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Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO 2006, Prentice Hall, Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten

Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO 2006, Prentice

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Page 1: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Chapter 5Periodic Table /

Elements

John D. Bookstaver

St. Charles Community College

St. Peters, MO

2006, Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th editionTheodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;

and Bruce E. Bursten

Page 2: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Video

Page 3: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Symbols of Elements

Elements are symbolized by one or two letters.

Page 4: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Atomic Number

All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons:

The atomic number (Z)

Page 5: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Atomic Mass

The mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) is the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.

Page 6: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Periodic Table:

• A catalog of elements.

• Elements are arranged in order of atomic number.

Page 7: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Page 8: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Periodicity

When one looks at the chemical properties of elements, one notices a repeating pattern of reactivities.

Page 9: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Periodic Table• The rows on the

periodic chart are periods.

• Columns are groups.• Elements in the same

group have similar chemical properties.

Page 10: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Groups

These five groups are known by their names.

Page 11: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Periodic Table

Nonmetals are on the right side of the periodic table (with the exception of H).

Page 12: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Periodic Table

Metalloids border the stair-step line (with the exception of Al and Po).

Page 13: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Periodic Table

Metals are on the left side of the chart.

Page 14: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Periodic Table

• We fill orbitals in increasing order of energy.

• Different blocks on the periodic table, then correspond to different types of orbitals.

Page 15: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Development of Periodic Table

• Elements in the same group generally have similar chemical properties.

• Properties are not identical, however.

Page 16: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Development of Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer independently came to the same conclusion about how elements should be grouped.

Page 17: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Development of Periodic Table

Mendeleev, for instance, predicted the discovery of germanium (which he called eka-silicon) as an element with an atomic weight between that of zinc and arsenic, but with chemical properties similar to those of silicon.

Page 18: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Ionization Energy

• Amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom or ion.

Page 19: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Trends in First Ionization Energies

• As one goes down a column, less energy is required to remove the first electron.

Page 20: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Trends in First Ionization Energies

• Generally, as one goes across a row, it gets harder to remove an electron.

Page 21: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Properties of Metal, Nonmetals,and Metalloids

Page 22: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Metals versus Nonmetals

Differences between metals and nonmetals tend to revolve around these properties.

Page 23: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Metals versus Nonmetals

• Metals tend to form cations.• Nonmetals tend to form anions.

Page 24: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Metals

Tend to be lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

Page 25: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Metals

• Compounds formed between metals and nonmetals tend to be ionic.

Page 26: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Nonmetals

• Dull, brittle substances that are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Page 27: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Nonmetals

• Substances containing only nonmetals are molecular compounds.

• Most nonmetal oxides are acidic.

Page 28: Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 5 Periodic Table / Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO  2006, Prentice

PeriodicProperties

of the Elements

Metalloids

• Have some characteristics of metals, some of nonmetals.

• For instance, silicon looks shiny, but is brittle and fairly poor conductor.