PERIOD 5 (1844-1877) CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION

2019-2020

Mrs. Rozner

SECTIONAL CRISISPART I

Monday

11/4/19

KEEP IN MIND …1. Women’s Social & Political Movements

2. Abolitionist/Anti-Slavery Movement

3. Second Great Awakening & Transcendentalism

4. Economic Revolutions (market, industrial & transportation)

5. Rise of the Antebellum South (agrarian culture)

6. Westward Expansion & Manifest Destiny

ALL play a part in the events that led to secession!

PRESIDENTS DURING SECTIONALISMMartin Van Buren (D): 1837-1841

Beginnings of Antebellum Period

Age of Jackson (State v. Federal arguments, ex. Indian Removal)

William Henry Harrison (W): 1841

Antebellum Period

Died of Pneumonia

John Tyler (W): 1841-1845

Antebellum

Annexation of Texas

Know-Nothing Party

James K. Polk (D): 1845-1849

Antebellum Period

California Gold Rush

Free Soil Party

Mexican-American War

54, 40 or Fight! (Oregon)

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT 1793

Federal Law forcing northern abolitionists to return runaway slaves to their southern masters

Breeds resentment in the North (North forced to participate in the “peculiar institution”)

Freedmen often kidnapped and handed over for reward

COTTON GIN

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820Debate over whether western territories should allow slavery

Compromise:

Missouri = slave state

Maine = free state

36’ 30” line drawn (Mason-Dixon Line) – slavery cannot exist North of line EXCEPT for Missouri

Replaced by the Compromise of 1850

Am

erica

n Pro

gre

ss

John

Gast

Manifest Destiny

NAT TURNER’S REBELLION 1831AKA – Southampton Insurrection

Slave Rebellion, Virginia

55-65 people killed

Considered deadliest slave uprising in US History

Caused mass hysteria in the South

Rumors of armies of slaves

Punishments became more severe

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR1846-1848

Purpose:

1. To gain Mexican Cession and expand U.S. territory

2. Westward Expansion

3. To achieve Manifest Destiny

4. Gold in California (later in Alaska)

ADMISSION OF TEXAS TO THE UNION 1845

Results:

Mexican-American War 1846-1848

Texas becomes a slave state (28!)

Dispute over fate of western territories

Territory in Texas Annexation above the Mason Dixon

Admission of slave states above the Mason Dixon would be a violation of the Missouri Compromise 1820

WILMOT PROVISO 1846David Wilmot, Pennsylvania Congressman

Goal: stop the spread of slavery into areas obtained from Mexico

Passed the House (of Representatives)

Failed to pass in the Senate

Showcased power of the North

Made the South suspicious

DISPUTED OREGON“54, 40 or Fight!” – also referred to as the 49th parallel

U.S. expansion under the presidency of James K. Polk

Included Texas, California and Oregon territories

54, 40 refers to the northern boundary between the U.S. and Canada (latitude line)

Campaign slogan – won Polk the presidency!

CLOSINGHistorical Context

Intended Audience

Purpose

Point of View

Outside Information

SECTIONAL CRISIS PART II

Tuesday

11/5/19

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH 1849

GREAT COMPROMISE 1850Henry Clay

Goal: to seek a compromise and avert crisis between the North and South

Fugitive Slave Act revised (more strict)

Slavery abolished in Washington D.C.

California becomes a free state

New Mexico allowed to choose (popular sovereignty)

FREE SOIL PARTY & MOVEMENTU.S. Political Party dedicated to stopping the spread of slavery to new states and territories (also advocated for internal improvements … railroad! and free government homesteads for settlers)

Whigs, anti-slavery democrats and Liberty Party members

KNOW-NOTHING PARTYGroup of Americans who:

Disliked (even hated) immigrants

Believed immigrants should not be allowed to vote or hold political office

Were Anti-Catholic

Were Anglo, male & Protestant

Nativism & Nativists – group that dislikes or fears immigrants because they 1) fail to assimilate and 2) take jobs from Americans

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT 1854Stephen Douglas

People living in the Kansas & Nebraska areas allowed to choose (popular sovereignty) to be free or slave states

Repealed Missouri Compromise 1820

Bleeding Kansas

Settlers rushed west in hope of swaying each state one way or another

Ended in bloody conflict

DRED SCOTT DECISION 1857Dred Scott was a slave living with his master in Illinois (a free state)

Unsuccessfully sued for his freedom

Supreme Court ruling:

African slaves were not citizens of the United States – free or not

Scott could not sue for his freedom because he was not a citizen

Increases tension between the North and South

FREEPORT DOCTRINE 1858Stephen Douglas (Lincoln-Douglas) believed that the people should decide for or against slavery

Allowed popular sovereignty (the people) to determine if an area would allow slavery or remain free

Douglas and supporters of the Freeport Doctrine believed that slavery would die out naturally

SAQ PRACTICESAQ Practice – answer (a), (b), and (c).

a) Briefly describe ONE historical perspective that would support the ideas presented in this political cartoon.

b) Briefly describe ONE historical perspective that would contradict/disagree with the idea presented in this political cartoon.

c) Describe ONE event that was the result of the event presented in this political cartoon.

SECTIONAL CRISIS PART III

Thursday

11/7/19

UNCLE TOM’S CABIN 1852Harriet Beecher Stowe –

“the little lady who started a war”

Chronicles the harsh and savage life of slavery through the eyes of Uncle Tom

Bestselling novel of the 19th century

South responded by publishing Aunt Phillis’ Cabin describing slavery as a relationship in which both the master and the servant were happy and kind to one another

JOHN BROWN & HARPER’S FERRY1859

Believed armed insurrection was the only way to end slavery

Raided Harper’s Ferry for munitions to start a slave revolt

Brown was captured, found guilty of treason and executed by hanging

Note – John Brown was also involved in Bleeding Kansas; murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in 1856

I, John Brown, am now

quite certain that the

crimes of this guilty,

land: will never be

purged away; but with

Blood. I had as I now

think: vainly flattered

myself that without very

much bloodshed; it might

be done.

12/2/1859

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATEDouglas Argument

Slavery’s presence in territories should be decided by popular sovereignty

Lincoln Argument

Slavery should not be allowed to spread into territories

Believed the nation would not survive the slavery issue

ELECTION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN 1860 Lincoln v. Douglas

Lincoln wins the north

Lincoln wins the election

CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE 1860John J. Crittenden

Proposed a solution to the secession crisis (favoring the South)

1) Guaranteed permanent existence of slavery in slave states

2) Supported fugitive slave acts

3) Extended Missouri Compromise Line further West

4) Included Clause – Compromise could not be repealed or amended

Rejected by House and Senate

FORT SUMTER 1861Union controlled fort in Confederate territory

Lincoln’s Dilemma –

Let it be captured & look weak

Fight back & begin the Civil War

Southern states begin to secede

CIVIL WARBROTHER V. BROTHER

Friday

11/8/19

FORT SUMTER 1861Union controlled fort in Confederate territory

Lincoln’s Dilemma –

Let it be captured & look weak

Fight back & begin the Civil War

Southern states begin to secede

ECONOMIC DIFFERENCESNorth

Manufacturing

Factory Systems (ex. Waltham-Lowell)

Immigrant labor (cheap labor)

Pro-Henry Clay’s American System

Access to various ports (foreign & domestic) – shipping

SouthKing Cotton

Plantation Systems

Agriculture

Slaves (free labor)

Anti-Henry Clay’s American System

National Banking

Tariffs

Internal Improvements

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESNorth

Large population

Efficient transportation system (Railroads & ports)

90% ownership of industrial goods

Controlled US Navy

Ulysses S Grant

But … on the offensive

SouthDefensive easier than offensive

Familiar with Southern climate & terrain

Farmers fight better than factory workers

Majority ownership of exports

But … had to import industrial goods from foreign countries (few factories)

GREAT BRITAIN … Stockpiled cotton as conflict escalated

British munitions shipped to Northern states

British citizens resented slavery

British crop failures led to increased grain trade with Northern states

NORTHERN STRATEGYAnaconda Plan …

Strangle the south by blockading coasts

Gain control of the Mississippi River –split the Confederacy

Capture key cities in the South

Richmond, Virginia

Atlanta, Georgia

Charleston, South Carolina

IMPORTANT BATTLES Fort Sumter, South Carolina –

First battle of the Civil War (Confederates attacked the Union held fort)

Battle of Bull Run –

AKA – Battle of Manassas

First major battle of the Civil War

Confederate Victory

IMPORTANT BATTLES Antietam 1862 –

Bloodiest battle of the Civil War

Strategic Union Victory

Halted Confederate advances into Union territory

Lincoln confident enough to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 1863

Read the Emancipation Proclamation

Be ready to discuss!

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROADJust know that construction of this railroad will continue during the war

Railroad is an advantage for the North

South has fewer rails

IMPORTANT BATTLES Gettysburg 1863 –

Lee (Conf.) defeated; Union victory

Turning Point for Union Army

Much needed victory

Heavy losses

Gettysburg Address –Abraham Lincoln

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

IMPORTANT BATTLES Vicksburg 1863 –

Grant (Union) victory

Cuts South in half

Union gains control of the Mississippi River

Anaconda Plan

“Scorched Earth”

IMPORTANT BATTLES Sherman’s March to the Sea (Georgia) –

Goal: Occupy and control Atlanta, Georgia

Capital of the Confederacy

Atlanta & Savannah destroyed

APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSERobert E. Lee v. Ulysses S. Grant

Lee surrenders – 1865

The beginning of the end for the Confederacy

Officially ended in 1866 –when Texas established a state government

RECONSTRUCTION PART I

RECONSTRUCTION1865-1877

Goal:

Rebuild the South

Assist freed slaves (Freedmen’s Bureau)

Reinstate the Southern states into the Union

LINCOLN’S PLAN 1863 – 10%Lincoln claims he has the authority to readmit the statesDoesn’t want to punish the South so plan is lenientWants Union restored quickly

Requirements: States could re-enter Union of 10% of voters in the 1860 election swear an oath of allegiance to the US Accept the 13th Amendment

PARTY RESPONSERadical Republicans

The South should be punished

African Americans should be protected by federal government

Moderate Republicans

Wanted states to be restored to the Union ASAP

Congress should decide terms

•1864 - Radical Republicans propose Wade-Davis Bill

•Calls for stronger safeguards for freemen and 50% loyalty oath

•Vetoed by Lincoln

WADE-DAVIS BILL 1864Required 50% of voters to take “iron clad” oath of allegiance

If they voted in 1860 (Lincoln’s Election)

Union oversaw the election of state officials

Created safeguards to ensure the liberties of freedmen (former slaves)

Passed through Congress

Pocket vetoed by Lincoln

ANDREW JOHNSON1865- VP Andrew Johnson becomes President

Johnson’s Plan:

Military governments control Southern states

State conventions must create new constitutions

Must repeal ordinances of secession

Must accept the 13th Amendment

Dec 6, 1865- Johnson announces South has met his conditions and Union is restored!

COMPARING LINCOLN AND JOHNSON

Linc

oln

Pla

n • Required 10% of voters in state to swear allegiance

• Did not require voting rights for African Americans

Both

• Offered pardons to S. except Confed. leaders

• Permitted states to hold constitutional conventions

• Permitted states to resume full participation in the Union

John

son’

s Pla

n • Did not require 10% allegiance

• Required states to void secession, abolish slavery, and ratify the 13th Amend.

FREEDMEN’S BUREAU 1865 Assist freedman in gaining skills/education

Provides basic services for displaced blacks and whites

Underfunded and undermined by Southern states

Greatest success = teaching African Americans to read

SOUTHERN RESPONSEEx-Confederates re-elected to Congress

South has greater control of Congress

South imposes Jim Crow Laws (previously Black Codes)

New State Constitutions only slight revisions

Johnson v. Congress (spoiler –impeachment!)

JOHNSON V. CONGRESSCongress still split – Radicals v. Moderates Both agree Johnson’s plan should be modified

Johnson refuses to compromise

Johnson vetoes bill to extend Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.Grants citizenship to all Americans

Former slaves can own property, testify in court, sue, sign contracts, etc.

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONRadical Republicans want control of Reconstruction

Congress’ Plan (Radical Republicans)

Overrides Johnson’s veto

Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1866 become law

States forced to accept 14th amendment (citizenship for all born in US) - 1868

JOHNSON V. RADICAL REPUBLICANS1866

Johnson campaigns for Democratic support - UNSUCCESSFUL

Denounces Radical Republicans

Denounces Freedmen’s Bureau

Denounces pro-war Democrats

Republicans win Congressional Elections

Republicans control the House & Senate

Free reign to control Reconstruction

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTIONMar. 2, 1867 - Military Reconstruction Act

Requirements:

South under martial law - 5 military districts

Hold new elections - former Confederates can’t vote

Must ratify the 14th Amendment

States' constitutions had to guarantee black suffrage and be approved by Congress

JOHNSON’S IMPEACHMENTRadical Republicans want Johnson removed

Tenure Office Act 1867 – (unconstitutional?)

President must have the consent of Congress before removing cabinet members

Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

House moved to impeach Johnson, “high crimes & misdemeanors”

House voted to impeach

Senate voted not to impeach

CIVIL RIGHTS AMENDMENTS13th Amendment – abolishes slavery in the United States

14th Amendment – citizenship extended to all freedmen born within the U.S.; provides equal protection and due citizenship under the Constitution

15th Amendment – extends voting rights to African American men

Southern response:

Poll taxes

Literacy tests

RECONSTRUCTIONPART II

CIVIL RIGHTS AMENDMENTS13th Amendment – abolishes slavery in the United States

14th Amendment – citizenship extended to all freedmen born within the U.S.; provides equal protection and due citizenship under the Constitution

15th Amendment – extends voting rights to African American men

Southern response:

Poll taxes

Literacy tests

SOUTHERN RESPONSEBlack Codes & Jim Crow Laws

Aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force

Examples: (this is evidence!)

Curfews

Special documentation for travel

Denied jury service

Denied land ownership

NORTH GOING SOUTHCarpetbaggers –

Northern migrants who moved to the South for economic & political gain

Scalawags –

White Southerners who cooperated with black freedmen and Carpetbaggers

FREEDMEN IN THE SOUTHSharecropping

Freedmen & poor whites rented land to farm

Renters keep small % of profits, giving owners a large sum

Kept freedmen poor and dependent

Tenant Farming

Similar to sharecropping

Farm land rented with cash rather than % of profits

1. Poor whites and freedmen have no

jobs, no homes, and no money to buy

land.

2. Poor whites and freedmen sign

contracts to work a landlord’s acreage

in exchange for a part of the crop.

3. Landlord keeps track of the money that

sharecroppers owe him for housing and

food.

4. At harvest time, the sharecropper owes

more to the landlord than his share of the

crop is worth.

5. Sharecropper cannot leave the

farm as long as he is in debt to the

landlord.

RISE OF THE KKKTennessee, 1866

Group opposed to the advancement of African American political and economic rights and equality

Aimed to eliminate Republican party in the South

Carpetbaggers

Scalawags

RESPONSE TO THE 15TH

RECONSTRUCTIONPART III

PLESSY V. FERGUSON 1896Act of CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Supreme Court declares that separate but equal facilities for whites and African Americans was legal under the 14th

Amendment

Segregation is legalized

Overturned in 1954; Brown v. Board of Education

ELECTION OR 1868Ulysses S. Grant (R.) v. Horatio Seymour (D.)

Grant wins the election in 1868

Grant wins re-election in 1872

Politically corrupt presidential terms

Lenient on Reconstruction

VOTING RIGHTS1869 – 15th Amendment passed (universal male suffrage)

African Americans

Non-property owning whites

South forced to ratify 15th to renter the Union

Suffragists/Feminists upset

Supreme Court determines 14th/15th only apply at the federal level – leaves Southern states free to disenfranchise black voters

RECONSTRUCTION SLIPS AWAY1. Amnesty Act (1872) – Grant

pardons confederate rebels

2. Freedmen’s Bureau expires 1872 and is not re-established

3. Panic of 1873 draws national attention away from Reconstruction

4. Southern Democrats regain control of southern legislatures - 1876

ELECTION OF 1876Rutherford B. Hayes (R.) v. Samuel Tilden (D.)

South disputes electoral votes (Hayes won by ONE electoral vote!)

Congress creates special election committee to decide the winner

END OF RECONSTRUCTIONCompromise of 1877

Hayes declared President of the United States

IF

Federal troops removed from Southern states

EFFECTS OF THE COMP. 1877Compromise of 1877

Removed federal troops form the south

South freely imposing Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes

Democratic Party retakes the South

Plessy v. Ferguson