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Performance of
green walls in
treating brewery
wastewater
Scott Wolcott
Rochester Institute
of Technology
USA
Source: St. John Fischer College (GLTi, 2015)
Source: Unknown
What’s the
problem?
• Wastewater from small to medium sized
food and beverage manufacturers • High solids content
• High organic matter content
• High nitrogen and phosphorous content
• Variable pH and intermittent flows
Source: Napa WW Treatment Aeration (Quakenbush, 2009)
What’s the
problem?
• Successful businesses! • 79% increase in number of craft breweries in New
York State during 2013 .
• ~300% increase in number of wineries in New York State between 2000 and 2013
• Overloaded onsite treatment systems
• Increased sewer use fees
What’s the
problem?
• Overloaded onsite treatment systems
• Releases to the environment
• New commercial sized septic system
• Increased sewer use fees • 10,000 BBL/yr ~ $7,700/month (USD)
• Traditional wastewater treatment system • High capital and operation costs
Previous Research:
Grey water and green walls
• Bussy, 2009
• Thesis, Uppsalla
University, Sweden
• System with 2 ponds d/s
• Recycle: 3.6 times
• Media: ~ 1 cm gravel
• BOD removal efficiency of
green wall: 46%
• 8.0 mg/l => 4.32 mg/l
Figure 5. Green Wall (Bussy, 2009)
• Svete, 2012
• Thesis, Norwegian
University of Life
Sciences
• Intermittent dosing
• Bed media: 2 – 4 mm
filtralite
• BOD removal
efficiency: 98%
• 129 mg/l => 2 mg/l
Source: Green Wall (Svete, 2012)
Previous Research:
Grey water and green walls
• Cameron, 2012 • Dissertation, Penn State,
US
• Integrated biofilter
• Media: Norlite, manure, peat moss, tire crumb, potting soil, and crushed limestone.
• Batch, 72 hours
• 35% increase in BOD removal (95%) when green wall was incorporated (w/o plants)
Source: Integrated biofilter (Cameron, 2012)
Previous Research:
Grey water and green walls
Are Green Walls the
Answer?
• Yes and No
• Advantages
• Low capital and
operating costs
• Small footprint
• Disadvantages
• Unproven
technology
Conceptual Green Wall Pretreatment Schematic (Wolcott, 2014)
This research
Source: Green Wall at Greentopia (Martin, 2011)
• Objective
• Evaluate the use of
green walls for
pretreatment of high
strength wastewater.
• 4 scenarios
• Media, only
• Media with plants
• Media with biofilm
• Media with plants and
biofilm
Methodology
• Poraver media
• 4 – 8 mm diameter
• Recycled glass
• Lightweight
• Golden Pothos
• Epipremnum aureum
Source: http://walls-of-green.com/wog/products/green-walls
• Green Living
Technologies
International
• 100 mm (4-inch)
panels Source: http://www.soa.utexas.edu/matlab/search/materials
Methodology
• Batch process
• Partially treated WW
• Turbidity: 70 - 600 mg/l
• BOD5: 500 – 1,200 mg/l
• Total Nitrogen: 40 mg/l
• Total Phosphorous: 4 mg/l
• No duplication of
experiments
• Used R2 values to
evaluate the
reliability of the
analytical results
• Normalized results
• C/Co
• 24-hr removal efficiency
• < 60% for scenarios w/o biofilm
• > 60% for scenarios w/biofilm
• R2 > 0.96 scenarios w/biofilm
Results
• Scenarios with biofilm outperformed scenarios without biofilm. • > 50% removal after 5 hours
• R2 > 0.90 scenarios with biofilm
• R2 < 0.72 scenarios without biofilm
Results
• Scenarios with biofilm outperformed
scenarios without.
• > 50% removal after 3 hours
Results
• No significant removal observed
Results
Green Wall Results
Media with plants and biofilm, % removal
Parameter/time 6 hrs 12 hrs 24 hrs
Turbidity (solids) 50% 60% 70%
BOD5 (biodegradable compounds)
70% 80% 85%
Nitrogen 60% 60% 65%
Phosphorous 5% 5% 10%
Discussion
• Preliminary testing suggests that green
walls can reduce some components of
high strength organic wastewater
• Turbidity and BOD
• 50% removal in 6 hours or less (except media
with biofilm)
• Biofilm had a positive impact
• Nitrogen and Phosphorous
• Inconclusive
Current Research
• Better flow path control
• Media selection • Growstone
• Plant selection • Golden Pothos
• Stronger WW
• Triplication
Acknowledgements
Peter Martin, Civil Engineering Technology Graduate 2012.
Reference List • Arnold, Jason. (2010). 052.jpg [image file.] Retrieved from:
http://jasonarnoldmsu.blogspot.com/2010/11/green-walls.html
• Goodman, Jennifer. (2012). 1111b_EH_MillDist_GreenWall_6_tcm10-1597135.jpg [image file.] Retrieved from: http://www.builderonline.com/green-building/green-roof-and-wall-market-expected-to-grow.aspx
• GLTi. (2015). St. John Fischer College.jpg [image file.] Retrieved from: email from [email protected] received on June 24, 2015
• Martin, Peter. (2011). GreenWall at Greentopia, September 2011. [image file.] Rochester, New York
• Quackenbush, Jeff. (2009). Lyve-Australia_c. [image file.] Retrieved from: http://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/16650/napa-sanitation-looks-at-options-for-winery-wastewater/
• Shevory, Kristina (2010). Gardens That Grow on Walls. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/garden/06vertical.html?_r=0
• Svete, Lindsey. (2012). Vegetated Greywater Treatment Walls: Design Modifications for Intermittent Media Filters (Masters Thesis). Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
• Uppsala. (2009). An Innovative Way to Treat Wastewater. (Thesis) Uppsala University, Sweden, Retrieved from http://susprogramme.wikispaces.com/file/detail/green+wall+thesis+part+2.pdf.