* a circulating tissue

* as a transporting medium

* a total volume about 5 liters

in health adult

INTRODUCTION

Components of blood

* Formed elements------blood cells (45%)

* Intercellular substance------plasma (55%)

ErythrocytesLeukocytes

Platelets

H2O ( 90% )Plasma proteins: albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, etc.Others:

血液的组成centrifugation ( 离心 )

------- plasma

Leukocytes + Platelets

-------- Erythrocyte (Red blood cell)

anticoagulant (heparin)

血块、血清

—Serum

—Clotting

without anticoagulant

Mature Erythrocyte

* biconcave disc shape, providing greater surface area;

* no nucleus and organelles;

* Hemoglobin ( Hb );

* deformability.

Blood smear

SEM

* not fully mature RBC

* 0.5 1% of a total number

of RBC

* no nucleus

* ribosomal RNA remnants (netlike structure)

* remaining Hb synthesis

* Clinic significance

Reticulocyte

* Function of mature erythrocytes:gaseous transport

* lifespan of erythrocytes:120 days

* Size: 7.5 ~8.5µm (diameter)

* Number:

Male: 4.2~5.5×1012/ L (Hb: 120~150g/L)

Female: 3.5~5.0 ×1012/ L (Hb: 105~135g/L)

Pathological conditions

Number

Size

Shape

Hb

Anemia Erythrocytosis

Spherocytosis; Sickle cell anemia

Thalassemia （地中海贫血）

Large / small cell anemia

                                                                   

Sickle-cell anemia is a painful disease in which RBCs become crescent shaped due to inheritance of an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickled RBCs break down, releasing hemoglobin into the circulation.

Normal RBC Sickled RBC

Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs.

Spherocytosis

General characteristic of leukocytes

* spherical shape

* posses nuclei

* presence of organelles

* a total number less than that of erythrocytes

* exhibiting amoeboid movement

* involving in body defenses and immunity

Classification

*Granular leukocytes

neutrophils 5070%

eosinophils 0.53%

basophils 0 1%

*Agranular leukocytes

lymphocytes 2030%

monocytes 38%

Neutrophil

Size : 10 12 µm (diameter)

Morphology

nucleus ： highly morphonuclear

rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated young old

cytoplasm ：

specific granules: 80%, small

azurophilic granules: 20%, lysosome

Neutrophils

中性粒细胞 （血涂片）

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

Lobulated nuclei Rod-like nucleus

azurophilic granules

* fine, uniform* evenly distributed* pink staining

Charateristics of specific granules:

Specific granules (80%, samll) contain:

* alkaline phosphatase

* phagocytin

* lysozyme

Azurophilic G. (large, less) containing:

* acid phosphatase

* Peroxidase Neutrophil (EM)

Size: 10 12 µm (diameter)

LM:

- usually bilobed nucleus

- eosinophilic granules

* strong eosinophilia (reddish)

* coarse and refractile

* uniform size and evenly distributed

Eosinophils

Characteristic

（电镜）Eosinophilic granules ( primary lysosomes )

which contain substances:

* acid phosphatase

* aryl sulphatase

* Peroxidase

* histaminase nucleus

Eosinophilic granules with

crystalloid in the center

(EM)

Size: 10 12 µm (diameter)

LM:

nucleus:

lobulated; S or irregular;

obscured outline

cytoplasm: basophilic granules

* variable size

* uneven distribution

* strong basophilia

Characteristic

Basophil

Basophil (EM)

Basophilic granules

contain:

* heparin

* leukotriene

* histamine

nucleus

Neutrophils:

* ruffled membrane movement

* chemetaxis

* phagocytosis

Eosinophils: anti-parasite; anti-allergy

Basophils:

* anticoagulation;

* involving in allergic response

Function of granular leukocytes

Size: 14 20 µm (diameter)

Nucleus: large, eccentric,

light staining,

deep indentation, horseshoe

cytoplasm ： abundant ， gray-blue staining,

weak basophilia,

numerous pink-purple granules (azurophilic G)

Monocyte

Small pseudopodia , microvillus, mitochondrion

RER,

Lysosomes (azurophilic granule) contain:

* Peroxidase

* Acid phoshpatase

* Lysozyme

(EM 模式图）

nucleus

Monocyte under EM

Function of monocyte

- differentiate into macrophages.

- phagocytose

- immune response

- give rise to osteoclasts, which

are able to dissolve bone.

Size: 6 20 µm (diameter),

small / medium / large

nucleus ： a round, densely stained nucleus

cytoplasm:

a relatively small amount of cytoplasm,

pale basophilic (?)

some azurophilic granules

Lymphocyte

* a large number of free ribosomes,

* a few mitochondria, and other organelles

* exhibiting small cytoplasmic

projections in the

surface of cells.

(EM 模式图）

nucleus

Lymphocyte under EM

Function of Lymphocytes:

T LC: cellular immunity

B LC: plasma cells

humoral immunity

Blood Platelets (thrombocytes)

• fragments of megakaryocytes

• no nucleus

• cytoplasm: two zones: - outer hyalomere hardly stains, cytoskeletal f. ( actin & myosin)

- inner granulomer * bluish staining granule * Some other organelles

Function of Platelets

• body's first line of defense to prevent blood loss. • secretion of chemical platelet factors into the blood plasma.

fibrinogen fibrin

Blood cells +fibrils

(insoluble protein)

clot

platelets

thrombinogen

coagulated factor

thrombin

Function of blood platelets

fibrinogenfibrin

blood vessel

Cell Diameter

(µm )

Population

number

Lifespan

(day)

Erythrocyte 7.5 3.5~5.0 ×1012/ L 120

Platelet 3 2- 4 ×1012 /µl 4-6

Monocyte 17 3-8% of WBC long

Lymphocyte 6-8 20-30% of WBC variable

Neutrophil 10-12 60-70% of WBC 1-4

Eosinophi 10-12 2-4% of WBC 1-4

Basophil 10-12 0.1-1% of WBC 1-4

Peripheral Blood Cells

Slides review

Summary table. Erythrocyte & leukocyte

Erythrocyte(mature) Leukocyte

Number

Size

Shape

Nucleus

Organelle

HB

Granules

Function

Lifespan

biconcave disc sphere

non present