PERIOD 1 PERIOD 1 Ancient PeriodAncient Period

8000 BCE 8000 BCE

to 600 CEto 600 CE

Self-actualization(self-knowledge,

fulfillment of personal potential)

Esteem(autonomy, achievement, recognition)

Social(belonging, affection)

Safety(security, protection from harm)

Physiological(Hunger, thirst, shelter)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Paleolithic to NeolithicPaleolithic to Neolithic

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age Humans had spread around globeHumans had spread around globe Humans were hunter-gatherersHumans were hunter-gatherers Life style could not support large numbersLife style could not support large numbers Man makes tools of stone, boneMan makes tools of stone, bone

Began around 9,000 BCEBegan around 9,000 BCE Rise of agricultureRise of agriculture Culture becomes increasingly complexCulture becomes increasingly complex

RISE OF NEOLITHICRISE OF NEOLITHIC

Areas where Neolithic cultures aroseAreas where Neolithic cultures arose Harsh environmentsHarsh environments Water shortagesWater shortages Few reliable sources of foodstuffsFew reliable sources of foodstuffs

Causes of the Neolithic RevolutionCauses of the Neolithic Revolution Development, spread of agricultureDevelopment, spread of agriculture Domestication of animalsDomestication of animals Improvement of technologyImprovement of technology

We begin at about 8,000 BCwhen village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

NEW STONE AGE

A A TOTALLYTOTALLY new way of living: new way of living:

From From

Hunter-Gatherersto Agriculture

ASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGEASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGE

Effects of Neolithic AgeEffects of Neolithic Age Sedentary culture developsSedentary culture develops Surplus of food leads to increased Surplus of food leads to increased

populationspopulations Rise of differentiated occupations Rise of differentiated occupations Complex culturesComplex cultures Gender relations change Gender relations change Humans begin to change environmentHumans begin to change environment Communicable diseases become commonCommunicable diseases become common

PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHICPALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC

Many resist sedentarismMany resist sedentarism PastoralistsPastoralists Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20thth century century

Development uneven across regionsDevelopment uneven across regions Change often slowChange often slow Indigenous development vs. diffusionIndigenous development vs. diffusion

INVENTION OF AGRICULTUREINVENTION OF AGRICULTURE

Mesopotamians first to engage in Mesopotamians first to engage in agriculture agriculture Around 8000 BCAround 8000 BC Cereal cropsCereal crops

WheatWheat Barley Barley

Herd animalsHerd animals SheepSheep GoatsGoats

Human/Environmental interactionHuman/Environmental interaction

Tools and weaponsTools and weapons Social and political Social and political

organization organization HomesHomes

Lake houses in SwitzerlandLake houses in Switzerland Long houses along DanubeLong houses along Danube Stone huts in BritainStone huts in Britain Reed lean-tos in EgyptReed lean-tos in Egypt Clay brick huts in Middle EastClay brick huts in Middle East

Broad language Broad language groups appearedgroups appeared

POSSESSIONSPOSSESSIONS

Needs of Needs of agriculture and agriculture and stabilitystability Clay potteryClay pottery Woven basketsWoven baskets Woolen and linen Woolen and linen

clothingclothing Sophisticated tools Sophisticated tools

and weaponsand weapons PlowPlow

RESULTS OF AGRICULTURERESULTS OF AGRICULTURE

Required Required intensification of intensification of group organizationgroup organization Neolithic farmers Neolithic farmers

lived in settlementslived in settlements Ranged from 150 Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho)(Jericho)

OUTSIDE CONTACTSOUTSIDE CONTACTS

Neolithic communities had linksNeolithic communities had links Walls indicate some fearfulWalls indicate some fearful Others were more peacefulOthers were more peaceful

Jericho

Origins and Spread of Origins and Spread of AgricultureAgriculture

What does it mean to be civilized?What does it mean to be civilized? 18th Century European18th Century European

Civilized vs. primitiveCivilized vs. primitive White vs. everyone elseWhite vs. everyone else

Historians have determined Historians have determined 6 6 characteristics of civilization:characteristics of civilization:

CitiesCities Organized central governmentsOrganized central governments Complex religionsComplex religions Social classesSocial classes Job specialization and the artsJob specialization and the arts WritingWriting

CIVILIZATION’S 1CIVILIZATION’S 1STST PHASE PHASE Civilizations arose in few areas, spread outCivilizations arose in few areas, spread out

Often arose around control of waterOften arose around control of water Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizationsCalled “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations Irrigation, flood control at center of power, Irrigation, flood control at center of power,

changeschanges

Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCEAncient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE

UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATIONUNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next Civilization was not simply next

inevitable step from Neolithic Ageinevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple food-Many peoples remained at simple food-

raising stage for thousands of years—raising stage for thousands of years—without developing any sort of civilizationwithout developing any sort of civilization

Only four locations developed Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their owncivilizations entirely on their own ChinaChina Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley Mesopotamia/EgyptMesopotamia/Egypt Central America and PeruCentral America and Peru

Ancient River Ancient River Valley Valley

CivilizationsCivilizations

Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations

• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable• No natural barriers• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

EnvironmentEnvironment

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

EgyptEgypt

Indus River Indus River ValleyValley

ChinaChina

• Flooding of the Nile predictable• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages• Deserts were natural barriers• Indus flooding unpredictable• Monsoon winds• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers• Huang He flooding unpredictable• Mountains, deserts natural barriers• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations• Mountains and ocean natural barriers• Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Mesoamerica Mesoamerica & Andes& Andes

THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATIONTHE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION

Permanent InstitutionsPermanent Institutions Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheismReligious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militariesPolitical: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries Social: Rise of classesSocial: Rise of classes Gender: Patriarchy Gender: Patriarchy

Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce Systems of Record KeepingSystems of Record Keeping Intellectual TraditionsIntellectual Traditions

Arts, ArchitectureArts, Architecture LiteraturesLiteratures

WIDER CONTACTSWIDER CONTACTS

Each civilization had particular patternsEach civilization had particular patterns Effects of GeographyEffects of Geography

Either facilitated, hindered communicationEither facilitated, hindered communication Strengthened, weakened local cultureStrengthened, weakened local culture

ContactsContacts War, Trade, DiseasesWar, Trade, Diseases NomadsNomads MigrationMigration

Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentMesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The Sumer – The Earliest of the River Earliest of the River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations

Sumerian Sumerian Civilization grew up Civilization grew up along the Tigris and along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Euphrates Rivers in what is now what is now Kuwait.Kuwait.

Sumerians Sumerians invented:invented:

Cuneiform Cuneiform WheelWheel Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degreesBase 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees

Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minuteminute

12 month lunar calendar12 month lunar calendar Brick technologyBrick technology

archarch rampramp zigguratziggurat

BabylonBabylon

First know written law code First know written law code ““Rule of Law”Rule of Law”

Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BCHammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC

Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it 8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.to death.25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out 25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire.same fire.129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied 129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves.king his slaves.137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children: 137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children: then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field, then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field, garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of her heart.her heart.

EGYPTEGYPT“The Gift of the Nile”“The Gift of the Nile”

Nile River

Sahara Desert

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics PyramidsPyramids GeometryGeometry Advances in medicine and Advances in medicine and

surgerysurgery

Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley2500 BC – 1500 BC2500 BC – 1500 BC

Harappan culture Harappan culture Well planned citiesWell planned cities

Grid patternGrid pattern

Modern plumbingModern plumbing Built on mud brick platformsBuilt on mud brick platforms

Protected against seasonal floodsProtected against seasonal floods

Larger citiesLarger cities Houses built of baked brickHouses built of baked brick

Smaller townsSmaller towns Houses built of sun-dried mud brickHouses built of sun-dried mud brick

Aryan MigrationAryan Migration

pastoral depended on their cattle

warriors horse-drawn chariots

Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1027 BC1600 BC – 1027 BC

Yellow River ValleyYellow River Valley Advanced cultureAdvanced culture

ReligionReligion AstronomyAstronomy CalendarCalendar MedicineMedicine Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts

Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in:Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in: Strong sense of identityStrong sense of identity SuperioritySuperiority Center of earthCenter of earth Sole source of civilizationSole source of civilization

Zhou ChinaZhou China1122 BC – 256 BC1122 BC – 256 BC

Bronze, jade, silver, goldBronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven

Power to rule came from heavenPower to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler Power could be removed if ruler

not just not just Veneration of ancestorsVeneration of ancestors

All must honor family responsibilitiesAll must honor family responsibilities Period ended with Period ended with

Era of Warring StatesEra of Warring States

Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America

2900 BC – 1400 BC2900 BC – 1400 BC MesoamericaMesoamerica

Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beansMaize, chili peppers, avocados, beans PotteryPottery Stone bowlsStone bowls BeadsBeads Waddle and daub structuresWaddle and daub structures No draft animals No draft animals

Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America

3500 BC – 1400 BC3500 BC – 1400 BC AndesAndes

Textiles technology Textiles technology Sophisticated governmentSophisticated government ReligionReligion Lacked ceramicsLacked ceramics Largely without artLargely without art Most impressive achievement was Most impressive achievement was

monumental architecturemonumental architecture Large platform mounds Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazasSunken circular plazas