Period 3B

Part 1

THE ANGLO-SAXONS

499-1066

EARLY HISTORY

STONEHENGE The Stonehenge was believed to be a sacred monument used for meeting

and religious purposes. Many of these stones are aligned with the major solar and lunar solstices and equinoxes.

No one culture can take responsibility for building this Stonehenge. It is believed that three different cultures build three different sections of this magnificent monument.

Many questions are asked about how this Henge was built, especially because of the size of these stones. Many of these stones weighted up to four tons. The only way to move a object of such size and weight is to use many of the simple machines we use today (pulleys, wedge, lever, wheel & axle, and incline plane. Many of these stones were moved up to 30km away from the structure as it stands today.

“Construction of Stonehenge is considered architecturally advanced for this era.”

http://www.ancientfortresses.org/stonehenge.htm

Dylan Briley

Boadicea The queen to lead a revolution • She was described as a tall terrifying woman with fierce eyes and a

harsh voice.

• She married Prasutagus, the king of the Iceni tribe in east England.

• When he died Romans came to claim the land he had left behind. When Boadicea fought back they publically beat her and rape her two daughters.

• She lead 100,000 brits to attack the Roman HQ, Colchester. They won and burned the place to the ground.

• Next place was London, they killed 25,000 and burned it to the ground.

• Next they targeted St. Albans, the city was filled with brits who cooperated with the Romans. They killed them all and burned it to the ground.

• After three battles they wanted to take Roman food but Suetonius, the Roman leader, had burned it all.

• They went to fight one more battle but lost due to famine and exhaustion. Roman troops (1,200) killed (80,000) of British troops only losing (400)

• No one knows where Boadicea went after that, people assume she probably poisoned herself to avoid being captured.

• Romans continued to rule, strengthening military and lessoning their constraint.

“As the hunter is hunted down, she slays her enemies on sacred ground.”

― Boadicea

The CeltsStorytellers and Warriors

• They were warriors

• They were Storytellers

• They had iron weapons

• They were artistic

• They did not have a written language

• Caesar conquered the Celts in Gaul

• Caesar failed to conquer the Celts in Britain

• A century later the Romans conquer Britain

• They practiced slavery

• They practiced a polytheistic religion until the romans

brought christianity

“Be in the present it is the only moment that matters”

The Druids• They are philosophers, teachers, counselors,

magicians, etc.• They are equivalent to college professors,

medical doctors, lawyers/judges, school teachers, etc.

• Unified these jobs with religious commitment

• Students assembled in large groups for training to be a druid

• They have no dietary restrictions• Ideal ritual space has a fire, a water source,

and a tree• For ritual occasions, a druid will usually

wear a kilt or robe• Druids offer fruits, vegetables, and artwork

to their Gods.• Most Druids believe in reincarnation• Druids can be male or female.

• “Reports say that in the schools of the druids, they learn by heart a great number of verses, and therefore some persons remain twenty years under training.” –Julius Caesar

The Roman Empire In Britain 55 BC~ Julius Caesar led the first raids in Britain. These raids were exploratory and

were not intended to absorb Britain into the Roman Empire

43 AD~ Roman empire invades Britain again, this time to take it

51 AD~ Caratacus, the leader of the resistance fighting, is defeated by the Romans

61 AD~ Queen Boudicca leads an uprising against the Romans but is defeated and killed

77 AD~ Rome ends invasions of Britain but retains the land it had taken previously

122 AD~ Hadrian’s wall is constructed to keep northern tribes out of Roman Britain

167 AD~ Romans establish Christianity in Britain

208 AD~ Hadrian’s wall repaired and completed

270 AD~ Romans build coastal forts all around Britain

383 AD~ Maximus proclaims himself emperor in Britain and starts a rebellion to take over Rome, moves troops to attack Rome

396-402 AD~ More troops moved to Italy to defend from barbarians, Britain is basically defenseless

406 AD~ massive barbarian invasion of Gaul severs connection between Rome and Britain

410 AD~ Britain gains “independence” from Rome when Rome is attacked and looted by barbarians

H.R. Clark 3B

It was luxuries like air conditioning that brought down the Roman Empire. With air conditioning their windows were shut, they couldn't hear the barbarians coming.

-Garrison Keillor http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/g/garrison_keillor.html

THE EARLY CELTIC NATIONS

The early Celtic NationsAlba (Scotland)

Scotland has a boarder with England to the south, the North Sea to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the North and West.

Scotland is home to over 790 islands.

Alba was formed by the union of the Picts and the Scots under Kenneth I.

Alba is one of the three Gaelic Nations.

The kingdom of Alba would become Scotland between the 900s and 1286.

King Malcolm II becomes king of Alba in 1005 after he kills his own cousin Kenneth III in the battle of Monzievaird.

King Malcolm was a blood thirsty king and a power hungry one also.

During Malcolm II reign he united Alba with Strathclyde, Cumbria, and Lothian.

When this happens Malcolm II is starting to be called, “King of the Scots.”

King Malcolm II had success during his reign because of his drive and ambition.

I'm William Wallace, and the rest of you will be spared. Go back to England and tell them... Scotland is free!

William Wallace Zach Rosin

The early Celtic nationsCymur (Wales)

St. David is the patron saint of Wales.

The flag symbolizes victory.

500 AD Saxons invade Wales.

Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons.

Wales is a modern Celtic nation.

Modern man have inhabited wales for 29,000 years.

Christianity was practiced during this time period.

Snowdon is the highest mountain in wales. Battles were fought on this mountain.

King Arthur the king if the brits was welsh.

First of march is wales day. This is the day St. David died.

“The Welsh are not like any other people in Britain, and they know how separate they are. They are the Celts, the tough little wine-dark race who were the original possessors of the island, who never mixed with the invaders coming later from the east, but were slowly driven into the western mountains.” ― Laurie Lee, I Can't Stay Long

Mason Draper 3B

Eire (Celtic Ireland)A land of the Celtic

The Celtic people were living in Ireland a century before Christ. They dominated the island for nearly a thousand years resisting challenges

and absorbing influences from other cultures. Even to this day the core of Ireland’s heritage remains remarkably Celtic. The Celtic people had an advantage of having iron weapons as they moved

into Ireland in what seemed to be two waves. One of the waves came directly from the continent into the west of the

country, the other moved through Britain into north-east Ireland. Stories seem to tell us that Ireland was broken up into five major kingdoms. These larger kingdoms were comprised of a large number of petty

kingdoms or “Tuatha.” The whole country had between one hundred to one hundred fifty Tuatha

each with a few thousand people. Local wars were frequent but non were prolonged. It was into this Ireland of warrior princes and cattle-raids that St. Patrick

brought the Christian faith in the mid-fifth century. St. Patrick’s missionary work was mainly concentrated in the northern half

of Ireland.“The island is not a wealthy land or a powerful one, but it was once the home of one of the most advanced civilizations in the entire Western Worlds.”

(http://www.proud2beirish.com/Ireland.htm)

KERNOW (CORNWALL)

AN EARLY CELTIC NATION

Abby Jenkins

“They prepare the tin, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced…Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives”

-Diodorus Siculus (early historian)

• Cornwall is located at the south-west tip of Great Britain.

• Their history begins with Celtic settlers• These settlers spoke a Celtic language

that eventually turned into Brythonic Cornish

• Settlers were involved in metal working and tin trading

• Healing rituals for children and adults were preformed at a series of rock called the “Men-An-Tol.

• In 721, the West Saxons started to invade• By 825 the Cornish and their Viking Allies

were defeated by the West Saxons

INVASION OF THEGERMANIC TRIBES

THE SAXONSTHE PEOPLE

The Saxon people got their name from the word seax, which is a type of knife that they were really well known for using.

The Saxons occupied the region north of the Franks and south of the Frisians in the Netherlands.

Hamaland was a Saxon duchy who was highly respected.

The Vron in Picardy, France is the oldest Saxon sight that has been discovered.

“For the fire...spread from sea to sea, fed by the hands of our foes in the east, and did not cease, until, destroying the neighbouring towns and lands, it reached the other side of the island, and dipped its red and savage tongue in the western ocean.” (Gildas)

Paganism is the religion for Saxons. Their religion tied with their political practices.