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Performance Enhancing Methods and Drugs
Past and present illicit abuse, Current research and Justified Use
PRESENTED BY: Rance Terry
Purpose of this presentation:
To inform the audience of…The methods in which athletes use
performance enhancing drugs to gain an edge
The original use of the drugs and how they also increase performance
Whether or not these methods work and if the positive’s outweigh the negative’s sufficiently enough to justify use
What are the current enhancement methods?
Exogenous Human Growth Hormone
Testosterone Supplementation
Erythropoietin Injection
Stem Cell Therapy
Hua. (2008)
Human Growth HormoneA hormone that stimulates growth,
regeneration of cells and is secreted by somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary.
Used in competition since the 1970’s
Most widespread use of sports doping
Exercise and sleep are the two biggest natural stimuli
Healy, Gibney, Russell-Jones, Pentecost (2003)
According to Studies… hGH can mediate muscle hypertrophy in response
to an exercise
Load and frequency of exercise can determine the secretion regulation
Main contributor to protein synthesis is insulin-like growth factor-1 or IGF-1
Most of the protein synthesis stimulus comes from IGF-1 with GH receptors having little effect
Solberg & Ringer (2011)
Double Blind ResultshGH did not improve bicep strength
Produced significant gains in lean body mass with decrease in overall fat mass
Higher basal metabolism rate
Lowered respiratory exchange ratio
Raised lactate, free fatty acid and glycerol levels
VO2 max, speed expenditure, power output, and cycling speed remained unchanged
Denham (2000)
Evidence Based ConclusionshGH has a significant effect on protein anabolic ratio’s on
resting metabolism and during exerciseA net reduction in absolute leucine production loss, showing
signs of the anabolic effect. Short term hGH administration shows an anabolic effect
during exercise and at restThis supports the idea that a short-term exogenous dosage
of hGH may be beneficial to physical performance Positive results can not lend to recommendation of use with
the legal consequences that can come as a result of useSolberg & Ringer (2011)
Hoffman (2010)
Testosterone SupplementationTestosterone is an
androgenic hormone produced in the testes and ovaries of humans and is the main sex hormone
Classified as a natural anabolic steroid
Effects are growth of muscle mass and strength, bone maturation and
increases in bone density and strength
Usually very prevalent in puberty and then gradually taper off to low levels but can be revitalized
jjHoffman, 201Hoffman,
Hoffman, 2010). , 2010).
Hoffman (2010)
Original UseTestosterone became an alternate and somewhat
better option to muscle stamina and growth as early as the 1980’s
Recognized in 1990 as a controlled substance by Congress
Four exogenous forms of the hormone including intramuscular injection, implantable pellet, and patches or gels
Continued use of the hormone results in what is know as the Farquharson phenomenon
Crewther, Cook, Cardinale, Weatherby & Lowe (2011)
According to Studies
Testosterone dosed non-exercise groups had greater increases in muscle size in their arms and legs, with as much as a 3 inch mean change
Also had significant increases in full body squat and bench press
Group dosed and prescribed exercise routine had greater increases in fat free mass and muscle size
The increases in fat free mass were as much as 6 pounds and the increase in muscle size was as great as 104 millimeters
Hoffman (2010)
)
Dosed group increased bench press at one repetition max by as much as 22 pounds
Increased one repetition full body squat by as much as 38 pounds
Neither mood nor behavior was changed in any group, the only difference being a slight excess of acne and breast tenderness by a small number of subjects
Bhasin, Storer, Berman, Callegari, Clevenger Et. Al (1996)
ConclusionsSupraphysiologic doses of testosterone, combined
with strength training can increase muscle size and fat-free mass in normal men
Acute changes in physiological hormones can offer long-term adaptations and short-term benefits for training performance
Evidence also shows that higher concentration levels of these hormones can support the performance of the neuromuscular system as well as motor function and energy metabolism
Emmons & Brown (2012)
Exogenous delivery alone can increase back squat, power clean, vertical jump, split jerk and standing press maximum repetition
Exogenous administration along with resistance training can increase these as well as a reduction in plasma volume, lactate stimulated secretion and adrenergic stimulation
Is not as easy to discern between exogenous and natural testosterone as hGH is
Continued use results in higher levels in tests and also results in suspension and can not be recommended in Organized sports
Emmons & Brown (2012)
ErythropoetinEPO is glycoprotein hormone that controls red
blood cell production, also medically known in it’s natural form as erythropoiesis
Produced in the kidneys and helps with the healing of the body’s wounds
In very heavy physical exercise, the kidney secretes EPO to increase red blood cell production
Juhn (2003)
According to Studies
The major factor that limits muscles in their ability to endure for long periods of time depends on blood-oxygen levels, lung function, heart stroke volume and vascularization
EPO improves the body’s oxygen delivery to muscles, which greatly improves endurance capacity
Sefiha (2012)
Sixteen athletically fit cyclists were split into two groups, eight being injected with EPO and the other eight in the control group being injected with placebo
13-week period of testing resulted in a 54% increase in performance for the EPO injected group
The peak power output after 13 weeks increased by 13% and the time to exhaustion increased to a point where riders could continue 12 more minutes than before the study began
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was conducted to back up these results and measure them accurately
Sefiha (2012)
ConclusionsIt is impossible to recognize the possibility of EPO
to increase performance outputs If an athlete only gains a 25% increase in power
and endurance instead of a 54% increase like the riders in the study, that is still a huge difference
Heart attack and other medical problems can arise from elevating levels in the blood, and can be very dangerous and can not be recommended
Callaway (2011)
Juhn (2003)
Stem Cell TherapyDefined by the World-Anti Doping Agency as “the non
therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and or cells that have the capacity to increase athletic performance
Began in the 1970’s when modern medicine found a way to treat human disease by attacking the underlying genetic defects causing the disease
Produced effective treatments for neurodegeneration, genetic forms of blindness, pediatric immune deficiency and a number of other diseases
Tynes (2006)
Romani, et al (2003)
According to StudiesThe committed precursor cells taken from the host
muscle had the potential to proliferate, self renew and repair damaged muscle before being introduced into the new muscle
Cells also had the ability to differentiate into both myogenic and non-myogenic lineages
The integration of the viral vectors into the host genome carries the risk of insertional mutagenesis
Can cause abnormal regulation of the cell’s growth and toxicity from the chronic over expression of the growth factor and cytokines, as well as malignancy of cells
Mcgrath & Cowan, 2008
ConclusionsAccording to the US Anti-Doping Agency, there is
currently no way to test for gene doping because it is the athlete’s copies of genes that are naturally present in the body and cannot be distinguished
Can have a great potential to revolutionize medicine and the way it cures disease and how it improves quality of life
Main cause for concern in gene doping is the unknown risks associated with it, it is very likely that introducing new genes can bring many health problems, but it is not certain
Artificially increasing levels of anything in the body can result in heart attack or even paralysis
Being able to increase production of genes does not mean they will stop once a person wants them to either, muscles can become disproportionate and can pull on tendons and ligaments causing tears that would not otherwise happen
RecommendationsOnly exogenous Testosterone supplementation
can be recommended to noncompetitive athletes because of the gains that can come from it without significant negative effects
hGH and EPO have positive effects on the body but are not sufficient enough to outweigh the negative possibilities
Stem cell therapy can never be recommended because of the unknown danger associated with it