Periodic Table of the Elements (Used for Grade 8 and High School) California Science Test

Sodium 22.99

Na 11

Element symbol

* Element name

Hydrogen 1.01

H 1

Lithium 6.94

Li 3

Sodium 22.99

Na 11

39.10

19

K 58.69

Ni 28

Rubidium 85.47

Rb 37

140.91

Pr 59

(261)

Rf 104

95.94

Mo 42

(258)

Md 101

72.61

Ge 32

1 1A

2 2A

1

2

3

4

7 7B

11 1B

12 2B

13 3A

16 6A

8

5

6

7

9 8B

10

14 4A

15 5A

17 7A

18 8A

3 3B

4 4B

5 5B

6 6B

Copper 63.55

Cu 29

Cobalt 58.93

Co 27

Helium 4.00

He 2

Boron 10.81

B 5

Carbon 12.01

C 6

Nitrogen 14.01

N 7

Oxygen 16.00

O 8

19.00

F 9

Neon 20.18

Ne 10

26.98

Al 13

Silicon 28.09

Si 14

30.97

P 15

Sulfur 32.07

S 16

35.45

Cl 17

Argon 39.95

Ar 18

Calcium 40.08

Ca 20

Scandium 44.96

Sc 21

Titanium 47.87

Ti 22

Chromium 52.00

Cr 24

Iron 55.85

Fe 26

Zinc 65.39

Zn 30

Gallium 69.72

Ga 31

Arsenic 74.92

As 33

Selenium 78.96

Se 34

Bromine 79.90

Br 35

83.80

Kr 36

Strontium 87.62

Sr 38

88.91

Y 39

Zirconium 91.22

Zr 40

Niobium 92.91

Nb 41

(98)

Tc 43

Ruthenium 101.07

Ru 44

Rhodium 102.91

Rh 45

106.42

46

107.87

Ag 47

Cadmium 112.41

Cd 48

Indium 114.82

In 49

Tin 118.71

Sn 50

121.76

Sb 51

127.60

52

Iodine 126.90

I 53

Xenon 131.29

Xe 54

Cesium 132.91

Cs 55

137.33

Ba 56

138.91

La 57

Hafnium 178.49

Hf 72

180.95

73

183.84

W 74

Rhenium 186.21

Re 75

Osmium 190.23

Os 76

192.22

Ir 77

195.08

Pt 78

Gold 19 7

79

200.59

Hg 80

Thallium 204.38

Tl 81

Lead 207.2

Pb 82

208.98

Bi 83

(209)

84

Astatine (210)

At 85

Pd

Radon (222)

Rn 86

(223)

Fr 87

Radium (226)

Ra 88

Actinium (227)

Ac 89

Dubnium (262)

Db 105

Seaborgium (266)

Sg 106

(264)

Bh 107

Hassium (269)

Hs 108

(268)

Mt 109

140.12

Ce 58

Neodymium 144.24

Nd 60

Promethium (145)

Pm 61

150.36

Sm 62

Europium 151.96

Eu 63

Gadolinium 157.25

Gd 64

158.93

Tb 65

Dysprosium 162.50

Dy 66

Holmium 164.93

Ho 67

Erbium 167.26

Er 68

Thulium 168.93

Tm 69

Ytterbium 173.04

Yb 70

Lutetium 174.97

Lu 71

232.04

Th 90

Protactinium 231.04

91

238.03

U 92

Neptunium (237)

Np 93

Plutonium (244)

Pu 94

(243)

Am 95

(247)

Cm 96

(247)

Bk 97

(251)

Cf 98

Einsteinium (252)

Es 99

(257)

Fm 100

Nobelium (259)

No 102

(262)

Lr 103

Magnesium 24.31

Mg 12

9.01

Be 4

50.94

V 23

Manganese 54.94

Mn 25

*

Atomic number

Average atomic mass

Potassium Nickel

Praseodymium

Rutherfordium

Molybdenum

Mendelevium

Germanium

Key

Fluorine

Aluminum Phosphorus Chlorine

Krypton

Yttrium Technetium Palladium Silver Antimony Tellurium Te

Barium Lanthanum Tantalum Ta

Tungsten Iridium Platinum 6.9

Au Mercury Bismuth Polonium

Po

Francium Bohrium Meitnerium (281)

Ds110

Darmstadtium

(280)

Rg111

Roentgenium

(285)

Cn112

Copernicium(284)

Nh113

Nihonium(289)

Fl114

Flerovium(288)

Mc115

Moscovium(293)

Lv116

Livermorium(294)

Ts117

Tennessine(294)

Og118

Oganesson

Cerium Samarium Terbium

Thorium Pa

Uranium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Fermium Lawrencium

Beryllium

Vanadium

If this number is in parentheses, then it refers to the atomic mass of the most stable isotope.

Copyright © 2017 California Department of Education

Names, Formulas, and Charges of Common Ions

POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) Name Symbol Name Symbol aluminum Al3+ lithium Li+ ammonium NH4

+ magnesium Mg2+

barium Ba2+ manganese(II) Mn2+ cadmium Cd2+ manganese(IV) Mn4+ calcium Ca2+ mercury(I) Hg2

2+ chromium(II) Cr2+ mercury(II) Hg2+ chromium(III) Cr3+ nickel(II) Ni2+ copper(I) Cu+ potassium K+ copper(II) Cu2+ silver Ag+ hydrogen, H+ sodium Na+ iron(II) Fe2+ strontium Sr2+ iron(III) Fe3+ tin(II) Sn2+

lead(II) Pb2+ tin(IV) Sn4+ lead(IV) Pb4+ zinc Zn2+

NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS) Name Symbol Name Symbol acetate C2H3O2

– (CH3COO–) nitrate NO3–

azide N3– nitride N3–

bromide Br– nitrite NO2–

bromate BrO3– oxalate C2O4

2–

carbonate CO32– hydrogen oxalate H C2O4

– hydride H– oxide O2–

hydrogen carbonate HCO3– perchlorate ClO4

–

chlorate ClO3– permanganate MnO4

–

chloride Cl– phosphate PO43–

chlorite ClO2– monohydrogen phosphate HPO4

2–

chromate CrO42– dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4

–

citrate C6H5O73– silicate SiO3

2–

cyanide CN– sulfate (sulphate) SO42–

dichromate Cr2O72– hydrogen sulfate (sulphate) HSO4

–

fluoride F– sulfide (sulphide) S2– hydroxide OH– hydrogen sulfide (sulphide) HS–

hypochlorite ClO– sulfite (sulphite) SO32–

iodide I– hydrogen sulfite (sulphite) HSO3–

iodate IO3– thiocyanate SCN–

G r a d e 1 2 C h e m i s t r y24 of 32

Relative Strengths of Acids Table

Acid Reaction Ka

Perchloric acid HClO4 + H2O H3O+ + ClO4� very large

Hydriodic acid Hl + H2O H3O+ + I� very large

Hydrobromic acid HBr + H2O H3O+ + Br� very large

Hydrochloric acid HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl� very large

Nitric acid HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3� very large

Sulfuric acid H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4� very large

Oxalic acid H2C2O4 + H2O H3O+ + HC2O4� 5.4 x 10�2

Sulfurous acid H2SO3 + H2O H3O+ + HSO3� 1.7 x 10�2

Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4� + H2O H3O+ + SO4

2� 1.3 x 10�2

Phosphoric acid H3PO4 + H2O H3O+ + H2PO4� 7.1 x 10�3

Ferric ion Fe(H2O)63+ + H2O H3O+ + Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+ 6.0 x 10�3

Hydrogen telluride H2Te + H2O H3O+ + HTe� 2.3 x 10�3

Hydrofluoric acid HF + H2O H3O+ + F� 6.7 x 10�4

Nitrous acid HNO2 + H2O H3O+ + NO2� 5.1 x 10�4

Hydrogen selenide H2Se + H2O H3O+ + HSe� 1.7 x 10�4

Chromic ion Cr(H2O)63+ + H2O H3O+ + Cr(H2O)5(OH)2+ 1.5 x 10�4

Benzoic acid C6H5COOH + H2O H3O+ + C6H5COO� 6.6 x 10�5

Hydrogen oxalate ion HC2O4� + H2O H3O+ + C2O4

2� 5.4 x 10�5

Acetic acid HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2� 1.8 x 10�5

Aluminum ion Al(H2O)63+ + H2O H3O+ + Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ 1.4 x 10�5

Carbonic acid H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3� 4.4 x 10�7

Hydrogen sulfide H2S + H2O H3O+ + HS� 1.0 x 10�7

Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4� + H2O H3O+ + HPO4

2� 6.3 x 10�8

Hydrogen sulfite ion HSO3� + H2O H3O+ + SO3

2� 6.2 x 10�8

Ammonium ion NH4+ + H2O H3O+ + NH3 5.7 x 10�10

Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3� + H2O H3O+ + CO3

2� 4.7 x 10�11

Hydrogen telluride ion HTe� + H2O H3O+ + Te2� 1.0 x 10�11

Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 + H2O H3O+ + HO2� 2.4 x 10�12

Monohydrogen phosphate HPO42� + H2O H3O+ + PO4

3� 4.4 x 10�13

Hydrogen sulfide ion HS� + H2O H3O+ + S2� 1.2 x 10�15

Water H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH� 1.8 x 10�16

Hydroxide ion OH� + H2O H3O+ + O2� < 10�36

Ammonia NH3 + H2O H3O+ + NH2� very small

F i n a l P r a c t i s e E x a m i n a t i o n A n s w e r K e y 25 of 32

Name: ___________________________________________

Solubility Chart

Negative Ions Positive Ions Solubility

essentially all alkali ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) soluble

essentially all hydrogen ion H+(aq) soluble

essentially all ammonium ion (NH4+) soluble

nitrate, NO3� essentially all soluble

acetate, CH3COO� essentially all (except Ag+) soluble

chloride, Cl� bromide, Br� iodide, I�

Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Cu+, Tl+ low solubility

all others soluble

sulfate, SO42�

Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, Ra2+ low solubility

all others soluble

sulfide, S2�

alkali ions, H+(aq), NH4

+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+,

Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+soluble

all others low solubility

hydroxide, OH�

alkali ions, H+(aq), NH4

+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+, Tl+ soluble

all others low solubility

phosphate, PO43�

carbonate, CO32�

sulfite, SO32�

alkali ions, H+(aq), NH4

+ soluble

all others low solubility

chromate, CrO42�

Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Ag+ low solubility

all others soluble

G r a d e 1 2 C h e m i s t r y26 of 32

Table of Standard Reduction Potentials with Values

Oxidized species Reduced Species E°/V

Li+(aq) + e� Li(s) �3.04

K+(aq) + e� K(s) �2.93

Ca2+(aq) + 2e� Ca(s) �2.87

Na+(aq) + e� Na(s) �2.71

Mg2+(aq) + 2e� Mg(s) �2.37

Al3+(aq) + 3e� Al(s) �1.66

Mn2+(aq) + 2e� Mn(s) �1.19

H2O(l) + e� ½H2(g) + OH�

(aq) �0.83

Zn2+(aq) + 2e� Zn(s) �0.76

Fe2+(aq) + 2e� Fe(s) �0.45

Ni2+(aq) + 2e� Ni(s) �0.26

Sn2+(aq) + 2e� Sn(s) �0.14

Pb2+(aq) + 2e� Pb(s) �0.13

H+(aq) + e� ½H2(g) 0.00

Cu2+(aq) + e� Cu+

(aq) +0.15

SO42�

(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2e� H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17

Cu2+(aq) + 2e� Cu(s) +0.34

½O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e� 2OH�(aq) +0.40

Cu+(aq) + e� Cu(s) +0.52

½I2(s) + e� I�(aq) +0.54

Fe3+(aq) + e� Fe2+

(aq) +0.77

Ag+(aq) + e� Ag(s) +0.80

½Br2(l) + e� Br�(aq) +1.07

½O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e� H2O(l) +1.23

Cr2O72�

(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e� 2Cr3+

(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33

½Cl2(g) + e� Cl�(aq) +1.36

MnO4�(aq) + 8H+

(aq) + 5e� Mn2+(aq)+ 4H2O(l) +1.51

½F2(g) + e� F�(aq) +2.87

F i n a l P r a c t i s e E x a m i n a t i o n A n s w e r K e y 27 of 32

Name: ___________________________________________

Names, Formulas, and Charges of Common Ions

Positive Ions (Cations)

Name Symbol Name Symbol

aluminum Al3+ magnesium Mg2+

ammonium NH4+ manganese(II) Mn2+

barium Ba2+ manganese(IV) Mn4+

cadmium Cd2+ mercury(I) Hg22+

calcium Ca2+ mercury(II) Hg2+

chromium(II) Cr2+ nickel(II) Ni2+

chromium(III) Cr3+ nickel(III) Ni3+

copper(I) Cu+ potassium K+

copper(II) Cu2+ silver Ag+

hydrogen H+ sodium Na+

iron(II) Fe2+ strontium Sr2+

iron(III) Fe3+ tin(II) Sn2+

lead(II) Pb2+ tin(IV) Sn4+

lead(IV) Pb4+ zinc Zn2+

lithium Li+

G r a d e 1 2 C h e m i s t r y28 of 32

Names, Formulas, and Charges of Common Ions (continued)

Negative Ions (Anions)

Name Symbol Name Symbol

acetate C2H3O2�(CH3COO�) nitrate NO3

�

azide N3� nitride N3�

bromide Br� nitrite NO2�

bromate BrO3� oxalate C2O4

2�

carbonate CO32� hydrogen oxalate HC2O4

�

hydride H� oxide O2�

hydrogen carbonate

or bicarbonateHCO3

� perchlorate ClO4�

chlorate ClO3� permanganate MnO4

�

chloride Cl� phosphate PO43�

chlorite ClO2� monohydrogen phosphate HPO4

2�

chromate CrO42� dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4

�

citrate C6H5O73� silicate SiO3

2�

cyanide CN� sulfate SO42�

dichromate Cr2O72� hydrogen sulfate HSO4

�

fluoride F� sulfide S2�

hydroxide OH� hydrogen sulfide HS�

hypochlorite ClO� sulfite SO32�

iodide I� hydrogen sulfite HSO3�

iodate IO3� thiocyanate SCN�

F i n a l P r a c t i s e E x a m i n a t i o n A n s w e r K e y 29 of 32

Name: ___________________________________________

Common Ions

Cations (Positive Ions)

1+ charge 2+ charge 3+ charge

NH4+ Ammonium Ba2+ Barium Al3+ Aluminum

Cs+ Cesium Be2+ Beryllium Cr3+ Chromium(III)

Cu+ Copper(I) Cd2+ Cadmium Co3+ Cobalt(III)

Au+ Gold(I) Ca2+ Calcium Ga3+ Gallium

H+ Hydrogen Cr2+ Chromium(II) Au3+ Gold(III)

Li+ Lithium Co2+ Cobalt(II) Fe3+ Iron(III)

K+ Potassium Cu2+ Copper(II) Mn3+ Manganese

Rb+ Rubidium Fe2+ Iron(II) Ni3+ Nickel(III)

Ag+ Silver Pb2+ Lead(II)

Na+ Sodium Mg2+ Magnesium 4+ charge

Mn2+ Manganese(II) Pb4+ Lead(IV)

Hg22+ Mercury(I) Mn4+ Manganese(IV)

Hg2+ Mercury(II) Sn4+ Tin(IV)

Ni2+ Nickel(II)

Sr2+ Strontium

Sn2+ Tin(II)

Zn2+ Zinc

G r a d e 1 2 C h e m i s t r y30 of 32

Common Ions (continued)

Anions (Negative Ions)

1� charge 1� charge 2� charge

CH3COO�

(C2H3O2�)

Acetate (or

ethanoate)

HS�Hydrogen

sulfide

CO32� Carbonate

CrO42� Chromate

BrO3� Bromate OH� Hydroxide Cr2O7

2� Dichromate

Br� Bromide IO3� Iodate O2� Oxide

ClO3� Chlorate I� Iodide O2

2� Peroxide

Cl� Chloride NO3� Nitrate SO4

2� Sulfate

ClO2� Chlorite NO2

� Nitrite S2� Sulfide

CN� Cyanide ClO4� Perchlorate SO3

2� Sulfite

F� Fluoride IO4� Periodate S2O3

2� Thiosulfate

H� Hydride MnO4� Permanganate

HCO3� Hydrogen

carbonate (or

bicarbonate)

SCN� Thiocynate 3� charge

N3� Nitride

ClO� Hypochlorite PO43� Phosphate

HSO4�

Hydrogen

sulfate

P3� Phosphide

PO33� Phosphite

Chemistry 40S Constants and Equations

Atomic Structure Chemical Kinetics

E = h × c

λ c = λ × ν Average Rate =

∆[ ]

∆t

E = h × ν λ = h

mv Rate = k[A]x[B]y

Chemical Equilibrium

Keq = [C]c[D]d

[A]a[B]b aA + bB cC + dD

Ksp = [A+]a[B-]b AaBb (s) aA+ (aq) + bB- (aq)

c=𝑛

𝑣

c1 × v1 = c2 × v2

Acid-Base Equilibrium

Kw = [H3O+][OH-]= 1.0 X 10-14

Ka = [H3O+][A−]

[HA] HA + H2O H3O+ + A-

Kb = [OH−][HB+]

[B] B + H2O BH+ + OH-

Percent dissociation = [H3O+]

[HA] × 100%

Percent dissociation = [OH−]

[B] × 100%

CA × VA= CB × VB

pH = -log[H+]

pOH = -log[OH-]

pH + pOH = 14

Electrochemistry

Ecell = E

red +Eox

Number of moles electrons = I∆t

F

Constants

h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js

c = 3.0 × 108 m/s

Kw = 1.0 × 10-14

F ≈ 96 500 C/mol of e-