PERIOD 2PERIOD 2Classical PeriodClassical Period

600 BCE 600 BCE

to 600 CEto 600 CE

Punishments should know no degree or grade, but from Punishments should know no degree or grade, but from ministers of state and generals down to great officers ministers of state and generals down to great officers and ordinary folk, whoever does not obey the king’s and ordinary folk, whoever does not obey the king’s commands, violates the laws of the state, or rebels commands, violates the laws of the state, or rebels against the statutes fixed by the ruler should be guilty of against the statutes fixed by the ruler should be guilty of death and should not be pardoned.  Merit acquired in the death and should not be pardoned.  Merit acquired in the past should not cause a decrease in the punishment for past should not cause a decrease in the punishment for demerit later, nor should good behavior in the past demerit later, nor should good behavior in the past cause any ignoring of the law for wrong done later.  If cause any ignoring of the law for wrong done later.  If loyal ministers and sons do wrong, they should be loyal ministers and sons do wrong, they should be judged according to the full measure of their guilt, and if judged according to the full measure of their guilt, and if among the officials who have to maintain the law and to among the officials who have to maintain the law and to uphold an office, there are those who do not carry out uphold an office, there are those who do not carry out the king’s law, they are guilty of death and should not be the king’s law, they are guilty of death and should not be pardoned, but their punishment should be extended to pardoned, but their punishment should be extended to their family for three generations.  Colleagues who, their family for three generations.  Colleagues who, knowing their offense, inform their superiors will knowing their offense, inform their superiors will themselves escape punishment…. Therefore I say that if themselves escape punishment…. Therefore I say that if there are severe penalties that extend to the whole there are severe penalties that extend to the whole family, people will not dare to try [how far they can go], family, people will not dare to try [how far they can go], and as they dare not try, no punishments will be and as they dare not try, no punishments will be necessary...necessary...

Shang YangShang Yang (390 BC – 338 BC) (390 BC – 338 BC)

Classical ChinaClassical China

Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty (221-206 BCE)(221-206 BCE)

Shi Huangdi Shi Huangdi Legalist ruleLegalist rule

Bureaucratic, Bureaucratic, centralized centralized control control

Military expansionMilitary expansion Book burnings --> Book burnings -->

targeted Confucianiststargeted ConfucianistsBuried protestors alive!Buried protestors alive!

Strong, centralized bureaucracyStrong, centralized bureaucracy Extended Great WallExtended Great Wall Roads Roads (including Silk Road),(including Silk Road), canals canals Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)

Public schoolsPublic schools Colonized Colonized

Manchuria, Manchuria, Korea, & Korea, & VietnamVietnam

Civil service Civil service system system

Han Dynasty Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE)(202 BCE-220 CE)

Chang’an: The Han Capital

Chang’an: The Han Capital

Han Han ArtifactsArtifacts

Han Han ArtifactsArtifacts

Imperial Imperial SealSeal

Classical IndiaClassical India

Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 (320 BCE-320 CE)CE)

Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 (320 BCE-320 CE)CE)

Chandragupta Chandragupta Unified northern India after Unified northern India after

Alexander the Great withdrewAlexander the Great withdrew Set up efficient bureaucracySet up efficient bureaucracy

Asoka (grandson)Asoka (grandson) Dedicated life to BuddhaDedicated life to Buddha Continued bureaucracyContinued bureaucracy Hospitals, roadsHospitals, roads

Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)

Chandra Gupta I Chandra Gupta I

BureaucracyBureaucracyAllowed local Allowed local government in southgovernment in south

PatriarchalPatriarchalCaste system Caste system continuedcontinuedAdvancesAdvances

MedicineMedicineMath (decimal, pi)Math (decimal, pi)

Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Early HistoryEarly History (3000 BCE-750 BCE)(3000 BCE-750 BCE)

Minoans Minoans CreteCrete Seafaring merchantsSeafaring merchants Sophisticated civilizationSophisticated civilization

HellenesHellenes Merged with native GreeksMerged with native Greeks

Dark Age Dark Age

Homer

Geographic Geographic InfluenceInfluence

MountainsMountains Independent city-statesIndependent city-states

Insufficient farmlandInsufficient farmland Founded colonies on Mediterranean Founded colonies on Mediterranean

coastcoast

LocationLocation Peninsula in MediterraneanPeninsula in Mediterranean Exchange of culture/tradeExchange of culture/trade

Deep harborsDeep harbors Numerous good harbors on its Numerous good harbors on its

irregular coastlineirregular coastline

City-StatesCity-States

AthensAthens Democratic, leading city-stateDemocratic, leading city-state

SpartaSparta Aristocratic/military city-stateAristocratic/military city-state

CorinthCorinth Trading centerTrading center

United by language, culture and United by language, culture and fear of Persiansfear of Persians

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great ( (336-323 BCE)336-323 BCE)

Taught by AristotleTaught by Aristotle Conquered Persian Conquered Persian

EmpireEmpire Created Created

Hellenistic Hellenistic cultureculture

Died suddenly Died suddenly at 33at 33

Athenian ContributionsAthenian Contributions

Theater, poetry and historical Theater, poetry and historical writingwriting

Science and mathScience and math Architecture and sculptureArchitecture and sculpture PhilosophyPhilosophy

SocratesSocrates IndividualIndividual

PlatoPlato GroupGroup

AristotleAristotle WorldWorld

Classical RomeClassical Rome

Ancient Rome Ancient Rome (1500 BCE-500 BCE)(1500 BCE-500 BCE)

1500BC-Latins 1500BC-Latins crossed Alpscrossed Alps Founded Rome Founded Rome Conquered by EtruscansConquered by Etruscans

New RomansNew Romans Roads, walls, & buildingsRoads, walls, & buildings Metal weaponsMetal weapons

RepublicRepublic500-27 BCE500-27 BCE

Social aristocracySocial aristocracy PatriciansPatricians PlebeiansPlebeians

SenateSenate Conquered Mediterranean worldConquered Mediterranean world

Italian Peninsula and westItalian Peninsula and west Client statesClient states

Spread Greek culture Spread Greek culture Began to end with assassination of Began to end with assassination of

Julius Caesar in 44 BCEJulius Caesar in 44 BCE

EmpireEmpire27 BCE-476 CE27 BCE-476 CE

Octavian (Augustus)Octavian (Augustus) Began Pax RomanaBegan Pax Romana

Spread Greco-Roman civilizationSpread Greco-Roman civilization Law, language, historical writingLaw, language, historical writing Trade, industry, science, architectureTrade, industry, science, architecture

DiocletianDiocletian Divided EmpireDivided Empire

ConstantineConstantine Reunited empireReunited empire Converted to ChristianityConverted to Christianity

Germanic InvasionGermanic Invasion

Germans allowed to settleGermans allowed to settle Huns pushed more Germans inHuns pushed more Germans in 476 CE—last Roman emperor476 CE—last Roman emperor

Trade Routes Trade Routes of the Classical Worldof the Classical World

Trade Routes Trade Routes of the Classical Worldof the Classical World

Items TradedItems TradedItems TradedItems Traded

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

Classical Classical MesoamericaMesoamerica

Maya Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE)(1800 BCE-800 BCE)

Led by ruler-priestsLed by ruler-priests Only known fully developed written Only known fully developed written

language of time/arealanguage of time/area Art, architectureArt, architecture Writing, math, astronomy, calendarWriting, math, astronomy, calendar Cultural diffusion across Cultural diffusion across

MesoamericaMesoamerica

Why civilizations fallWhy civilizations fall

ExternalExternalWarWarNatural Natural disasterdisaster

DiseaseDisease

InternalInternalOverpopulationOverpopulationEconomic Economic problemsproblems

Social Social disruptiondisruption

Political Political strugglesstruggles

How do civilizations How do civilizations collapse?collapse?

Population size and density decrease Population size and density decrease dramatically dramatically

Society tends to become less politically Society tends to become less politically centralized centralized

Less investment is made in things such as Less investment is made in things such as architecture, art, and literature architecture, art, and literature

Trade and other economic activities are Trade and other economic activities are greatly diminishedgreatly diminished

The flow of information among people slowsThe flow of information among people slows The ruling elites may change, but usually The ruling elites may change, but usually

the working classes tend to remain and the working classes tend to remain and provide continuityprovide continuity

Is it possible to prevent collapse?Is it possible to prevent collapse? Every society must:Every society must:

answer basic biological needs of its members: answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care. food, drink, shelter, and medical care.

provide for production and distribution of goods provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work). about role of work).

provide for reproduction of new members and provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on). children, and so on).

provide for training (education, apprenticeship, provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society. can become functioning adults in society.

provide for maintenance of internal and external provide for maintenance of internal and external order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy).

provide meaning and motivation to its members.provide meaning and motivation to its members.

Thuman Thuman and and BennetBennet

PERIODS 1 & 2PERIODS 1 & 2Ancient and Ancient and

Classical PeriodsClassical Periods

8000 BCE 8000 BCE

to 600 CEto 600 CE