Periodic Table: A Review of history, uses, and descriptions of selected elements.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UoD-QomL--w/TWEm_3fq6xI/AAAAAAAAAFI/U2p0-oQaVqg/s1600/periodictable.gif

Ancient DiscoveriesCopper History

• First metal mined and crafted? • Discoveries:

• 9000 BC in the Middle East• Turkish beads dated 6000BC • Serbian tools 5000BC

• Smelting:• China before 2800 BC• Central America 600 AD• West Africa 9th-10th century AD

• Copper Age• Axes• Armor• Currency

Turkey

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

IraqIran

Saudi Arabia

Serbia

Turkey

Serbian Copper

tools - axes, hammers, hooks and needles

http://www.topnews.in/law/worlds-oldest-copper-age-settlement-found-237308

http://www.greatmining.com/mining_images/copper-crystal-2.jpg

Hays, 2011Wikipedia

Ancient DiscoveriesCopper Uses

• Today Used:• Wire and cable • Electronics• Architecture • Art and jewelry

• Copper:• Unexposed: a reddish-orange

color• Exposed: greenish • High electrical conductivity • Soft and malleable• Atomic number is 29• Transition metal

Mediterranean Sea

IraqIran

Egypt Saudi Arabia

Copper Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 1

http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/statue-of-liberty.html

(Wikipedia)

Ancient DiscoveriesGold History

• Status

• Ancient societies in Middle East

• Egyptian tombs oldest uses

• Tutankhamen’s or King Tut

Turkey

IraqIran

Egypt Saudi Arabia

King Tut’s tomb and treasures when on exhibit in Dublin 2011.

http://dirtydirtydublin.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/culture-king-tut-comes-to-dublin/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold-270438.jpg

http://gold-nuggets.org/raw-nuggets/images/raw-nugget3-big.jpg

Northwest Territorial Mint, 2012Wikipedia

• Most common uses:• Coins and jewelry • Tableware • Dental • Electronics• Medicinal

Ancient DiscoveriesGold Uses and Description

• Gold:• Yellowish, shiny, and soft• High Density• Good heat and electric conductor• Malleable and ductile • Atomic number 79 • Transition metal

Gold Electron Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 32, 18,

1

(Wikipedia)

Ancient DiscoveriesLead History

• Manufacturing began 9,000 years ago• Lead beads 6400 BC Turkey• Statuette of Osiris 3800 BC

• Egyptian glazed pottery 3000-4000BC

• Coins in 4000BC• Chinese• Greeks• Romans

• Gladiators and Warriors covered fists

Turkey

Iraq Iran

EgyptSaudi Arabia

Kingston Technical Software, 2012 Wikipedia

Ancient Roman Coin

http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/12009816/Lead_Zinc_Copper_Ore.jpg

http://www.searchamateur.com/pictures/roman-coin-1.jpg

Ancient DiscoveriesLead Uses

• Uses:• Plumbing• Paint additive (lead poisoning)• Not pencils• Small arms ammunition• Shotgun pellets• Sailboat ballast and SCUBA• Ore processing

Cairo Greece

Turkey

ItalyGreeceSyriaIraq

Syria

Iraq

Lead pipe in Roman bath in Bath, Somerset, England

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lead_pipe_Bath.jpg

(Wikipedia)

Ancient DiscoveriesLead Description

• Lead:• Bluish-white fresh cut• Dull Gray exposed cut• Liquid Lead: shiny chrome-silver luster• Soft• Heavy metal• Poor electric conductor• Not very malleable• Atomic number is 82 • Post-transition metal

(Wikipedia)

Lead Electron Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 32,

18, 4

http://cdn.dickblick.com/items/029/64/swatches/02964_LiquidLead-l.jpg

Ancient DiscoveriesSilver History and Uses

• Discovered shortly after copper and gold Asia Minor

• Silver precious metal:• Jewelry• Investing and coins• Silverware

• Other uses of silver include:• Electrical contacts and conductors• Catalyst in chemical reactions• Photographic film• Dentistry

Cairo

Ancient regions of Asia Minor

Turkey

NW Territorial Mint, 2012 Wikipedia

http://s1.hubimg.com/u/1051692_f496.jpg

Wikipedia

Ancient DiscoveriesSilver Description

Cairo

(Wikipedia)

• Silver:• Lustrous white metallic • Soft • Highest electrical

conductivity• Very ductile and malleable • Atomic number is 47• Transition metal

Silver Electron Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 18, 1

Ancient DiscoveriesIron History

• Used before 5000 BC

• The earliest artifacts:• Iran 5000 BC• Egypt 4000 BC• China 2000 BC

• Egyptians beads iron meteorites

• 2000 BC production• From south of the Sahara

to China

Cairo

Cairo

SyriaIndia

China

Mongolia

Japan

North Korea

(Wikipedia)

Sahara

Egypt

Iran

http://imbuecongroup.com/images/iron_ore_-_no_label.jpg

Ancient DiscoveriesIron Uses

• Smelting iron :• Tools and weapons • Iron Age (1200 BC)

• Today’s uses:• 95% of worldwide metal production• Proteins • Wrought Iron• Cast Iron• Steel• Vitamins

Cairo

Example of Iron age weapons and armor

(Wikipedia)

http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections/migration-and-middle-ages/picture/seoba-srednji-vek/149

Ancient DiscoveriesIron Description

• Iron:• Grayish • Lustrous• Pure iron soft (softer than aluminum)• Poor electric conductor• Malleable and ductile• Atomic number is 26• Transition metal

• Common in Earth’s Crust (Fourth)

• Forms much of the inner and outer core

Cairo

(Wikipedia)

Iron Electron Configuration:

2, 8, 14, 2

Ancient DiscoveriesCarbon History

• Carbon was discovered in prehistory

• Known to earliest civilizations in the forms:• Soot • Charcoal

• Earliest known use Egyptians and Sumerians (3750BC)

Cairo

Cairo

Turkey

IraqIran

Egypt

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Black Sea

(Wikipedia)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg

Ancient DiscoveriesCarbon as Charcoal

• Charcoal was used:• In the manufacture of bronze • Domestically used smokeless fuel

• Ancient Egyptian medicine:• Absorb odor rotting flesh• Intestinal

• Today’s Uses:• Alloys with iron (carbonized steel) • Graphite for pencils, lubricants, and pigments• Batteries, eclectic motors, and nuclear reactors• Artwork and grilling• Wood, coal and oil are used as fuel

Cairo

University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, 2012 Wikipedia

http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/science/fire.htm

Ancient DiscoveriesCarbon in Diamond Form

• Diamonds:• 2500 BC in China

• Production started in the 1870s (discovery in South Africa)• 4.5 billion carats have been mined

• The most recent mines:• Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola, and Russia

• In the United States:• Arkansas, Colorado, and Montana

• Industrial diamonds: hardness and heat conductivity

• Gem-quality diamonds: clarity, cut, carat, and color

(Wikipedia)

Ancient DiscoveriesCarbon in Diamond form

• Dominant industrial uses:• Cutting• Drilling• Grinding• Polishing

• Most common diamonds are industrial-grade called “bort”

Cairo

(Wikipedia)

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/home/science/earth-sciences/geology/minerals-and-crystals/classification/native-elements/Diamond/Bort-Diamonds/Bort-Diamonds-1.html

Bort Diamond

Ancient DiscoveriesCarbon Description

• Carbon:• Highly transparent jewel

like, or dark black• Diamonds are extremely

hard• Charcoal is extremely

soft • Good electric conductor• Not malleable• Atomic number is 6 and • Non-metal

Cairo

(Wikipedia)

Carbon Electron Configuration: 2, 4

Ancient DiscoveriesSulfur History

• Chinese:• Discovered 600BC • By 300 BC the Chinese extracted sulfur from pyrite• Flammability and reactions with other metals• Medicine

• Ancient Egyptian: ointment to treat a type Pink Eye

• Ancient Greeks:• Used in fumigation• Medicine• Bleaching cloth

• Historical times sulfur was called “brimstone

Greece

Turkey

(Wikipedia)

http://www.uh.edu/engines/sulfurlump.jpg

Ancient DiscoveriesSulfur Uses and Description

• Today sulfuric acid is used:• Extract phosphate ores (fertilizer

manufacturing)• Was used for high quality gun powder• Oil refining• Wastewater processing, mineral

extraction

(Wikipedia)

• Sulfur:• Bright yellow• Distinct odor• Poor conductor electricity• Soft and brittle• Atomic number of 6• Non-metal

Sulfur Electron Configuration:

2, 8, 6

Ancient DiscoveriesMercury History

• Identified in China and India before 2000 BC

• Also known as quick silver

• Egyptian tombs in 1500 BC

• The Chinese and Tibetans• Prolong life• Heal fractured bones• Maintain good health

Cairo

SyriaIndia

China

Mongolia

Japan

North Korea

SyriaIndia

China

Mongolia

Japan

North Korea

Turkey

IraqIran

Egypt Saudi Arabia

(Wikipedia)

http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/mercury/projects/legacy/img/azogue_1.jpg

Ancient DiscoveriesMercury Uses

• The first emperor of China:• Tomb• Ingested “elixir of life”

• Use of mercury in medicine today declined (toxic)

• Mercury in over-the-counter drugs:• Topical antiseptics• Stimulant laxatives• Diaper-rash ointment• Eye drops• Nasal spray

Cairo

SyriaIndia

China

Mongolia

Japan

North Korea

Model of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi Tomb

http://ilookchina.net/tag/qin-shi-huangdi/page/2/

(Wikipedia)

Ancient DiscoveriesMercury Uses

• Other uses include:• Thermometers (no longer used)• Barometers and Manometers• Float Valves• Many others

• Mercury is also still used in scientific research and in aspects of dental restorations.

Japan

(Wikipedia)

A pound coin floats in mercury due to the combination of the buoyant force and surface tension.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)#Applications. http://www.walther-msr.de/Manometer_1.htm, http://marine-equipment.de/preisvergleich/barometer.html

Ancient DiscoveriesMercury Description

• Mercury:• Silvery-white metal• Only metal liquid at standard

temperatures • Dense• Poor heat conductor• Fair conductor of electricity• Atomic number of 80• Transition metal

Cairo

Japan

North Korea

(Wikipedia)

Mercury Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 32,

18, 2

Ancient DiscoveriesZinc History

• India extraction 1000BC

• Identified zinc as a unique metal in 800 AD.

• Judean brass from the 14th to 10th centuries BC contains around 25% zinc

Cairo

Thailand

SyriaIndia

China

Mongolia

Japan

North Korea

India

Pakistan

Iran

Nepal

Arabian SeaBay of Bengal

(Wikipedia)

http://jlu12.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/zinc.jpeg

Ancient DiscoveriesZinc Uses

Today Zinc is used: • Batteries• Alloys (create brass)• Other industrial uses (fire

retardant)• Dietary supplement (vitamins) • Topical use (zinc oxide for

sunscreen)

Cairo

Thailand

(Wikipedia)

Ancient DiscoveriesZinc Description

• Zinc:• Bluish-white• Lustrous• Hard and brittle at most

temperatures • Fair conductor of electricity• Atomic number of 30• Transition metal

Cairo

Thailand

(Wikipedia)

Zinc Electron Configuration:

2, 8, 18, 2

http://jomeginterbiz.com/zinc.php

Ancient DiscoveriesChromium History and Uses

• China over 2000 years ago:• Coating weapons • The Terracotta Army

• Used in:• Metal Working• Chrome plating• Stainless steel• Dye and pigment• Wood preservative

Cairo

Thailand

Terracotta army

Terracotta Warriors

(Wikipedia)

http://images-of-elements.com/chromium.jpg

http://www.thequirkytraveller.com/wp-content/uploads/TQT-Terracotta-Warriors.jpg

http://placestovisitinchina.com/images/Terra-Cotta_Warriors.jpg

Ancient DiscoveriesChromium Description

Cairo

Thailand

(Wikipedia)

• Chromium:• Steely-gray• Lustrous• Hard but still malleable • High melting point• Magnetic properties • Atomic number of 24• Transition metal

Chromium Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 13, 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg

Recent DiscoveriesPlatinum History and Uses

• The first description found in South American gold in 1557

• Ulloa:• Spanish general, explorer, and first

Spanish governor of Louisiana. Published findings 1748

Cairo

Thailand

Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre-Girault

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa

(Wikipedia)

• Platinum uses:• Laboratory equipment• Electrical contacts and

electrodes• Dentistry equipment• Jewelry

http://images-of-elements.com/platinum-2.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platinum_crystals.jpg

Recent DiscoveriesPlatinum Uses

Cairo

Thailand

(Wikipedia)

• Platinum:• Pure form silver-white • Lustrous• Ductile and malleable• Excellent conductor of

electricity• Atomic number 78• Transition metal

Platinum Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 32,

17, 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum

Recent DiscoveriesTungsten (Wolfram) History

• Torbern Olaf Bergman first observed

• Elhúyar brothers first isolated it in 1783• Fausto a Spanish chemist• Juan José “scientific spy”

• Tungsten alloys used:• Light bulb filaments• X-ray tubes• Electrodes in TIG welding• Military grade penetrating missiles

Cairo

Thailand

http://www.criticalmetals.com/images/tungsten.jpg

Placio De Mineria

http://www.bshs.org.uk/travel-guide/wp-content/uploads/3561518141_669ac10288_b_800.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Elhuyar

Fausto Elhúyar

(Wikipedia)

http://cerezo.pntic.mec.es/mgarc144/marcocientificos/delhuyar.html

Juan José Elhúyar

Recent DiscoveriesTungsten Description

• Tungsten:• Steel-gray • Hard• Good conductor of electricity• Brittle • Atomic number of 74• Transition metal

Cairo

Thailand

(Wikipedia)

Tungsten Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 32,

12, 2

Recent DiscoveriesVanadium History

• Discovered by: Andrés Manuel del Río Fernández was a Spanish–Mexican scientist

• Made discovery but later retracted

• Some of it’s uses include:• A steel additive increasing the

strength of steel• Axles• Bicycle frames• Crankshafts• Gears

Cairo

Thailand

Andrés Manuel del Río

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo

(Wikipedia)

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SJc_uUnXdyU/Sw_UMwtxUmI/AAAAAAAAARE/pu4I6YKg8zg/s1600/Vanadium.jpg

http://www.nagpurpyrolusite.in/full-images/ferro-vanadium-830198.jpg

Recent DiscoveriesVanadium Description

• Vanadium:• Blue-silver-grey • Hard• Ductile and malleable• Atomic number 23• Transition metal

Cairo

Thailand

(Wikipedia)

Vanadium Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 11, 2

Recent DiscoveriesPolonium Radium Histories

Cairo

Thailand

Marie Skłodowska-Curie (Madam Curie)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie

• Marie Skłodowska-Curie• Revolutionary research on radioactivity• The first woman to win a Nobel Prize• The only woman to in two field and

multiple sciences• The first female professor at the

University of Paris• Discovered polonium and radium with

her husband Pierre Currie

(Wikipedia)

http://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg

http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg

Recent DiscoveriesPolonium History and Uses

Cairo

Thailand

• July 13, 1898:• Noticed an increased radioactivity from

uranium sample (pitchblende)• Source was an unknown element

• Rare and highly radioactive • No stable isotopes• Occurs in uranium ores

• Few Uses: • heaters in space probes• and sourced of neutrons and alpha particles

(Wikipedia)

http://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg

http://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg

Recent DiscoveriesPolonium

Cairo

Thailand

• Polonium• Silvery• Rare • Highly radioactive no stable

isotopes• Atomic number of 84• Post-transitional metal

(Wikipedia)

Polonium Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 32,

18, 6

Recent DiscoveriesRadium Uses

Cairo

Thailand

• December 21, 1898 :• Isolated• Different than polonium• Extracted from uranium-rich

• Radium was formerly used in:• Self-luminous paints for watches• Nuclear panels• Aircraft switches• Clocks• Instrument dials

• Medical use:• Radon gas was used as a cancer treatment

(Wikipedia)

http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg

http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg

Recent DiscoveriesRadium Uses

Cairo

Thailand

• Was added to:• Toothpaste• Hair creams• Food items (curative powers)

• Today:• Radioactive• As well as its decay product (radon gas)

• Chemically similar to calcium• Can replace calcium in bones

• Exposure can cause cancer and other disorders

(Wikipedia)

Recent DiscoveriesRadium Description

Cairo

Thailand

• Radium:• Almost pure-white but oxidizes

to black • All isotopes are highly

radioactive• Atomic number of 88• Alkaline earth metal• Heaviest of all the known

alkaline earth metals

(Wikipedia)

Radium Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 32, 18,

8, 2

Recent DiscoveriesPromethium History

• Chien-Shiung Wu:• Chinese-American physicist • Expertise experimental physics and

radioactivity

• Manhattan Project 1942-1945

• Nicknames: "First Lady of Physics", the "Chinese Marie Curie", and "Madame Wu"

• Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957

Cairo

Thailand

Chien-Shiung Wu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Shiung_Wu

(Wikipedia)

Recent DiscoveriesPromethium Uses

• Uses: • Mostly used only for research purposes, (except for

promethium-147)• Some signal lights• Atomic batteries• Standard for most space-exploration related uses• Was used in self-luminous paint

• First prepared in 1942

• Isolation did not occur until the Manhattan Project

Thailand

(Wikipedia)

Recent DiscoveriesPromethium

• Promethium:• Metallic appearance• All of its isotopes are

radioactive• Forms salts when combined

with other elements • Atomic number is 61• Inner transition metal

lanthanide series

Cairo

Thailand

http://images-of-elements.com/promethium.jpg

(Wikipedia)

Promethium Electron

Configuration: 2, 8, 18, 23, 8,

2

References• Wikipedia• Hays, Jeffrey (March, 2011). COPPER AGE, BRONZE AGE AND

IRON AGE. Retrieved by: http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1495&catid=56&subcatid=362

• Saurav, Shukla (11/15/2010). World's oldest Copper Age settlement found. Retrieved by :http://www.topnews.in/law/worlds-oldest-copper-age-settlement-found-237308

• Northwest Territorial Mint (2005-2012). Gold Historical Background. Retrieved by: http://bullion.nwtmint.com/gold_history.php.

• Northwest Territorial Mint (2005-2012). Silver Historical Background. Retrieved by: http://bullion.nwtmint.com/silver_history.php

• Kingston Technical Software, (2012). Lead in History. Retrieved by: : http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Elements-Toxic/Lead-history.htm

• University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (September 27, 2012). History of Carbon. Retrieved by: http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml

• Fausto and Juan José D’Elhuyar y de Suvisa. Retrieved by: http://cerezo.pntic.mec.es/mgarc144/marcocientificos/delhuyar.html

Picture References• Periodic Table of Elements. Retrieved by: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UoD-QomL--w/TWEm_3fq6xI/AAAAAAAAAFI/U2p0-oQaVqg/s1600/

periodictable.gif• Copper. Retrieved by: http://www.greatmining.com/mining_images/copper-crystal-2.jpg, http://www.topnews.in/law/worlds-oldest-copper-

age-settlement-found-237308, http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1498&catid=56&subcatid=362#30• Statue of Liberty: http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/statue-of-liberty.html• Maps provided by Google Earth• Gold. Retrieved by: http://gold-nuggets.org/raw-nuggets/images/raw-nugget3-big.jpg,

http://dirtydirtydublin.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/culture-king-tut-comes-to-dublin/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold-270438.jpg• Lead. Retrieved by: http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/12009816/Lead_Zinc_Copper_Ore.jpg, http://kids.consultcase.com/rocks/galena.jpg,

http://cdn.dickblick.com/items/029/64/swatches/02964_LiquidLead-l.jpg, http://www.searchamateur.com/pictures/roman-coin-1.jpg• Silver. Retrieved by: http://s1.hubimg.com/u/1051692_f496.jpg,

http://images-02.delcampe-static.net/img_large/auction/000/141/962/890_001.jpghttp://vistabella.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/5e06319eda06f020e43594a9c230972d/angle3/s-508aba_3.jpg, http://www.alexanderandpearl.co.uk/ekmps/shops/aandp/images/gigi-french-silver-mirror-7543-p.jpg

• Iron. Retrieved by: http://imbuecongroup.com/images/iron_ore_-_no_label.jpg, http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections/migration-and-middle-ages/picture/seoba-srednji-vek/149

• Carbon. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg• Charcoal Retrieved by: http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/science/fire.htm• Diamond. Retrieved by:

http://www.ajediam.com/images/site/rough_diamonds_origin_Lofa_river_aluvial_6_20cm_op_800x789_op_800x789.jpg, http://www.dkimages.com/discover/home/science/earth-sciences/geology/minerals-and-crystals/classification/native-elements/Diamond/Bort-Diamonds/Bort-Diamonds-1.html

• Sulfur. Retrieved by: http://www.uh.edu/engines/sulfurlump.jpg• Mercury. Retrieved by: http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/mercury/projects/legacy/img/azogue_1.jpg, http://ilookchina.net/tag/qin-shi-

huangdi/page/2/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)#Applications. http://www.walther-msr.de/Manometer_1.htm, http://marine-equipment.de/preisvergleich/barometer.html

• Zinc. Retrieved by: http://jlu12.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/zinc.jpeg, http://www.neyco.fr/pages/page_activite.php?id_famille=1&id_sous_famille=10&lg=fr

• Chromium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/chromium.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg

• Terracotta Warrior. Retrieved by: http://www.thequirkytraveller.com/wp-content/uploads/TQT-Terracotta-Warriors.jpg• Terracotta Army. Retrieved by: http://placestovisitinchina.com/images/Terra-Cotta_Warriors.jpg• Platinum. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/platinum-2.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platinum_crystals.jpg• Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre-Girault. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa• Tungsten. Retrieved by: http://www.criticalmetals.com/images/tungsten.jpg,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg• Juan José Elhuyar. Retrieved by: http://cerezo.pntic.mec.es/mgarc144/marcocientificos/delhuyar.html• Fausto Elhuyar. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Elhuyar• Placio De Mineria. Retrieved by: http://www.bshs.org.uk/travel-guide/wp-content/uploads/3561518141_669ac10288_b_800.jpg• Vanadium. Retrieved by: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SJc_uUnXdyU/Sw_UMwtxUmI/AAAAAAAAARE/pu4I6YKg8zg/s1600/Vanadium.jpg,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knarre.jpg, http://www.nagpurpyrolusite.in/full-images/ferro-vanadium-830198.jpg• Andrés Manuel del Río. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo• Polonium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg, http://trussty-jasmine.blogspot.com/2012/07/the-killer-named-

polonium.html#axzz2Co7LVA6X• Radium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg• Marie Skłodowska-Curie (Madam Curie). Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie• Promethium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/promethium.jpg• Chien-Shiung Wu. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Shiung_Wu