debbiestenzel.orgdebbiestenzel.org/.../Middle-Ages-Maya-Aztec-Inca.pdf · Performance Education provides a series of Teacher Toolbooksfor Grades 6-12. A toolbook consists of reproducible

Teacher Toolbook BZ-4755Imaginative hands-on World History & Geography lessons designed for individual students, cooperative groups, and whole-class learning.

The Maya, Aztecand IncaMedieval & Early Modern Times

500 A.D. to 1789

Performance Education © copyright 2003www.performance-education.com

Revised April 2005.

Performance Education provides a series of Teacher Toolbooks for Grades 6-12.A toolbook consists of reproducible lessons followed by the Mother Of All Tests.This allows you test every Friday.

The Middle AgesThe complete set of all nine workbooks is SET-4606.

The Fall of Rome $19.95 BZ-4474Why did Rome fall? What was the significance of the Byzantine Empire? What was the Great Schism? Student speeches by Constantine theGreat. 114 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Islam $29.95 BZ-4754The life of Muhammad and the religion of Islam. The Koran: beliefs, practices, and law. The Five Pillars. A pilgrimage to Mecca. Ramadan.What beliefs do Muslims share with Jews and Christians? Sunni vs Shiite Muslims. How geography shaped Arab culture. Compare thenomadic and sedentary way of life. The spread of Islam by military conquests, cultural blending, and the spread of the Arabic language. Therise of cities. The role of merchants and their caravan trade routes throughout Asia, Africa and Europe. The Golden Age of Islam: Muslimscholars and their intellectual achievements. 348 test questions.

The Middle Ages - China $29.95 BZ-4322The Golden Age of China. Four dynasties - Tang, Sung, Mongols, and Ming. The reunification of China. Buddhism spread through China,Korea and Japan. Block printing was invented. The Mongol invasion, Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Marco Polo. Confucianism. TheGrand Canal. The Silk Road. Sea expeditions. The imperial state and its bureaucracy. Chinese inventions (tea, paper, woodblock printing,the compass, and gunpowder) and their impact on world history. 338 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Africa $29.95 BZ-4828Life in the Niger River Valley. How geography shaped the caravan trade. Desert people traded salt; rainforest people traded gold. The twopeoples met in the savanna, “where the camel meets the canoe.” The Empire of Ghana was founded on the gold-salt trade. The story ofMansa Musa and the Empire of Mali. The importance of family, specialized jobs, and the oral tradition in West Africa. How Arab merchantsspread the Arabic language and the religion of Islam. 246 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Japan $29.95 BZ-4331How geography shaped the culture. Nara. Prince Shotoku. The Golden Age of Literature: Lady Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji, ThePillow Book, and haiku. The rise of a military society. Shinto and Zen Buddhism. The rise of cities like Edo (Tokyo). How weak Ashikagashoguns tried to rule, yet the daimyo warred among themselves. The samurai’s impact on culture. Noh and Kabuki theater. How medievalJapan and medieval England were very similar. 631 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Europe $34.95 BZ-4403How geography shaped life in medieval Europe. How Christianity spread throughout northern Europe. The rise of feudalism and life on themanor. The rise of towns. The rise of monarchy. Kings & Popes. The story of Charlemagne. William the Conqueror and the Norman invasion.The Magna Carta, Parliament, the English court system - and how they influenced the U.S. Causes and results of the Crusades. Trace theroute of the bubonic plague. The Catholic Church’s impact on Europe. Ferdinand, Isabella, and the Reconquista. 1,364 test questions.

Maya, Inca, Aztec $29.95 BZ-4755The Maya carved a civilization out the rainforest of Central America: slash-and-burn farming, pyramids, a system of writing, math and astron-omy. The Aztecs moved to the Plateau of Mexico and built a floating city: Tenochtitlan, Lake Texcoco, floating gardens, tomatoes, maize,chocolate, causeways, aqueducts, a warlike society with slavery and human sacrifice. Like the Romans, the Inca were engineers: TheAndes, roads along the rides, terrace farming, royal messengers, the quipu, the potato, Cusco and Machu Picchu. 178 test questions.

Renaissance & Reformation $29.95 BZ-4404THE RENAISSANCE: What was the Renaissance? Florence and Venice. Trade along the Silk Road. Marco Polo. The impact of the printingpress. The achievements. The stories of Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Gutenberg, and Shakespeare. THE REFORMATION: What was the Reformation? The leaders - Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Tynedale. The impact ofProtestantism. The Counter-Reformation: Jesuits, the Council of Trent, and Catholic missionaries throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America.The Inquisition. 743 test questions.

Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment $29.95 BZ-4405SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: What was the Scientific Revolution? The impact of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton. The inventions -telescope, microscope, thermometer, barometer. Bacon and Descartes. The scientific method. The impact of rationalism on democraticideas. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION: What made exploration possible? Trace the routes of the great explorers. The stories of Magellan and all theexplorers. The impact of the cultural exchange on all the continents. The rise of mercantilism on a global scale.THE ENLIGHTENMENT: What was the Age of Reason? John Locke and Montesquieu - how did their philosophy evolve into democraticinstitutions? How the principles of the Magna Carta ended up in the English Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, and the U.S.Constitution. 356 test questions.

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If you like this workbook, you’ll love the matching posters . . .

What is World History? poster 22x28 $9.95 BQ-2154An illustrated definition of World History!

Map & Timeline of World Religions 36x20 $9.95 BQ-9088Five major religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. The world is colored by religions, so you can see patterns and make general statements:Each religion is explained: When founded, founder, sacred book, sacred place, place of worship, symbols, and photo of the most famous religious site . . . Judaism ................JerusalemChristianity ............St. Peter's BasilicaIslam .....................MeccaHinduism ..............The Ganges River Buddhism .............The Great Buddha shrine

Map of the Middle East 22x28 $8.75 BQ-6369Crystal clear, you can see all of the countries and their capital cities.

Mecca poster 28x22 $9.95 BQ-2102A bird’s eye view of the Great Mosque, the homeplace of Muhammad. What’s it like to make a pilgrimage to Mecca?

Buddha poster 22x28 $8.95 BQ-2315A statue of Buddha. He is meditating. Meditation is a key tenet of Buddhism. Buddha is represented by statues. (This is not true of all religions. In the religion of Islam, Muhammad is never represented in pictures or sculpture.)This statue is located in Kamakura, Japan. It was created during medieval Japan.

The Great Wall poster 17x22 $8.75 BQ-2314Built to keep out invaders, the Great Wall runs atop the mountain ridges. It was designed to be a fort: wide enough for soldiers on horseback and the soldiers live inside its walls.

China Ricefields poster 28x22 $8.95 BQ-2313 During the Middle Ages, the average peasant worked on a farm.In North China, peasants grew grain.In South China, rice.

The Sahara Desert poster 28x22 $8.95 BQ-2832North Africa is covered by the Sahara Desert. This photos was shot in Mali, the home of Mansa Musa, the royal city of Timbuktu, and the Empire of Mali. It was a crossroads for the caravan trade . . . Timbuktu lies “where the camel meets the canoe.” Mansa Musa controlled the northern salt trade and the southern gold trade. The photo shows bedouin nomads with their herd of sheep and goats grazing the grass. The shepherds in the foreground are standing in a grassy region. The shepherd in the background is standing in the sandy desert. The entire region was once grassland, but the Sahara Desert spreads 20 miles a year! Today Timbuktu is covered with sand.

The Aztecs poster 22x17 $8.75 BQ-2755 Set on a map of Mexico, you can see the magnificent city of Tenochtitlan. It is decorated with the Aztec calendar, pictographs, artifacts and Quetzalcoatl.

Prague poster 28x22 $8.95 BQ-2498Once upon a time, the city of Prague was built during the Middle Ages. It was a walled city. The Hradschin Palace rises in the distance. Throngs of people cross the Charles Bridge, across the Vltava (Moldau) River.

Red Square poster 22x28 $8.95 BQ-2409Moscow, a walled city, was built during the Middle Ages. It’s midnight in Moscow. St. Basil’s Cathedral has onion-shaped domes, a symbol of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.

Bloom’s taxonomy

Your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.The men and women who have designed your end-of-course exam are experts in Bloom’s taxonomy.They can take one event, person, map, chart, or cartoon . . . and turn it into six separate questions.

This Toolbook is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.Since your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy, so are the lessons in this Toolbook. The toughest questions on the state test involve synthesis and evaluation.

What is Bloom’s taxonomy?It is critical thinking.Students must be able to manipulate the facts.

1. Memorize Memorize the facts, especially terms and definitions.2. Interpret Translate the facts into your own words.3. Apply Can you find an existing match?4. Analyze Break down the facts (compare and contrast, cause and effect)5. Synthesize Add up the facts and draw conclusions6. Evaluate Using a high standard, how does this person or event measure up?

Performance in front of the classIn this book, the lessons give students practice in Bloom’s taxonomy.Performance - in front of the class. Peer pressure can be wonderful.Performance - on paper. Maps, graphic organizers, all the tricks in the book.Performance - on the practice test. Many students learn after the fact - by trial and error.

A fat ToolbookTo those non-teachers who say this is a long Toolbook, we say: “Why, yes. Did you not know? This is what it takes for a student to learn your state’s standards for Social Studies.”

Your learning curveThere is no learning curve for you.

Reproducible lessons There are several types of lessons:1. Some are lectures.2. Some should be turned into transparencies.3. Some are student worksheets and must be copied.

The Tests If your students can do well on these tests, the state test will be a breeze.

The Master TeacherThis book is based on two premises:Every child can achieve success on the test.Every teacher can become a master teacher.

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Maya, Aztec and Inca

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IconsYou will find these icons on the upper outside corner of each lesson. These icons are intend-ed to identify each lesson as a particular type of activity. They will also alert you to lessonsthat need early preparation, such as transparencies, films or hands-on projects. Graphic orga-nizers appear frequently in the Toolbooks, and should be copied and distributed to each stu-dent.

Graphic OrganizerTransparency

LectureA StoryTimelineTransparencyChart

Group AnalysisDebateSkits

DocumentsSpeechesQuotations

Games

Internet

Mapping

Films

ProjectsLibrary ResearchWriting Activities

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There are 66 lessons.There are 178 questions on the test.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION page Lesson #1 Graphic organizer How are you connected to the Maya, Aztec and Inca?Lesson #2 Mapping Mapping the Middle AgesLesson #3 Timeline Timeline of World History

1. THE MAYA page Lesson #4 Mapping Map of Central and North AmericaLesson #5 Student activity A Human MapLesson #6 Game The Maya and The Bell GameLesson #7 Chart What’s the weather like in Guatemala? and This is Your LifeLesson #8 Game The Maya and the environment and The Bell GameLesson #9 Lecture The MayaLesson #10 Internet Chichen ItzaLesson #11 Internet Folk Tales and Pre-Columbian ArtLesson #12 Gropu analysis Sons of the Shaking EarthLesson #13 Student project Students teach the class!Lesson #14 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #15 Game The ABCs of Mayan cultureLesson #16 Internet Homework: The MayaLesson #17 Game The ABCs of the MayaLesson #18 Game Can you speak Maya?Lesson #19 Student activity The Five Senses

2. THE AZTECS page Lesson #20 Mapping MexicoLesson #21 Game The Aztecs and The Bell GameLesson #22 Chart What’s the weather like in Tenochtitlan?Lesson #23 Charts Why did the Aztec civilization arise in Mexico City?Lesson #24 Research High Society and High CitiesLesson #25 Student activity Aztec names, Aztec foods and the story of chocolateLesson #26 Chart Was Montezuma fat?Lesson #27 Game The Aztecs and the environment and The Bell GameLesson #28 Research TenochtitlanLesson #29 Lecture The AztecsLesson #30 Graphic organizer The Great Pyramid at TenochtitlanLesson #31 Internet Aztec achievementsLesson #32 Game The ABCs of Aztec cultureLesson #33 Group analysis An Aztec RiddleLesson #34 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #35 Student activity Cortes psyched out the AztecsLesson #36 Lecture w/ internet The Spanish ConquestLesson #37 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #38 Lecture Montezuma’s Revenge

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Lesson #32 Game The ABCs of Aztec cultureLesson #33 Group analysis An Aztec RiddleLesson #34 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #35 Student activity Cortes psyched out the AztecsLesson #36 Lecture w/ internet The Spanish ConquestLesson #37 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #38 Lecture Montezuma’s RevengeLesson #39 Internet Homework: The AztecsLesson #40 Game The ABCs of the AztecsLesson #41 Game Can you speak Aztec?Lesson #42 Student activity The Five Senses

3. THE INCA page Lesson #43 Mapping The Inca EmpireLesson #44 Game The Inca and The Bell GameLesson #45 Chart Why Cuzco? and This is Your LifeLesson #46 Game The Inca and the environment and The Bell GameLesson #47 Internet Machu PicchuLesson #48 Graphic organizer Machu PicchuLesson #49 Lecture The IncaLesson #50 Lecture Inca achievementsLesson #51 Student project Students teach the class!Lesson #52 Debate What made the Inca great?Lesson #53 Student activity Inca MathLesson #54 Lecture Why didn’t they invent the wheel?Lesson #55 Student activity Pizarro was not a nice guyLesson #56 Lecture w/ internet The Spanish ConquestLesson #57 Chart Life in the Andes todayLesson #58 Game The ABCs of Incan cultureLesson #59 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #60 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #61 Internet Homework: The IncaLesson #62 Game The ABCs of the IncaLesson #63 Game Can you speak Quechua?Lesson #64 Chart Compare & Contrast: Maya, Aztec and IncaLesson #65 Game Stump the TeacherLesson #66 Game The Last Man StandingTest 178 questions page

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Teachers: Before you begin, you might want to read Robert Royal’s essay, “Hello, Columbus”http://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/unit7/appendices/app7-7-1.pdf

The Maya, Aztecs, Inca

Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Meso-American andAndean civilizations.

1. Study the locations, landforms, and climates of Mexico, Central America, and South America and their effectson Mayan, Aztec, and Incan economies, trade, and development of urban societies.

2. Study the roles of people in each society, including class structures, family life, warfare, religious beliefs andpractices, and slavery.

3. Explain how and where each empire arose and how the Aztec and Incan empires were defeated by theSpanish.

4. Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations.

5. Describe the Meso-American achievements in astronomy and mathematics, including the development of thecalendar and the Meso-American knowledge of seasonal changes to the civilizations’ agricultural systems.

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Graphic organizer Lesson #1

How are you connected to the Maya, Aztec, and Inca?Break into pairs and brainstorm. Write the answer along the diagonal line.

YOU

VacationHave you ever been toMexico on vacation?If so, where did youvisit?

MusicHave you ever listenedto music from Mexico,Central America, orPeru?

ArtHave you ever seen amural?

FoodHave you ever eatentacos or tortillas?Avocados or tomatoes?Corn or potatoes?How about chocolate?

CalendarDo you ever use a calendar? (When isyour birthday?)

FilmsDid you watch thescenery in Romancing the Stone”

ArchitectureHave you ever seen apyramid? A canal? Suspension bridge?

FamilyDoes your family comefrom Central America?Mexico? SouthAmerica?

ClothingDo you ever wear clothes made of cotton?

Lesson #2 Mapping


Mapping the Middle AgesBreak into pairs: Provide each with an atlas and a set of highlighters.As you tell the story, stick Post-It notes on a wall map of the world.Students color their desk maps.Students make a legend to show THE EXACT YEARS of each civilization’s GOLDEN AGE.

1. The Roman EmpireFind Italy: In 495, Rome fell.

2. The MayaPINK: Central America Legend: The Maya 300 - 1000 http://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map5-1.gifhttp://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map5-5.gif

3. IndiaGOLD: India Legend: The Gupta Empire: 320 - 500

4. ChinaYELLOW: China Legend: Imperial China 600 - 1100

5. JapanBLACK: Japan Legend: Japan 800 - 1000

6. The Middle EastGREEN: North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia. Legend: Islamic Empire 800 - 1100http://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map3-2.gifhttp://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map3-3.gifhttp://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map3-4.gif

7. AfricaBROWN: West Africa (especially Mali) Legend: Mali 1300shttp://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map4-2.gif

8. EuropeRED: All of Western Europe Legend: Europe 1300 - 1600http://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map8-4.gif

9. The AztecsORANGE: Mexico Legend: The Aztecs 1440 - 1521

10. The IncaPURPLE: From Ecuador to Chile Legend: The Inca 1438 - 1532

Class DiscussionTo what extent were the cultures aware of each other?Asia, Africa, and Europe were aware of each other. They were united by the Silk Road. There was a cultural exchange: They shared ideas and inventions.They were unaware of the Americas and vice versa.Whatever the Maya, Aztec, and Inca invented, they invented ON THEIR OWN. Independently of the others.When did the Old World and the New World become aware of each other? (Beginning in 1492. )

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Lesson #3 Timeline

What to do with the timeline on the next page . . .

Timeline of World History1. Mini-LectureTimeThe Maya are early: They peaked when Rome fell.The Aztecs and Inca are late: They peaked just as Columbus was sailing to America.

LocationThree continents (Europe, Africa, Asia) are close. They share their inventions with each other.The Americas (Maya, Aztec, Inca) are far from the rest of the world.Whatever they invent, they do so ON THEIR OWN.

Global AwarenessThe Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) did not know of the existence of the Americas.The New World (Maya, Aztec, Inca) did not know of the existence of Europe, Africa, or Asia.The two worlds did not meet until 1492.

2. Color this timeline!Break into pairs. Using highlighters, color the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations.Then play “Who invented it?”Who invented zero? (The Maya and India both invented zero!)In class discussion, make general statements about inventions:Many inventions were made by the Chinese. (Theirs was the longest, continuous civilization.)

3. Compare & ContrastCompare the impressive achievements of the Maya, Aztec, Inca in architecture, the arts, mathematics, andastronomy with civilizations in China, India, Egypt, Mali, the Middle East, and Europe. The Maya, Aztec, Inca are similar to whom?

4. Create a “Living Timeline.”Each student becomes a person in world history. At random, choose 5 historical persons.The 5 students must line up in chronological order.Do the same with historical events.

5. Game: “Who came first?”Break into two teams.Students sit at their desks, each with a copy of the timeline.Assign one student to keep score.Assign your brightest student to ask a zillion questions: Who came first - Marco Polo or Columbus?

Then, using events, play “What came first?”What came first - The Maya, Aztec, or Inca?

6. HomeworkTurn it into a HORIZONTAL timeline! (Make it brief.)On the left: The Century Across the top: The CivilizationThe Goal: When the Maya, Inca, and Aztecs were flourishing, what else was happening in the world?

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Inventions are underlined.

Timeline of World History, 300-1500When the Mayan, the Aztec, and Incan civilizations flourished, what was occurring elsewhere in the world?

The Maya 300 - 1000 The Inca 1438 - 1532The Aztecs 1440 - 1521

CENTURY CIVILIZATION EVENT

Ancient Egypt PyramidsHieroglyphics365-day calendar

Zero The Roman Empire Caesar Augustus was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire.In 30 A.D., Jesus was crucified by the Romans.In 50 AD, St. Paul the Apostle organized little Christian churches throughout

the Mediterranean Sea.In 100 A.D., the Roman Empire reached its greatest size.Network of roads - united the empire.

100 China Paper - The Chinese invented paper around 100 A.D.In 800, the manufacture of paper spreads to the Islamic Empire.In 1100, as a result of the Crusades, Europeans began to manufacture writing paperWhen it came to technology, China was was always CENTURIES ahead of Europe.

300 The Americas The Maya (Peak: 300 to 900 A.D.) in Central America.The civilization reached its peak from the 300s to 900 A.D. In 300, the Maya lived in the rainforest of Guatemala.In 600, King Pacal ruled the city of Palenque.

He lived at the same time as Muhammad.He was buried deep within a pyramid, like ancient pharaohs of Egypt.

In 900, people migrated north to the Yucatan Peninsula.Many cities: Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak, Chichen Itza on the Yucatan Peninsula.PyramidsMurals - painted the walls.Astronomy - Earth moves around the sun.365-day calendar - more accurate than the European calendar of that time. Zero - The Maya invented zero.Maize - Corn was the main food.Hieroglyphs - the first in the Americas to develop a system of writing. The hieroglyphs were picture symbols that expressed ideas.Using tree bark, they made paper and wrote books.Popol Vuh was the sacred book of the Maya: It contains ancient myths about the creation of the universe.The Maya lacked draft animals, the wheel, and iron weapons.

India The Golden Age of India (The Gupta Empire: 320 - 500 A.D.) The empire existed at the same time as the Roman Empire.It ruled the Ganges River Valley. The capital city was Pataliputra.The first ruler was Chandragupta.The Silk Road financed India’s golden age.Murals - Cave paintings at Ajanta (events in Buddha’s life).Astronomy - Earth moves around the sun.365-day calendarHindu-Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3). Zero - The Hindus invented zero. Steel - Metallurgists were the first to invent steel.Surgery - They invented modern surgery. Sanitation prevents infection. Arabian Nights - many of the stories are based upon folk tales from India.

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The Roman Empire Emperor Constantine made Constantinople the new capital of the Roman Empire, 330.Christianity (350) became the official religion of the Roman Empire.The Roman Empire split in two: In 395, West (Rome) and East (Constantinople).

400 The Roman Empire Attila the Hun (450) invaded Rome and the Roman Empire.Germanic tribes began a mass migration into the Roman Empire.They came in such GREAT numbers, that it amounted to a barbarian invasion.The fall of Rome (495): Western Europe in the Dark Ages. Everything disintegrated: Cities, central government, law, schools, industry, trade, literacy, the use of money.The only institution left standing was the Christian Church!

The Byzantine Empire began when Rome fell.The Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman classics.In 537, the Hagia Sophia Church was built in Constantinople.

500 Medieval Europe Barbarian KingdomsThe Germanic barbarians lived in tribes and each kept its own customs and laws.Their tribal structure evolved into feudalism:Lord-vassal system, kingship, knighthood, chivalry.The Angles and Saxons set up a barbarian kingdom in England. The Franks set up a barbarian kingdom in France.

Japan Japan adopted the Chinese writing system and religion (Buddhism).

600 Medieval Europe Saint Augustine In Northern Europe, Christian monks converted the pagan barbarians to Christianity.St. Augustine converted England to Christianity.He founded Canterbury Cathedral and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.

The Islamic Empire Muhammad was the founder of the religion of Islam.Mecca became the center of the Muslim world.Muslim armies conquer Saudi Arabia.

Imperial China The Golden Age of China (The Tang dynasty: 600 - 900 A.D.)The Tang dynasty was as powerful as the Han dynasty.The Chinese Empire reached its greatest size: “From the Pacific to Persia”

The Silk Road financed the Golden Age of China.China exported silk, porcelain, and tea to the Middle East.Silk - Invented by the Chinese.Porcelain - Invented by the Chinese.

The Grand Canal united North China and South China.Buddhism spread to China along the Silk Road.

ConfucianismThe official philosophy: Scholar-officials run the government.Civil service test and merit system: Government officials were chosen by ability, not birth

Japan Prince Shotoku writes the first constitution, using China as his model.

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700 Imperial China Woodblock printing - In 700, books were printed for the first time. It spread to Europe in the 1300s.

Japan The Nara period (710-794). The Imperial court adopts Chinese culture.The Prince Yamato legend: The Emperor is divine.

The Islamic Empire By 750, the Islamic Empire covered the Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa, and Spain (the only Muslim country in Europe).In 711, the Moors invaded Spain. They ruled it for 700 years (711 to 1492).In 732, the Muslims invaded France. They were defeated at the Battle of Tours.They tried and failed to take Western Europe.Muslim armies conquer North Africa.

West Africa The Trans-Sahara trade begins:Merchants from North Africa carry salt in camel caravans. They cross the Sahara Desert and travel to the savanna (grasslands) of West Africa.

The Kingdom of Ghana rules West Africa: 700 - 1000 A.D.This was the first great kingdom of West Africa.Its wealth was based on the trans-Sahara gold trade.The black Kingdom of Ghana controls the gold trade.Muslim merchants trade their salt for gold.Muslim merchants spread the religion of Islam to West Africa.

Medieval Europe Beowulf - the first great work of English literature. Sung by minstrels.It glorified the warrior and defined the qualities most admired by the Anglo-Saxons.

800 Imperial China Harness - Around 800, the Chinese invented the harness.When the harness reached Europe, farmers began to use horses to plow.

Japan The Heian period (794-1185) The capital was Kyoto.Life in the Imperial Court: There was a great flowering of a Japanese culture.In 858, the Fujiwara family become the power behind the throne.The Emperor of Japan became a figurehead.

The Islamic Empire The Golden Age of Islam, 800-1100:What financed the Golden Age of Islam? Trade along the Silk Road!

The Caliph of Baghdad (described in Arabian Knights) ran the Islamic Empire.Magnificent cities with great universities. (There were no universities in Europe.)Muslim scholars: Brilliant in art, literature, astronomy, medicine, math.Algebra Astrolabe - geographers used it to determine latitude and longitude.

Muslim Spain became the intellectual center of Europe.A multicultural society where Jews and Muslims lived together in peace and harmony.Muslim scholars conducted a massive project:To translate all the classical writings from ancient Greece and Rome.

Medieval Europe Charlemagne, a barbarian warrior, conquers all of Western Europe.He is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.When Charlemagne died, his empire fell apart, but traditions lived on:1. He established the feudal system of government in France.2. He spread feudalism throughout Western Europe.3. He defended the Christian Church. He was “Champion of the Church.”4. He was crowned by the Pope.

Song of Roland - an epic poem about Charlemagne and his knights. Sung by troubaours.It glorified the knight. It defined, explained, and popularized the Code of Chivalry.From then on, chivalry became the ideal behavior of the nobility.

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900 The Islamic Empire Avicenna (980-1037) was the greatest physician of the Middle Ages.His book Canon of Medicine was the standard medical book in Europe for 600 years.

West Africa The first written accounts of West Africa are written by Arab travelers.

Imperial China The Golden Age of China (The Sung dynasty: 900-1300)Neo-Confucianism became the official government philosophy.It was a set of rigid rules - like foot-binding for women.A major social shift: The Scholar-Official Class became the ruling class.They studied Confucianism and scored high on the Civil Service Exam.China had 100 million people. The capital city (Xian) had 1 million people.China takes to the sea: With the magnetic compass, ships sailed to Southeast Asia.

Japan The rise of feudalism: 900-1200Every feudal landlord ruled his own estate.He hired his own private army (samurai) and made war on his neighbors.Private armies roamed the countryside and battled each other.Small armies could not survive: The lord-vassal system began.

Medieval Europe The rise of feudalismFeudalism provided political order and local government.The Lord-Vassal System: The vassal swore to protect his lord, in return for land.The Feudal Contract: If the vassal did not fulfill military service, he lost the land.Land was power: If you owned land, you were a nobleman.Local: Each lord ruled his estate as if it were a little kingdomManorialism: The economic system. Each manor was a self-sufficient economic unit.

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1000 Japan The creation of a Japanese alphabet allowed for the writing of literature. The Golden Age of Literature:Lady Murasaki wrote The Tale of Genji in 1000 A.D.

Imperial China GunpowderIn 600, China invented gunpowder to make firecrackers.In 1000, China used gunpowder as a weapon against Mongol invaders.In the 1200s Gunpowder spread to Europe and revolutionized warfare.

West Africa The Kingdom of Ghana disintegrates:The kingdom refused to embrace Islam; people held on to their traditional religion.Militant Muslims from Morocco invaded in 1050.Trade was disrupted. The kingdom disintegrated.

Medieval Europe The Great Schism (1054): The Christian Church split into two groups - The Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox.

The Norman ConquestWilliam the Conqueror invaded England in 1066.The French duke defeated the Anglo-Saxons and became the King of England.Being a foreigner, he made nobles swear allegiance directly to him!The Bayeux Tapestry chronicled the Norman Conquest.Kings in England and France began building strong central governments.

Continuous WarfareThroughout Europe, feudal lords engaged in continuous warfare over land.To protect themselves, they built castles and manors.Serfdom was the norm.

The Pope clashed with Kings:Pope Gregory VII (1075) punished Henry IV for trying to rule the Church in Germany.The Pope used: Excommunication, Interdiction, and Deposition.Henry had to stand barefoot in the snow for three days before the Pope pardoned him.

The CrusadesIn 1095, Pope Urban II ordered knights to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims.Europe waged a holy war on the Muslim world.On their way, the Crusaders persecuted the Jews in Europe.They made war on the Christians in Constantinople.Richard the Lion-hearted (King of England) was the most famous Crusader.He was defeated by Saladin, the Muslim sultan.The Crusades lasted for 200 years. The Muslims won.

Revival of trade in Europe.Venice was the big winner of the Crusades: It was the middleman between Europe and the Silk Road.Europeans wanted to buy silk and spices.International trade fairs were held in towns throughout Europe.Money came back into use. (No more barter.)

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1100 Imperial China Magnetic compassIn 1000, China invents the magnetic compass.In the 1100s, Chinese navigators use the compass to sail to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia.The compass spread to Europe and made possible the Age of Exploration.It allowed Columbus to sail to America, da Gama to India, Magellan around the world.

Japan The Shogunate: Japan becomes a military society.Civil war between two military clans: 1156 - 1185Tales of the Heike tells the story of the war.The Kamakura period: 1185-1333. The capital was in Kamakura.Yoritomo (1192) became Japan’s first shogun.Like William the Conqueror in 1066 England, he was a military overlord.The samurai become a separate class and followed the code of bushido.

The Islamic Empire Omar Khayyam (1048-1131) wrote The Rubaiyat.He was a Persian poet, astronomer, and mathematician.

Averroes (1126-1198), a Muslim scholar in Spain.The greatest Muslim intellectual of the Middle Ages.He helped Europe rediscover Aristotle.

Maimonides (1135-1204) a Jewish scholar in Spain.The greatest Jewish intellectual of the Middle Ages. He applied Aristotle’s logic to Judaism. He influenced St. Thomas Aquinas.

Medieval Europe The rise of townsTowns arose outside the walls of castles.Craftsmen and merchants lived in the towns. Each craft had its own guild. Towns became independent and had self-government.

The Church RELIGION was the biggest thing in medieval Europe:Everybody was deeply religious:Peasants (90% of the people) were consumed by religion. A person died at 30.Nobility were consumed by religion - they went on the Crusades to the Holy Land.Artists created only religious art that would glorify God.Architects built cathedrals: Chartres (1100s) and Notre Dame (1163-1250, Paris).Scholars wrote only about religion.The Church was the largest landowner in Western Europe.

The English legal systemAround 1175, the King of England, Henry II set up the English legal system:Common Law - Judges made law. Law was based on past precedent.Circuit courts - Judges rode from town to town. Replaced the lord ruling his own manor.Trial by jury - replaced trial by combat (French) and trial by ordeal (Anglo-Saxon).Habeas Corpus - A judge decides whether a man should have been arrested.An independent judiciary - Judges are on their way to being independent of the King!Henry II caused the death of the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket in 1170.

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1200 West Africa The Kingdom of Mali was founded in 1230 by Sundiata.Sundiata was the great warrior-king. West Africans had an oral tradition - that is, they were great storytellers.The griots (oral historians) sang an epic story about Sundiata’s life.He firmly controlled the Trans-Sahara gold and salt trade.

Medieval Europe The Magna Carta, 1215The Magna Carta was the beginning of Constitutional GovernmentKing John of England broke every law in the book.The English barons made war on him and defeated him at Runnymede.They forced him to sign the Magna Carta.As a result, the King’s power was limited.This was the basis for England’s constitution.

The Model Parliament, 1295The Magna Carta set up the Council of Barons.No new laws or taxes without the consent of these 25 Barons.The King of England called together the Model Parliament.What’s new: Representatives from the towns become members of Parliament!For the first time, commoners (non-nobles) became part of the government.This is the beginning of the House of Commons.

ScholasticismMonks translated Greek classics (especially Aristotle, the philosopher) into Latin.Scholasticism: You can use reason (Aristotle’s logic) to study Christianity.Students and scholars formed universities that produced priests, lawyers, doctors.

InquisitionIn 1231, the Pope created a special Church court to investigate and punish heretics. A heretic is a person who is opposed to the teachings of the Church.The Inquisition was active in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain.

St. Thomas AquinasThe greatest Christian intellectual of the Middle Ages.He applied Aristotle’s logic to Christianity.Reason could help man understand the truths that he accepted on faith.

Natural LawIn Summa Theologica (1265), Thomas Aquinas explained “Natural Law”: 1. He referred to God’s law (or divine law) as “Natural Law.”2. Each person is born with certain God-given rights.3. Governments must not violate these God-given rights.4. Man’s law must never contradict “Natural Law.”

Marco PoloThe Crusades ended in 1270 and he travelled to China in 1271.He travelled 15,000 miles to visit the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and China. His book inspired Europeans to trade with China.He reopened the ancient Silk Road . . . between China and Europe.

Imperial China Genghis Khan crossed the Great Wall and conquered China. The Mongols were barbarians on horseback who swept across Asia.The Mongol Empire stretched from China to Russia.

The Mongols rule China (The Yuan dynasty: 1279 - 1368 A.D.)Foreigners (the Mongols) occupied China for 89 years.The Mongols opened China to foreign visitors, like Marco Polo.

Kublai Khan adopted Chinese culture and opened China to foreign visitors.His biggest problem was how to rule China.Seafaring: The Mongols took to the sea. Sea trade with Southeast Asia.

Japan Mongol China tries to invade Japan and fails twice: 1174 and 1281.The Japanese believed that Japan cannot be conquered: It was under divine protection.

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1300 West Africa The Kingdom of Mali reached its peak in the 1300s.

Mansa Musa rules from 1307 to 1337.He makes Timbuktu his capital city. It becomes a center for trade.Its wealth was based on the trans-Sahara gold trade. West African mines were the most important single source of gold for Europe.Gold from the Kingdom of Mali became the foundation of Europe’s economy.

Timbuktu became a center of Muslim learning:Muslims scholars studied government, law, and religion.Muslim merchants spread the religion of Islam and the Arabic language to West Africa. Muslims taught many people how to read and write - in Arabic.

Pilgrimage to Mecca:Mansa Musa, a practicing Muslim, made a fantastic pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. His entourage: 60,000 people. Each of the 500 slaves carried a four-pound bar of gold. Mansa Musa’s trip to Mecca put the Kingdom of Mali on the map.From then on, Europeans wanted to visit Mali - and its gold.

The Islamic Empire Ibn Battuta made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1325.He travelled 75,000 miles to visit all of the Muslim countries:North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, China.In 1353, he visited the Kingdom of Mali.

Japan Age of the Warring States: 1333-1573There was Civil War for 100 years.The daimyo made war on each other.To defend themselves, they built forts, called castles.Towns arose at the foot of castles.Merchants live in castle towns. There was a revival of trade with China.Medieval Japan is very similar to medieval England.

Medieval Europe Dante wrote The Divine Comedy.

The Black Death (1347-1350)The bubonic plague killed 25% of Europe’s population. (50% in the cities.)

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1400 Imperial China Great Maritime Expeditions!The Ming dynasty: 1368 - 1644) The Ming lived at the same time as the Renaissance in Europe.From 1405 to 1433, the Ming emperor sponsored overseas expeditions.China was the world’s No. 1 sea power.

Admiral Zheng He and the Imperial Fleet sailed west and visited 5 regions:Southeast, India, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa.His fleet consisted of 62 ships with 27,800 men. His flagship was five times the size of Columbus’ ship.In 1433, Zheng He sailed to India.

China ended all overseas voyages in 1433.Confucian scholars convinced the Ming emperor to end the voyages.From then on, it was against the law to make maritime expeditions.Because of their experience with the Mongols, the Ming looked down on all foreigners.The Ming became isolationist: They wanted nothing to do with the outside world.The Forbidden City: The Ming built the Imperial Palace and looked inward.

The Islamic Empire The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453.The Muslims now controlled the overland route to Asia.Europeans could no longer travel the Silk Road to China.

Medieval Europe Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales. He describes life in England and satirizes Church officials.

The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)In 1337, England invaded France.In 1415, Battle of Agincourt: A small MODERN army defeated a large FEUDAL army.

Rise of nationalismPeople regard themselves as French or English.

Joan of Arc, 1430Joan of Arc, a peasant girl, led France to victory in the Hundred Years’ War.She symbolized France and French nationalism.

King Arthur, 1470A legend, he became a symbol of England and English nationalism.King Arthur, Queen Gunivere, Sir Lancelot, and the Knights of the Round Table.They live in Camelot and go in search of the Holy Grail (Jesus’ cup at the Last Supper).The main theme: Democracy and justice. (Not chivalry.)King Arthur and his men sit at a round table. They are all equals.

Rise of a strong monarchy and a central government.England, an island, was the first to feel (and act) like a nation.The English king became the most powerful man in England:He overpowered the nobility. He was rich and high-tech: His armies had longbows, pikes, guns, and cannons.He allied himself with wealthy towns. (Barons were from the country.)

Portugal tried to reach China by sea:Prince Henry the Navigator (1488) sailed to the Indian Ocean.Vasco da Gama (1498) sailed to India. (Zheng He reached it in 1433.)

Ferdinand and Isabella1492 was a busy year for Spain:1. The Reconquista - conquered the ............Muslims2. Expulsion of the .......................................Jews3. The Spanish Inquisition - persecuted ......ChristiansPeople were tortured to extract confessions.Those who refused to confess were burned at the stake.

Columbus landed in the Americas and claimed it for Spain.

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1440-1521 The Americas The Aztec civilization (Peak: 1440 - 1521) in Mexico.In the 1200s, the ancestors of the Aztecs settled in the Valley of Mexico.Within 200 years, they had conquered all of central Mexico.Tenochtitlan: The capital was built around 1350. (Today, it is Mexico City.)It had 100,000 people.It was as large as any city in Europe.It was 8,000 feet above sea level. It was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Canals - Like Venice, canals ran through the city.Causeways - Roads connected the island city to the mainland.Pyramids365-day calendarHieroglyphs - a system of writing. Pictographs: Pictures symbolized objects.CottonIrrigationTacos and tortillasAvocadoChocolateContinuous warfare:The Aztecs made war on their neighbors.The conquered peoples were enslaved and used as human sacrifice.Montezuma became Emperor in 1502.Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1519.He was able to do so because the conquered peoples of Mexico supported him.The Aztecs lacked draft animals, the wheel, and iron weapons.

1438-1532 The Americas The Inca Empire (Peak: 1438 - 1532) in South America.As of 1492, it was the largest empire on the face of the earth.It stretched for 3,000 miles high in the Andes Mountains. Cusco : The capital was 11,000 feet above sea level. (Denver, our highest city, is 5,000 feet above sea level.)The empire was centered in Peru, Ecuador, and ChileThe empire extended 3,000 miles along the west coast of South America.The Inca were outstanding engineers who built great public works:Network of roads - Like the Romans, they built roads to unite the empire.Suspension bridgesAqueductsTerrace farmingIrrigationCottonThe Potato - a wonderful gift to the world!Centralized governmentThe Welfare State - No personal freedom, but the government fed everybody.An all-powerful emperor and a highly structured society.Laws administered by judges.Tightly organized agricultural system. Effective system of communication - messengers over the road system.Extremely wealthy in silver and gold.The Inca lacked draft animals, the wheel, and iron weapons.No writing system whatsoever, but the Inca counted by 10s. (As we do.)

In 1527, the Inca ruler died. There was a civil war between his two sons:Husascar, the older brother was heir to the throne.Atahualpa, the younger brother, won the war, but weakened the Inca empire.Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1532.He was able to do so because he killed the Inca ruler, Atahualpa.The Inca empire was highly centralized: It could not run without the emperor.

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1. The Maya

page 28

Mapping Lesson #4


Map of Central America labeled

The Golden Age of the MayaFrom 300 to 900 A.D., the Maya flourished in the lowlands - a hot, rainy rainforest.Using highlighters, lightly color the following countries: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras

Migration to the Yucatan PeninsulaIn 900 A.D., the Maya moved to Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.Find Merida: Label this peninsula: The Yucatan Peninsula.

Class DiscussionCentral America: How would you describe its location? (South of Mexico.)

Map of Central America unlabeledTake a moment to label all the countries.RED: Trace the southern border of Mexico.RED: Trace the southern border of Panama.

Not MexicoMexico is not in Central America.

A Land BridgeTake a look at the land between Mexico and South America:1. How would you describe the land? (It is a land bridge.) 2. It is a narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) that connects two larger bodies of land.What is the geography term for that? (Isthmus)

Map of North America Notice Alaska: Find the Bering Sea.20,000-30,000 years ago, there was a land bridge between Asia and Alaska.Folks from Asia walked across the Bering Land Bridge and then fanned out through North and South America.

RED: Trace the southern border of Mexico.RED: Trace the southern border of Panama.

1. What is North America? A continent: Panama and everything north of it.2. What is South America? A continent: Everything south of Panama.3. What is Middle America? Everything in the middle. (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean islands.)4. What is Central America? Only the land bridge. (The 7 countries.) Not Mexico.5. What is Meso-America? Only where the Aztecs and Maya lived:

Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras).

Questions1. Did the Maya live in North America? Yes.2. Did the Maya live in South America? No.3. Did the Maya live in Central America? Yes.4. Did the Maya live in Middle America? Yes.5. Did the Maya live in Mesoamerica? Yes.

MEXICO

THE

BAHAMAS

CUBA

PANAMA

ELSALVADOR

GUATEMALA

BELIZE

HONDURAS

NICARAGUA

COSTARICA

JAMAICA

CAYMAN

ISLANDS C

aribbeanSea

Gulf

of

Mexico

PacificOcean

Coban

DelRio

HotSprings

LasCruces

Odessa

Sarasota

Temple

Texarkana

Tucson

PuertoLempira

SanPedroSula

Bluefields

Matagalpa

Rivas

David

Albany

Augusta

Beaumont

BigSpring

Bisbee

Brunswick

Carlsbad

Charleston

CorpusChristi

DaytonaBeach

ElPaso

Gainesville

Galveston

Greenville

KeyWest

Macon

Mobile

Natchez

PalmSprings

Pensacola

PineBluff

Roswell

SanBernardino

Savannah

Scottsdale

Shreveport

Tuscaloosa

Waco

BelizeCity

Dallas

Jacksonville

Miami

NewOrleans

Orlando

WestPalmBeach

Colon

Birmingham

Houston

SanAntonio

Tampa

Campeche

Chetumal

Chihuahua

CiudadVictoria

Colima

Culiacan D

urango

Hermosillo

LaPaz

Leon

Merida

Mexicali

Monterrey

Morelia

Pachuca

Puebla

Queretaro

SanLuisPotosi

Villahermosa

Zacatecas

Chilpancingo

Guadalajara

Oaxaca

Saltillo

Tepic

Toluca

TuxtlaGutierrez

Nassau

Belmopan

GeorgeTown

SanJose

Havana

Tegucigalpa

Kingston

MexicoCity

Panama

SanSalvador

Guatemala

Managua

Tijuana

El Paso

Anchorage

Whitehorse

Yellow Knife

Fairbanks

VancouverEdmonton

CalgarySeattle

San Francisco

LosAngeles

Salt LakeCity

Winnipeg

ChurchillGooseBay

QuebecMontreal

Ottawa

Toronto

Godthab

LaPaz

Hermosillo

Chihuahua

Monterrey

Oaxaca

Merida

Acapulco

Guadalajara

DenverNew York

Boston

Halifax

Washington

Pittsburgh

DetroitChicago

Atlanta

Miami

NewOrleans

MexicoCity

Houston

PacificOcean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

CaribbeanSea

BaffinBay

Gulf ofAlaska

LabradorSea

Gulf ofMexico

HudsonBay

Greenland Sea

BeaufortSea

BeringSea

GREENLAND(Denmark)

ICE

COLOMBIA

VENEZUEL

U. S. A.

CANADA

MEXICO

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Student activity Lesson #5


A Human Map Ahead of time: Make crowns for the darkened countries.Take the kids outside. Once there, this takes only 15 minutes.

Using a bunch of students, form one clump: The U.S.One student needs to wear the crown: USA

To the south, put a circle of students: Mexico.One student needs to wear the crown: Mexico.

To the south, put a string of 7 students: Central America. In this order: Guatemala and Belize, El Salvador and Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama.Each student needs to wear a crown.

To the south, a bunch of students form one clump: South AmericaOne student needs to wear the crown: Colombia

To the east of Guatemala, a bunch of students form one clump: The Caribbean Islands.One student needs to wear the crown: The Caribbean Islands.

Raise both handsThe teacher asks a question. If you are in it, raise both hands.

1. Who is in North America? A continent: Panama and everything north of it.2. Who is in South America? A continent: Everything south of Panama.3. Who is in Middle America? Everything in the middle. (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean islands.)4. Who is in Central America? Only the land bridge. (The 7 countries.) Not Mexico.5. Who is in Mesoamerica? Only where the Aztecs and Maya lived:

Mexico and 5 countries (Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras).

QuestionsFact: The Maya lived in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras . . .

1. Did the Maya live in North America? Yes.2. Did the Maya live in South America? No.3. Did the Maya live in Central America? Yes.4. Did the Maya live in Middle America? Yes.5. Did the Maya live in Mesoamerica? Yes.

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Lesson #6

The Maya

Break into pairs. Examineeach fact. Using thechart, categorize eachfact. When you are fin-ished, play The BellGame: “Name thatTheme!”

More advanced:Categorize facts fromyour textbook or theencyclopedia.

Game

1. Study the locations, landforms, and climates of Mexico, Central America, andSouth America and their effects on Mayan, Aztec, and Incan economies, trade, anddevelopment of urban societies.

The Five Themes of Geography1. Location

Exact location: What is the latitude and longitude?Relative location: “It is north of such and such.”

2. Place What’s it like in this place? Describe the characteristics!Physical features: Natural (land, rivers, mountains, vegetation, climate).Cultural features: Human (everything that is man-made!)

3. InteractionHow people interact with the environment = land, rivers, sea, climate.How people adapt to, modify, and depend upon the environment.Interactions: Grow crops, dig canals, mine for minerals, wear thin clothing

for hot climate.4. Movement

People move in and out. Who? Why? By what means?Goods move in and out. What? Why? By what means?Ideas move in and out. What? Why? By what means?As a result of all this movement, this place is connected to other places. What places?

5. RegionA region is a territory or area that has common physical or human features.North China is a region with a common river, soil, climate, farming,

culture and history.

AnswersIf you can explain your answer,you are correct!

1. Movement2. Region3. Region4. Region5. Movement6. Movement7. Movement8. Interaction9. Interaction10. Interaction11. Movement stopped.12. Interaction13. Interaction14. Region15. Location16. Location17. Region18. Place

The Bering Land Bridge 20,000 to 30,000 years ago1. Everybody in the Americas originally came from Asia.2. During the Ice Age (30,000 B.C.), glaciers covered the world.3. Like a sponge, glaciers absorbed ocean water and froze it.4. The world’s oceans dropped.5. As a result, there was a land bridge: You could walk from Asia to Alaska.6. Folks from Asia walked to Alaska.7. From Alaska, folks walked through North America and down to South America.

Hunters & Gatherers8. At first, people were hunters and gatherers.9. They hunted wild game - deer, rabbits, wild pigs and even jaguars. 10. They ate delicacies - iguanas, armadillos, turtle eggs, and crocodile tails.

The Maize Culture11. Around 2500 B.C., hunters and gatherers in Central America stopped moving

around and became sedentary.12. They settled down, started farming, and raised corn called maize.13. Mayan life and religion centered on growing maize and using it for food.

Central America14. The Maya settled down in Central America.15. Central America lies in between Mexico and South America.16. Central America lies in between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.17. The Maya were centered in Guatemala and its neighbors.18. The Golden Age of the Maya lasted from 300 to 900 A.D.

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In the Rainforest19. The Maya lived in the rainforest.20. It is the only civilization that ever arose in a rainforest. 21. Tropical animals and insects were constant problems.22. Fields were quickly overrun by jungle growth. 23. The Maya built 90 cities in the middle of the rainforest.24. The major cities were Tikal, Palenque, and Bonampak.

ClimateElevation25. From 300 to 900, the Maya lived in the lowlands of Guatemala.26. In the tropics, low elevation has extremely HOT weather.27. In the tropics, the climate at sea level is HOT.

Temperature28. The Maya lived in the tropics.29. Year round, the daytime temperature in Tikal is 90 degrees.

Rainfall30. The rainy season is from May to December.31. The dry season is from January to April.32. The dry season: Four months of drought.33. To survive, the Maya built large-scale water reservoirs.34. The rainy season: 120 inches of rain = 10 inches a month.*35. It is a region of hurricanes, volcanoes, and earthquakes.*San Francisco averages 2 inches a month; New York, 3 inches a month.

Farming in the Rainforest36. The majority of people were farmers.37. They grew corn, beans, squash, avocados, tomatoes, chili peppers, cacao,

tobacco, and cotton.

Slash-and-burn38. To clear the land, farmers used the slash-and-burn method.39. They cut down the trees, burned them, and then planted corn.40. When the trees were cut down, the land suffered soil erosion.41. Soil erosion: Heavy rains washed the topsoil away.

Over-farming42. Because of its weak soil, a rainforest can never support a large population.43. Without fertilizers, the soil ran out of minerals in just four years.44. After a farmer over-worked his land, he moved on to new land.45. It took at least 70 acres to feed one family.

No plows, no draft animals46. The Maya had no draft animals - no horses or oxen.47. The Maya had no iron to make iron plows.48. They planted corn at the end of the rainy season.49. When the soil is mushy, you can plant seeds with a stick! (Don’t need iron plow)50. Corn was harvested in the dry season. 51. The heavy rainfall meant restricted, hurried planting and harvesting seasons. 52. The Maya used astronomy and the calendar to figure out the ideal time for

planting.

19. Region20. Region

21. Place - Physical feature22. Place - Physical feature23. Place - Cultural feature24. Place - Cultural feature

25. Region - The lowlands

26. Place - Physical feature27. Place - Physical feature

Low elevation is tierra caliente.

28. Region29. Place - Physical feature30. Place - Physical feature31. Place - Physical feature32. Place - Physical feature33. Interaction34. Place - Physical feature35. Region36. Interaction37. Interaction38. Interaction39. Interaction40. Interaction41. Interaction42. Place - Physical feature43. Interaction44. Interaction45. Interaction

46. Place - Physical featureGuatemala had no horses. They all died during the Ice Age.

47. Place - Physical featureGuatemala had no iron.

48. Interaction49. Interaction50. Interaction51. Interaction52. Interaction

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5. Describe the Meso-American achievements in astronomy and mathematics,including the development of the calendar and the Meso-American knowledge ofseasonal changes to the civilizations’ agricultural systems.

System of Writing53. Like Mesopotamia in Eurasia, the Maya were the first people in the Americas

to develop a system of writing. 54. They created hieroglyphs - pictures that symbolize ideas.55. Hieroglyphs were pictures that expressed ideas.56. They made books out of paper from tree bark.57. Popol Vuh was the sacred book of the Maya. 58. Popol Vuh contains ancient myths about the creation of the universe.59. The Maya kept historical records on stone pillars called stelae.

Inventions & Innovations60. The Maya were outstanding astronomers: They built observatories.61. Like the Egyptians, they knew all about the seasons.62. Like Galileo (1600 Europe), they knew that the earth moves around the sun.63. The Maya invented a 365-day calendar that was more accurate than the

European calendar of that time. 64. The Maya were superior at math: They invented zero. (Like the Hindus.)

What the Maya did not invent65. The Maya did not invent the wheel.66. The Maya did not invent iron weapons or farm tools.

Art67. Like the Buddhists of India and China, the Maya painted colorful murals.68. The Maya created fascinating clay pottery and stone sculpture.

Daily LifeMen and women were relatively equal69. Men did most of the farm work.70. Women did the cooking, spun yarn, wove textiles, raising chickens, went to the

market, and took care of the children. 71. Maya men wore sandals (the terrain was rough); women went barefoot. 72. Because of the hot weather, people wore cotton clothes.73. Men wore loincloths; women wore colorful cotton dresses and embroidered

blouses.

Food74. The tortilla, a flat cake made of corn, was the main food.75. The Maya played a rugged sport that resembled basketball.76. There were no schools.77. The family pet was a dog.78. Families lived in homes with thatched roofs.79. Professional matchmakers decided who married whom. 80. The Maya valued people with crossed eyes and flattened heads.81. The Maya were into body adornment: Bracelets, necklaces, pendants, earrings

and tattoos.

53. Place - cultural feature54. Place - cultural feature55. Place - cultural feature56. Interaction57. Place - cultural feature58. Place - cultural feature59. Place - cultural feature60. Place - cultural feature61. Place - cultural feature62. Place - cultural feature63. Place - cultural feature64. Place - cultural feature65. Place - physical feature.

Central America had no horses. They all died in the Ice Age.

66. Place - physical feature.Central America had iron.

67. Interaction - minerals and dyes.

68. Interaction - with clay69. Place - cultural feature70. Place - cultural feature71. Interaction72. Interaction73. Interaction74. Place - cultural feature75. Place - cultural feature76. Place - cultural feature77. Place - cultural feature78. Interaction with forest79. Place - cultural feature80. Place - cultural feature81. Place - cultural feature

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Trade & Transportation 82. The Maya travelled by canoe on the rivers and in the Caribbean Sea.83. There were no horses or mules, so people carried loads on their backs. 84. The Maya exported goods (chocolate, cotton, tobacco) to central Mexico.85. They used cacao beans as a type of currency (money).

The Big MoveHistorians don’t know whyThe causes might have been: Overworking the soil, insufficient food supply, earthquakes, hurricane, pestilence, invasion by outsiders, internal rebellion or acombination of these factors.

86. Beginning in 900, the Maya abandoned their cities in the lowlands.87. Many moved north - to Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.88. By 1000, three million people had abandoned the cities. 89. The Maya settled on the Yucatan Peninsula.

The Yucatan PeninsulaChichen Itza90. Chichen Itza was a city on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. 91. The climate is sweltering hot, with a dry season and a rainy season. 92. Drought was one of the most feared calamities. 93. In 1464, a drought was followed by a swarm of locusts that ate everything

green in sight. 94. Although rainfall was heavy, there were no rivers to hold the water. 95. The Maya used natural wells, but they never dug wells or used irrigation. 96. Most cities on the Yucatan Peninsula arose around wells.

82. Movement83. Place - physical feature84. Movement85. Place - cultural feature86. Movement87. Movement88. Movement89. Region90. Place - cultural feature91. Place - physical feature92. Place - physical feature93. Place - physical feature94. Place - physical feature95. Interaction96. Interaction

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A game to learn how to categorize. A game for those students who learn best by doing.A game to assess learning.

The Bell Game: “Name that Theme!”

The week beforeGo to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 5 bells. You know: You bop it to call for service. Make 5 signs: LOCATION, PLACE, INTERACTION, MOVEMENT, REGIONAsk the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.

A panel of “experts”In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs. In front of each, place a sign and bell. Ask for 5 volunteers to sit as a panel of experts. "You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."

The ReaderChoose a student to read the facts. Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."

The Answer ManChoose a student to play this role. We suggest a boy or girl who has been absent. Give the student the answer sheet.Explain: "When a student rings the bell, you must say in a strong voice: 'That is correct' or 'That is incorrect.'"

How to beginAsk students to test their bells. "Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”The Reader reads the facts, one by one.The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.

What if several students ring their bells?All the better! Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation. Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark" and,therefore, acceptable.

More advancedUsing the same topic, read from the encyclopedia. Ask students to explain their answers. That is, exactly why does this fact relate to your category?

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Chart

Altitude zones: http://www.history.ctaponline.org/center/hsscm/grade7/maps/gr7map5-2.pdf

What’s the weather like in Guatemala?This is the climate at Tikal, a city built by the Maya.It has an annual rainfall of 80 - 120.”Latitude: In the tropics. Near the Tropic of Cancer.Altitude: The elevation close to sea level. That is LOW. We call it the lowlands.

Month Rainfall Temperature* January 3" 81 degrees F. February 3 87 March 2 92 April 2 94 May 4 93 June 9 91 July 9 91 August 9 91 September 12 92 October 13 87 November 10 85 December 9 82

*Average maximum temperature.

Analyze the climate and draw conclusions

Temperature1. What general statements can you make about the temperature? 2. This land is called tierra caliente. What does that mean?

Rainfall3. What general statements can you make about the rainfall? 4. New York City gets 3 inches of rainfall every month of the year. How is this place different?

Seasons5. Does this place have 4 different seasons?

Vegetation Zone6. Judging from the weather, what vegetation zone would you expect to find here?

Type of Climate7. What would you call this type of climate?

Compare & Contrast8. How is your climate similar or different? 9. What U.S. state has weather similar to this?

What if you lived here?10. If you lived here, how would your life change?

Lesson #7

Elevation shapes the climate!It’s hot in the tropics.If you climb up, it is cooler.

Tierra Caliente“The Hot Land”The Lowlands.Where the Maya lived.Crops: TropicalSea level to 2500 ft

Tierra Templada“The Mild Land”The Valley of Mexico.Where the Aztecs lived.Crops: Maize 2500 to 6,000 ft

Tierra Fria“The Cold Land”The Andes.Where the Inca lived.Crops: The Potato6,000 to 12,000 ft

The Answers

1. It’s hot, darn hot.

2. “Hot land.”

3. Heavy rainfall from Maythrough December.

4. Rainfall here is uneven: Itrains more in some months,less in others.

5. No.It has a rainy season.It has a dry season.

6. Rainforest

7. Tropical

8. Not so hot.Not so rainy.

9. Hawaii. Puerto Rico is not a state, butthe climate is very similar tothis.

10. Answers will vary.See the next page!

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Does climate shape the way you live? You betcha! Climate shapes the house you live in, the sports you play, what you eat, what you wear and how you have fun!

This is Your Life

Your new life: You have been chosen to spend a year as an exchange student in Tikal, Guatemala.What will you be eating? What should you wear? What will the houses be like? What sports can you play?

Directions: Using the temperature and rainfall chart, circle the things that seem the most likely. Example: If the climate is rainy in the spring, circle umbrellas and rainboots.

The CLIMATE The CLIMATE shapes the way you live

Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter

hot hot hot hot hot cocoa hot cocoa hot cocoa hot cocoa cool cool cool cool iced tea iced tea iced tea iced tea cold cold cold cold hot soup hot soup hot soup hot soup

cold salads cold salads cold salads cold salads dry dry dry dry ice cream ice cream ice cream ice cream rainy rainy rainy rainy sandals sandals sandals sandals snowy snowy snowy snowy rainboots rainboots rainboots rainboots

snowboots snowboots snowboots snowboots baseball cap baseball cap baseball cap baseball cap wool knit cap wool knit cap wool knit cap wool knit cap sweater sweater sweater sweater heavy jacket heavy jacket heavy jacket heavy jacket umbrella umbrella umbrella umbrella sunglasses sunglasses sunglasses sunglasses mittens mittens mittens mittens earmuffs earmuffs earmuffs earmuffs cotton t-shirt cotton t-shirt cotton t-shirt cotton t-shirt flannel shirt flannel shirt flannel shirt flannel shirt car w/ sunroof car w/ sunroof car w/ sunroof car w/ sunroof 4 wd jeep 4 wd jeep 4 wd jeep 4 wd jeepfireplace fireplace fireplace fireplace swimming pool swimming pool swimming pool swimming pool sundeck sundeck sundeck sundeck warm rugs warm rugs warm rugs warm rugs soccer soccer soccer soccer ice hockey ice hockey ice hockey ice hockey snow skiing snow skiing snow skiing snow skiing basketball basketball basketball basketball skateboarding skateboarding skateboarding skateboarding snowboarding snowboarding snowboarding snowboarding go to movies go to movies go to movies go to movies watch TV watch TV watch TV watch TV play frisbee play frisbee play frisbee play frisbee ride your bike ride your bike ride your bike ride your bike go swimming go swimming go swimming go swimming play Nintendo play Nintendo play Nintendo play Nintendo go camping go camping go camping go camping

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Game

The Mayaand theenviron-ment

Break into pairs.Examine each fact andcategorize it.

Then play The Bell Game: “Namethat Interaction!”

Lesson #8


How the Maya interacted with their environmentAdapt This is the most difficult. It means leaving the environment unchanged. It meanschanging your life to fit it. Environmentalists, especially those concerned with preserv-ing the wilderness, like to leave the land, water and air alone. People interested ingood health or tourism often try to preserve things as they are. The biggest categoryof “adapters” are people who have no choice: Out of necessity, they adjust theirlifestyles (clothing, housing, sports) to fit the environment.

Modify People change the environment when they build roads, bridges, canals, dams, har-bors, and buildings. Anytime people create pollution they are changing the environ-ment.

Depend upon Anyone involved in farming, fishing, mining or the tourism industry depends upon theenvironment. The environment is their livelihood.

Location: The Tropics1. In the tropical climate, it took only 65 days to grow corn.

Landform: Rainforest & Lowlands2. They grew maize, beans, squash, avocados, tomatoes, and chili peppers.3. To clear the land, farmers used the slash-and-burn method.4. They cut down the trees, burned them, and then planted corn.5. When the trees were cut down, heavy rains washed away the topsoil.6. Without fertilizers, the soil was exhausted (mineral poor) in just four years.

Climate7. People were restricted in their planting and harvesting seasons. 8. They planted corn at the end of the rainy season. 9. When the soil was muddy, they planted seeds with a stick! 10. Corn was harvested in the dry season. 11. Because of the dry season, the Maya created water reservoirs.

Trade & Transportation12. They travelled by canoe on the rivers and in the Caribbean Sea.13. They built roads to the Caribbean Sea.14. For export, they grew cacao, cotton, and tobacco.15. Because of the hot weather, they raised cotton and began a textile industry.

Cities16. Only half the year was spent farming and half was spent building the cities.17. They used local limestone to build their cities.18. A city consisted of pyramids, palaces, astronomical observatories, broad paved

plazas, ball courts, and market squares. They were all made out of limestone.19. The Maya created all this - without iron tools, draft animals, or the wheel.

The Answers

1. Adapt2. Adapt and Depend3. Modify4. Modify5. Modify6. Modify7. Adapt8. Adapt9. Adapt

They had no iron plows.

10. Adapt11. Adapt12. Adapt13. Adapt14. Modify15. Adapt16. Adapt

They adapted to the two seasons.

17. Adapt18. Adapt.19. Adapt

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The Bell Game: “Name that Interaction!”

The week beforeGo to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 3 bells. You know: You bop it to call for service. Make 3 signs: ADAPT, MODIFY, DEPENDAsk the school custodian for a wide table and 3 chairs.







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Lecture Lesson #9


The Maya

As you read this, ask students to doodle.When you are finished, see whether anyone has drawn a pyramid.In any case, draw the Social Pyramid on the board so students cane SEE the social structure.

Ceremonial CitiesNot an urban cultureThe Mayan culture was not a true urban culture.The majority of people lived in farming villages. Not cities.They went to the cities only on market day and for religious festivals.A city consisted of pyramids, palaces, astronomical observatories, broad paved plazas, ball courts, and market

squares.Farmers spent half the year farming and half the year building the local city.

ReligionThe Maya worshiped 160 gods and goddesses.They were based on nature:

The sun god Kinich AhauThe moon goddess Ix Chel. The rain god Chac.

Most gods were portrayed in the form of a snake.Priests performed religious ceremonies in temples - at the top of pyramids.Religious ceremonies involved dancing, sports competition, dramatic performances, prayer, and sacrifice. The Maya had lots of instruments - including the trumpet!The farmers offered food and animal sacrifices to the gods.

Human SacrificeHuman sacrifice was rare.On most occasions, priests pierced their own ears and gave their blood to the gods.On rare occasions, priests cut the living heart from the human victim.In the Mayan religion, these folks were the ONLY ones who went to heaven.

The CalendarThe Mayan religion was obsessed with time.The ceremonial calendar was 360 days long, plus five unlucky days.Every day had a special religious meaning.

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PyramidsThe Maya built pyramids of limestone.Limestone is easy to quarry and hardens over time. The pyramids were hundreds of feet high - so they could see over the treetops of the rainforest. At the top, was a temple where religious ceremonies were held.Mayan rulers (who were semi-divine) were buried inside of the pyramids.

Social StructureThe Social PyramidThe Maya had a hierarchical society.

At the top ..............The royal family, the nobility, priests and scribes.In the middle .........Merchants, artisans, and landed farmers.At the bottom ........Landless commoners and slaves.

The Mayan nobility wore feather headdresses and jaguar pelts.The Mayan nobility were the only ones who ate chocolate. It was a divine drink!

No Social MobilityYou were born into your social status and you could not change it.

GovernmentNo central governmentThe Maya did not have a central government.Each city-state was ruled by its own ruler.A city-state consists of a city and the surrounding countryside.The ruler was hereditary - he was born to rule.Mayan rulers communicated directly with the gods.

No empireThe Maya never had an empire. The Maya did not control vast lands or conquered peoples (slaves). The Maya did not collect tribute (taxes) from conquered peoples.

WarsWhen the Toltecs arrived, there were more wars.

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Internet Lesson #10


Chichen ItzaChoose one picture (to show the class) from these websiteshttp://www.differentworld.com/mexico/places/chichen_itza/chichen_itza.htmhttp://www.companyservices.nu/photogallery/me.htmhttp://www.mysteriousplaces.com/mayan/TourEntrance.html

This is Chichen Itza: It lies on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. In 900 A.D., the Maya moved here.

The PyramidThe Pyramid at Chichen Itza has 4 sides.

Each side has a stairway of 91 steps. At the top is 1 flat platform.

Add it up: What were the Maya trying to say? Hint: Multiply! 4 x 91 = 364. 364 + 1 platform on top = 365 The Maya figured out there were 365 days in the year! For them, math explained the mysteries of life.

Human SacrificeThe Maya religion called for human sacrifice to the gods.

While sacrifice often involved food (corn, animals), it also involved human blood.The majority of this human sacrifice was blood-letting:The person (usually a priest) pierced his ear to give blood to the gods. The higher one's position in the social pyramid, the more blood he gave.

Some ceremonies demanded the living heart of a victim.At Chichen Itza, the reclining man (stone sculpture) is known as Chac-Mool. He has an expressionless face. On his stomach is a stone dish: After priests cut out a living person's heart, it was placed on this dish. Unlike the Aztecs, the Maya did not practice this often. In the Mayan religion, those who sacrificed their lives were the ONLY people who went to heaven.

SlaveryLike all Mayan cities, Chichen Itza is built out of limestone.Since the Maya had no wheels or horses, how do you suppose they moved the giant slabs of rock? Hint: Who would be willing to drag stones over such long distances? (Nobody! Which is why the Maya practiced slavery.) Most slaves were prisoners of war.One thing is for sure: The Maya played a sport like basketball.If they lost these games, they would be killed and their families sold into slavery.

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Lesson #11 Internet


Folk tales Read aloud a folk tale from the Mayan culture: Deborah Nourse Lattimore, Why There Is No Arguing in HeavenDouglas Gifford, Warriors, Gods and Spirits from Central and South American Mythology John Bierhorst, The Monkey's Haircut and Other Stories Told by the MayaDavid Wisniewski, Rain Player

Popul Vuh the sacred book of the Maya describes the creation myth:The Hero Twins are ball players who compete with the gods of the Underworld on the ball court. They are aided by a rabbit, who helps them trick the gods and win an important ball game.

Pre-columbian artUsing these magnificent sites, create your own slideshow of Mayan art!

California State University - Los Angeles Mayan sculpture, murals, pyramidshttp://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/mesoamerican/index.html

Tulane University Mayan muralshttp://studentweb.tulane.edu/~dhixson/

Princeton University Take a look at “Standing Figure”http://www.princetonartmuseum.org/curators/coll_cura_prco.cfm

Kimbell Art Museum - Fort Worth, Texas Mayan sculpturehttp://www.kimbellart.org/database/index.cfm?region=yes&mainregion=5

The Smithsonian Mayan architecture and muralshttp://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/maya/pastpage1.html

University of Pennsylvania A kid-friendly overview of Mayan culture.http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/exhibits/galleries/mesoamerica.html

Glencoe A clear, concise textbook.http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CIVAMRCA/CIVAMRCA.HTM

FAMSI Links to other sites.Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.http://www.famsi.org/links.htm

Archaeologists The latest news in archaeology.http://www.mesoweb.com/

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Group analysis

5. Describe the Meso-American achievements in astronomy and mathematics,including the development of the calendar and the Meso-American knowledge ofseasonal changes to the civilizations’ agricultural systems.

Sons of the Shaking Earth Break into groups of three and guess the answers!

The Maya believed that the world was a scary place. No wonder: Their land wasviolent, full of natural disasters. Central America is one of the most dangerousplaces to live on Earth. Nearly every modern city in the region has been destroyedby earthquakes at one time or another. Active volcanoes erupt, explode, and evenspring up overnight in your backyard.

Very often, when nature seems out of control, people turn to religion. The Aztecssacrificed thousands of people each year to their gods. The Maya did not. Instead,they turned to math and science for comfort. They tried to figure out life's mysteriesand prepare for them. In doing so, they created the most advanced civilization ofthe Americas.

Speculate: How could math and science help you prepare for these disasters?

1. Heavy rains and floods hit from May to December. Hurricanes hit in late summerand early fall. Both can destroy the crops. What can you do to prepare for these?You could pray to the storm god, or . . .

2. Swamps are nasty. They are a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Maybe quick-sand. What can you do? You could pray to the snake god, or . . .

3. You depend upon the sun to grow your crops. There is an eclipse: The sun isblocked out by the moon, scaring you to death. What can you do? You could prayto the sun god, or . . .

4. Earthquakes scare you silly. You are living on top of one of the few places in theworld where 3 tectonic plates crash against each other. You cannot predict them.You cannot prepare for them. When the earth is rolling up and down (or sideways),you want to find a structure which is safe and solid. You could pray to the earth-quake god, or . . .

5. People are having more babies than they used to. There are more people(priests, nobles, scribes) who do not farm. The population (3 to 4 million) is growingfaster than production of food. How can you prepare for this population explosion?

6. At last - Time makes sense! This is very comforting to you. There are 60 min-utes in an hour. 24 hours in a day. 30 days in a month. Everything is an evennumber. Everything can be divided by 6. Ah, but there are 365 days in a year. Howdo you deal with those 5 extra days? Math and science are no answer, so you turnto superstition. How so?

Lesson #12

Possible Answers

1. The Maya invented a writ-ing system to record the datesof hurricanes and floods. Theyinvented a system of numbersto record dates. They inventedan accurate calendar - to figureout when to plant and when toharvest. They had a narrowwindow for planting and har-vesting.

2. The Maya studied engineer-ing: They built canals, drainedthe swamps, and turned it intofarmland.

3. The Maya studied astrono-my to figure out the date of thenext eclipse. They even hadobservatories to study thestars, sun, and moon.

4. The Maya studied architec-ture and built rock solid pyra-mids.

5. The Maya could have usedmath to predict a date whenthey would suffer a famine.

6. The Maya considered thelast 5 days of the year to beextremely unlucky. They didnothing important on those 5days. They did not plant or har-vest.

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Lesson #13 Student project

Once upon a time, there was an educator namedBloom who discovered that people think in differentways. Look closely at the explanation on page 5.What kind of thinker are you? (Which of the 6 cate-gories do you enjoy most?) What kind of learner are you? (Do you learn by see-ing, hearing, writing, or doing?) When you are finished, you'll know a lot more aboutyourself.

Students teach the class!

Goal: Describe the murals of Bonampak.

Read "Bonampak" in National Geographic magazine(February 1995). On tape, read aloud the whole story,including the captions of the pictures. Cut out the pic-tures and paste them onto posterboard. Teach the classAs you play the tape, point to the pictures on theposter. Lead the class discussion: What do themurals tell you about life among the Maya?

Goal: Illustrate how Guatemalans relate to theirenvironment today.

Read "Guatemala: Maya and Modern" in NationalGeographic magazine (November 1974).

List 10 ways in which people relate to the land. Put those facts into one of 3 categories:

1) Ways in which people adapt to the environment =they change their lives to fit it.

2) Ways in which people modify the environment =they change the environment.

3) Ways in which people depend on the environment= they use the environment.

Put your lists onto 3 posterboards. Cut out picturesthat illustrate each category.

Teach the classHow is life in Guatemala today similar to the life of theancient Maya?

Lesson #14 Group analysis

Students distinguish fact from opinion.

Life is like a rock group If you gave a problem to 5 different rock groups, they'd each come up with a different song.

The teacher states the situation: The Maya: What do you think of them?

Break into 5 groups and take on a name. Do research about the problem. Then present your side of story. Discuss the situation in class, giving each group timeto present its views.

Team #1: The Boomers*Describe all the positive facts and consequences.These are the sunniest students in the class. Theseoptimists are ready to tell you all the positive aspects.

Team #2: The Busters**Describe all the negative facts and consequences.These are the gloomiest students in the class. Thesepessimists are ready to tell you all the negativeaspects.

Team #3: The Factoids***Present the facts and only the facts. No opinionswhatsoever. These no-nonsense students excel inmath and science. On paper, they boil it down to tenfacts or less.

Team #4: The Emotionals****Present only your reactions (emotions and feelings) tothe problem. These are the social butterflies. Theycare only about their emotional reactions. They areknown for their compassion.

Team #5: The Outrageous Ones*****Come up with a new way of looking at the situationthat stuns everyone. Free spirits, they are divergentthinkers. They see it in a new light. They present atotally new way to look at it.

*Great mathematicians and astronomers. Invented zero, an accu-rate calendar, and the first writing system of the Americas. Relativeequality of men and women. Not big on war, empire, slavery, orhuman sacrifice. Nice quality of life. Love tortillas and chocolate.**They counted by 20s. (Ten is easier.)***Just the facts, jack.****If even one guy gets his heart cut out, that’s bad. *****Too bad they were born in a rainforest. If you blinked your eye, the jungle would overgrow a pyramid. Slash-and-burndestroyed the thin soil. No wonder they moved out.

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Game

The ABCs of Mayan cultureArt - What art form (crafts, paintings, drama, music, dance) is typical of this culture?

Buildings - Every culture has a structure that symbolizes the culture. What is it?

Communication - How do people communicate with each other? How is information spread?

Dress - What do people wear?

Economy - Are they high tech or low tech?

Family - What does the typical family look like? What is the role of women and children?

Government - What type of government? Who has power? Who has little power?

History - What major event shaped this culture? How can you tell?

Icon - We have Mickey Mouse. What does this country have?

Jobs - How does the average person make a living?

Knowledge - Do they have schools? How is learning transmitted from one generation to the next?

Language - What words and expressions have a special meaning?

Movement & Migration - Did people move in? Did people move out?

National pride - What people, places, and things spark feelings of loyalty and patriotism?

Organizations - What are the most important organizations (formal and informal) in this society?

Population - What are the largest groups? Who is in the minority?

Quality of life - Rate the average person's health and happiness.

Religion - What is the majority religion?

Status - What groups have low status?

Taboos - What is considered to be totally unacceptable behavior?

Urban or Rural - Do most people live in the city or the countryside?

Vacation & Recreation - How do people in this culture have fun? What sports do they have?

Ways of everyday life - How do people take care of . . . cooking, washing clothes, shopping?

X marks the spot - How does geography shape the culture?

Yum - What famous foods were invented here? How do their daily meals differ from yours?

Ztuff - What stuff is typical of this culture? (You know, like chopsticks in China!)

Lesson #15

Art Murals, clay sculpture,stone stelae

Buildings Pyramids, observa-tories, ballcourts, huts withthatched roofs

Communication The first writ-ing system in the Americas(hieroglyphs) and a sacredbook called Popol Vuh.

Dress Cotton. Loincloths.Embroidered blouses.

Economy Low-tech farming:No iron tools. No draft animals.

Family Grandparents, parents,children in same house.Womenequal to men. Children don’twork.

Government A city-state.Hereditary ruler is semi-divine.Priests have power.

History Abandoned the citiesin 900 A.D.

Icon The gods are serpents.

Jobs Farmers

Knowledge No schools.Stelae (stone pillars) tell the his-torical events.

LanguageBonampak means“painted walls.”

Movement Abandoned thecities in 900 A.D.

National Pride - Religion waseverything to the Maya.

Population The majority werefarmers. A tiny % were elite.

Quality of life Compared tothe Aztecs and Inca, this is ahappy society.

Religion gods + goddesses.

Low Status slaves

Taboos Only priests at the topof pyramids.

Urban? No, rural.

Vacation Women to Cozumel,to honor the moon goddess.

Ways Women do all this.

X Rainforest (heat and rain)

Yum Tortillas, Chocolate

Ztuff Weaving cotton

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Lesson #16


Homework: The Maya

Maphttp://www.mesoweb.com/resources/maps/crystal_map.html1. Name one Mayan city.

http://www.crystalinks.com/mayan.html2. Where did the Maya live?3. What bodies of water surrounded the Maya?4. The Yucatan Peninsula sticks out into the water. What water?

http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/classic.html5. The Maya traded overland or by sea?

Tikalhttp://www.lumika.org/guatemala/sights_and_scenes/24.htmhttp://www.maya-art-books.org/TikalAerial.htmlhttp://www.richard-seaman.com/Travel/Guatemala/Tikal/

6. What is Tikal?

Palenquehttp://nicolasremy.free.fr/mexico/palenque.en.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/visit_chiapas/gallpalenque.htmhttp://www.dallas.net/~lalo/palenque.html

7. What is Palenque?

Bonampak muralshttp://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/maya/pastpage1.htmlhttp://studentweb.tulane.edu/%7Edhixson/bonampak/bonampak.html

8. What do the murals show?

Chichen Itza http://www.differentworld.com/mexico/places/chichen_itza/chichen_itza.htmhttp://www.companyservices.nu/photogallery/me.htmhttp://www.mysteriousplaces.com/mayan/TourEntrance.html

9. What is Chichen Itza?

King Pacalhttp://www.netshaman.com/maya/palenque.html

10. Who was King Pacal?

Internet

The Answers

1. There were many:Tikal, Palenque, Copan, Tulum,Chichen Itza.

2. Guatemala and the YucatanPeninsula.

3. Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico

4. On one side is the Gulf ofMexico. On the other side is theCaribbean Sea.

5. Both

6. A city in the rainforest.Today, it is in ruins. It is in Guatemala.

7. A city in the rainforest.Today, it is in ruins. It is in Mexico.

8. Colorful scenes:Music, dance, history, battles.

9. A city on the YucatanPeninsula. It is in Mexico.

10. In the 600s, he ruled thecity of Palenque. He is burieddeep inside a pyramid, like thepharaohs of Egypt.

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Game Lesson #17

Can you think of a term from A to Z?

The ABCs of the MayaStep #1: Remember: Without this sheet, go around the room. Can you remember one term, from A to Z?Step #2: Define: Go to the library and define each term.Step #3: Rap: Using these terms, write a “Rap.” Perform it for the class.Step #4: Individuals: Without this sheet, go around the room. “A is for . . .” Move to the head of the class.Step #5: Teams: Break into two teams. One point for a term; two points for defining the term.

Astronomy

Bering Land Bridge, ball courts, bark books, blood-letting

Calendar, canoe, cacao, ceremonial city, city-state, Central America, Caribbean Sea

Drought, dry season, deforestation, dogs

Earthquakes, exhausted soil, ear-piercing, embroidery

Farmers always on the move

Guatemala - the heart of the Maya (300-900 A.D.)

Hieroglyphs, hereditary ruler, hurricanes, headdresses

Isthmus, infertile soil, "Intellectuals of the New World."

Jaguar, jade

Kan you list what the Maya lacked? (Iron plow and iron weapons. Draft animals. The wheel.)

Lowlands, limestone, loincloth

Maize, mural, Meso-America, math: counted by 20s

North America

Observatory, obsidian, overfarming

Pyramids, plaza, polytheism, Popul Vuh, Pre-Columbian art

Quetzal bird

Ruins, rainforest, rainy season, rural, reservoir

Slash-and-burn farming, stelae, scribes, sedentary, soil erosion

Tropics, trumpets, theocracy, tortilla, textiles, tierra caliente

U might need to know cities: Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak, Chichen Itza

V is for volcano. What natural disasters befell the Maya? (Hurricanes. Floods and droughts. Earthquakes.)

Weaving.

X marks the spot - The Yucatan Peninsula lies in what modern country?

Yucatan Peninsula

Zero

page 51

Lesson #18 Game

Learn terms.Learn the logic of a multiple-choice test.

Can you speak Maya?

The goal: To learn terms. (And maybe understand the logic of a multiple-choice test.)The day before: Go to the school library. Break into teams of five. Use the dictionaries and encyclopedia.Student A writes the correct definition straight from the dictionary. Student B dreams up the exact opposite of the real definition. Student C dreams up a plausible wrong answer.Student D dreams up a really plausible wrong answer.Student E invents a truly stupid answer. (Hey, this is what makes the kids pay attention.) Each team does this for all the terms checked below.How to play: Back in class, place one table with 5 chairs and 5 stand-up cards that read A B C D or E. Each student stands up and reads his/her “definition” with a straight face. The class guesses: Write A B C D or E on a slip of paper, sign your name, pass it to “the counter” who wasabsent yesterday.The teacher then asks: "Will the person with the real definition please stand up." The winner: The student with the most correct answers. His team goes next.

Define the terms!

AstronomyBering Land Bridge, ball courts, bark booksCalendar, canoe, cacao, ceremonial city, city-state,Central America, Caribbean SeaDrought, dry season, deforestationEarthquakes, exhausted soil, ear-piercing, embroideryGuatemalaHieroglyphs, hereditary ruler, hurricanes, headdressesIsthmus, infertile soil, "Intellectuals of the New World." Jaguar, jade Lowlands, limestone, loinclothMaize, mural, Meso-AmericaNorth AmericaObservatory, obsidian, overfarmingPyramids, plaza, polytheism, Popul Vuh, Pre-Columbian artQuetzal birdRuins, rainforest, rainy season, rural, reservoirSlash-and-burn farming, stelae, scribes, sedentary,soil erosionTropics, trumpets, theocracy, tortilla, textiles, tierra calienteWeaving Yucatan PeninsulaZero

Deforestation a. is when you go to Blockbuster and find that all 20copies of your favorite movie have been rented out. (This is incorrect. It is balderdash.)

Deforestation b. is the spread of desert conditions in arid regionsresulting from overgrazing, removal of vegetation, orcultivation of marginal land. (Incorrect. This is the definition of desertification.)

Deforestation *c. is the destruction and removal of forest and itsundergrowth by natural or human forces. (This is the correct definition.)

Deforestation d. is the careful use and protection of Earth's forestresources to hinder waste or loss. (This is incorrect. It is the definition of environmentalprotection.)

Deforestation e. is the upper limit of where trees can grow onmountains. (This is incorrect. It is the definition of "treeline.")

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Student activity

The Five SensesGoal: Develop a picture in your mind’s eye.

Consider the Mayan World during the Middle Ages.

Put your head on your desk.Close your eyes.The teacher asks general questions.Whenever something pops into your head, speak up!(But keep your eyes closed.)

The topic: The Mayan World

1. SeeWhat is the first thing you see?

2. HearWhat is the first thing you hear?

3. SmellWhat is the first thing you smell?

4. TasteWhat is the first thing you taste?

5. TouchWhat is the first thing you touch?

Lesson #19

Some Answers

1. SeeZero.The calendar.Hieroglyphs.A priest at the top of the pyramid.The moon - I am in the observatory.A crowd in the plaza.A canoe in the Caribbean Sea.Women in embroidered blouses.A farmer planting seeds in the mud with a stick.The topsoil washing away in a rainstorm.

2. HearPeople speaking in an Indian language. (Not Spanish)A priest reading from the Popol Vuh.Those trumpets!The guys playing in the ball court.A jaguar in the forest.A Quetzal bird.

3. SmellTortillas cooking.The rain.A farmer slashing and burning trees.

4. TasteMaize.That chocolate drink!Avocados and veggies.

5. TouchThose dyed textiles.Those colorful murals.Jade and obsidian.

6. FeelThe incredible heat! (Tierra caliente.)

7. The hardest thing to imagine . . .That Bering Land Bridge during the Ice Age -with all the people walking from Asia to Alaska.

8. What do you not see?Iron tools or iron weaponsWheels or wagonsFarm animals or draft animals (beasts of burden)

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2. The Aztecs

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Mapping Lesson #20


Mexico

Label the map: "Home of the Aztecs."

Draw a horizontal dotted line that runs through Durango. This is the Tropic of Cancer.

Cross out “Mexico City” and write Tenochtitlan. This is the Valley of Mexico . . . the home of the Aztecs! The city and the valley are 8,000 feet above sea level.

What body of water lies to the east? (The Gulf of Mexico.) What body of water lies to the west? (The Pacific Ocean.)

CLASS DISCUSSION

1. LatitudeJudging by its latitude (Tropic of Cancer) what sort of climate did the Aztecs have? Hint: What kind of weather do they have in the tropics? (Hot!)

2. AltitudeThe Aztecs lived high up in the mountains. Why?Hint: People in the tropics often head for the hills! (The higher you go, the cooler the temperature.)

Map of North America Notice Alaska: Find the Bering Sea.20,000-30,000 years ago, there was a land bridge between Asia and Alaska.Folks from Asia walked across the Bering Land Bridge and then fanned out through North and South America.

RED: Trace the southern border of Mexico.RED: Trace the southern border of Panama.

1. What is North America? A continent: Panama and everything north of it.2. What is South America? A continent: Everything south of Panama.

3. What is Middle America? Everything in the middle .........Yes Mexico.4. What is Central America? Only the land bridge ................Not Mexico.5. What is Meso-America? Only where the Aztecs (Mexico) and Maya (Guatemala) lived.

Questions1. Did the Aztecs live in North America? Yes.2. Did the Aztecs live in South America? No.3. Did the Aztecs live in Central America? No.4. Did the Aztecs live in Middle America? Yes.5. Did the Aztecs live in Meso-America? Yes.

U.S.A.

MEXICO

GUATEMALA

BELIZE

HONDURAS

GulfofMexico

PacificOcean

Coban

DelRio

HotSprings

LasCruces

LosAlamos

Odessa

Shawnee

Temple

Texarkana

Tucson

Tulsa

SanPedroSula

Albuquerque

Amarillo

Beaumont

BigSpring

Bisbee

Carlsbad

CorpusChristi

ElPaso

Fayetteville

Flagstaff

Gallup

Galveston

Greenville

Huntsville

LasVegas

Mobile

Natchez

Needles

PalmSprings

Pensacola

PineBluff

Roswell

Scottsdale

Shreveport

Tuscaloosa

Waco

BelizeCity

Dallas

NewOrleans

Birmingham

Houston

LosAngeles

Memphis

SanAntonio

SanDiego

Campeche

Chetumal

Chihuahua

CiudadVictoria

Colima

Culiacan

Durango

Hermosillo

LaPaz

Leon

Merida

Mexicali

Monterrey

Morelia

Pachuca

Puebla

Queretaro

SanLuisPotosi

Villahermosa

Zacatecas

Austin

BatonRouge

Jackson

LittleRock

OklahomaCity

Phoenix

SantaFe

Aguascalientes

Chilpancingo

Guadalajara

Oaxaca

Saltillo

Tepic

Toluca

TuxtlaGutierrez

Belmopan

Tegucigalpa

MexicoCity

SanSalvador

Guatemala

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Lesson #21

The Aztecs



Game


The Five Themes of Geography1. Location

Exact location: What is the latitude and longitude?Relative location: “It is north of such and such.”





5. RegionA region is a territory that has common physical or human features.North China is a region with a common river, soil, climate, farming,



1. Movement2. Region3. Region4. Place - cultural feature5. Movement6. Movement7. Location

The Tropic of Cancer is a line of latitude.

8. Region - tropics9. Place - physical feature10. Place - physical feature11. Region12. Place - physical feature13. Place - physical feature14. Region15. Place - physical feature16. Movement17. Movement - of ideas18. Movement

The Valley of Mexico1. Around 1200, the Aztecs migrated to and settled in the Valley of Mexico.2. The Valley of Mexico is 30 miles wide and 40 miles long.3. It is a basin surrounded by mountains. The mountains are volcanoes.4. In the 1300s, they built their capital city, Tenochtitlan. (Today it is Mexico City.)5. In the 1400s, they conquered all of their neighbors and dominated Mexico.6. In the early 1500s, Cortes and the Spanish conquistadores arrived.

Latitude7. Mexico lies near the Tropic of Cancer.8. Mexico lies in the tropics and should be very hot.9. Tenochtitlan lies at a high elevation, which makes the weather cool.

Altitude10. Tenochtitlan lies at 8,000 feet above sea level.11. It lies in the elevation zone called tierra fria.

Climate12. Despite being in the tropics, the climate is cool and relatively dry.13. Tenochtitlan had plenty of rainfall.

Lakes14. The Valley of Mexico had five lakes which were connected by canals.15. Lake Texcoco was the biggest lake.16. Living on a lake system, most Aztecs travelled by canoe. 17. The lakes were a means of communication.18. Without the wheel, there was no land transportation system.

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Volcanoes & EarthquakesIn 1943, the volcano Paricutin first appeared overnight in a farmer's field.

Within a few weeks, it rose hundreds of feet in the air. In 1985, an earthquake struck Mexico City killing 7,000 people.

19. To the Aztecs, volcanoes were both a blessing and a curse.20. Volcanic soil was ideal for farming.21. Volcanic eruptions scared people to death. 22. Mexico lies on the "Ring of Fire." 23. According to Aztec legend, the sun would die in an earthquake. 24. The Aztecs were scared to death of earthquakes.

Farming25. The Aztecs were farmers.26. They grew maize and many other crops - the tomato, avocado, beans, squash,

sweet potato and cacao to make chocolate.27. They raised cotton and women wove it into cloth.28. The Aztecs invented a 365-day calendar to know when to plant and when to

harvest.29. They built irrigation systems to water their crops.

Chinampas30. Many farms were located next to a lake.31. The mud at the bottom of the lake was mineral rich.32. Some farmers dredged mud from the bottom of the lake, piled it up and creat-

ed islands. These islands were called chinampas.33. Some farmers piled mud on the lakeshore, extending their land. This new,

reclaimed farmland was called a chinampa.34. The beauty of lake mud is that it is soft and mushy.35. The Aztec farmer did not have an iron plow or draft animals to pull a plow.36. Instead, he planted crops using a stick in the mud!

The city of Tenochtitlan37. In the 1300s, the Aztecs built Tenochtitlan.38. It was a true city, not a ceremonial city.39. Tenochtitlan was as large as any city in Europe. 40. At least 100,000 people lived in Tenochtitlan.41. Tenochtitlan was built on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. 42. It was an island fortress.43. When the Aztecs conquered their neighbors (and felt safe), they built a cause

way (earthen road) from the mainland to their island fortress.44. People from around the region travelled to the marketplace in Tenochtitlan. 45. There could be as many as 60,000 buyers and sellers at the market. 46. People used barter, not currency.47. The Aztecs did not drink the water in Lake Texcoco; it was too salty. 48. Instead, they used aqueducts to send water from mountain streams.

Pyramids49. The Aztecs built pyramid-like temples to their gods.50. Religion was the No. 1 preoccupation of the Aztecs.

19. Place - physical feature20. Interaction21. Place - physical feature22. Region23. Place - cultural feature24. Place - cultural feature25. Place - cultural feature26. Interaction27. Interaction28. Place - cultural feature29. Interaction30. Location31. Place - physical feature32. Interaction33. Interaction34. Place - physical feature

35. Place - physical featureThey had no iron mines.

36. Interaction37. Place - cultural feature38. Place - cultural feature39. Place - cultural feature40. Place - cultural feature41. Interaction42. Interaction43. Movement44. Movement45. Movement46. Place - cultural feature47. Interaction (none)48. Interaction49. Place - cultural feature50. Place - cultural feature

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Chart


What’s the weather like in Tenochtitlan?This is the main Aztec city. (Today, we call it Mexico City.)It has more rainfall than the rest of Mexico.Latitude: In the tropics. Near the Tropic of Cancer.Altitude: The elevation is 8,000 feet above sea level. That is HIGH.

Month Rainfall Temperature* January 0.5" 66 degrees F. February 0.2 69 March 0.4 75 April 1 77 May 2 78 June 5 76 July 7 73 August 6 73 September 5 74 October 2 70 November 1 68 December 0.3 66

Temperature1. What general statements can you make about the temperature? 2. This land is called tierra fria. What does that mean?

Rainfall3. What general statements can you make about the rainfall? 4. New York City gets 3 inches of rainfall every month of the year. How is this place different?

Seasons5. Does this place have 4 different seasons?

Vegetation Zone6. Judging from the weather, what vegetation zone would you expect to find here?

Type of Climate7. What would you call this type of climate?

Compare & Contrast8. How is your climate similar or different? 9. What U.S. state has weather similar to this?


Lesson #22

Elevation shapes the climate!It’s hot in the tropics.If you climb up, it is cooler.

Tierra Caliente“The Hot Land”The Lowlands.Where the Maya lived.Crops: TropicalSea level to 2500 ft

Tierra Templada“The Mild Land”The Valley of Mexico.Where the Aztecs lived.Crops: Maize 2500 to 6,000 ft

Tierra Fria“The Cold Land”The Andes.Where the Inca lived.Crops: The Potato6,000 to 12,000 ft

The Answers

1. It’s not hot, not cold.

2. It’s COOL.

3. It varies.

4. The amount of rain variesfrom month to month.

5. No, it has 2 seasons.Rainy: June-SeptemberDry: Rest of the year

6. Eight dry months?No forests.

7. Tropical, but dry.

8. We hope you have morerain!

9. The U.S. Southwest:Arizona, New Mexico.Southern California.

10. Answers will vary. See thenext lesson.


This is Your Life

Your new life: You have been chosen to spend a year as an exchange student in Mexico City.What will you be eating? What should you wear? What will the houses be like? What sports can you play?







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Tierra Caliente From sea level to 2,500 feet = "hot land."

MONTERREY

Month Rainfall Temperature* January 1" 68 degrees F. February 1 72 March 1 76 April 1 84 May 1 87 June 3 91 July 2 90 August 2 92 September 5 86 October 3 80 November 2 71 December 1 65

*The maximum average daily temperature.

Chart Lesson #23


Why did the Aztec civilization arise in Mexico City? The Aztecs could have settled anywhere in Mexico. Why did they choose Mexico City?

Tierra FriaAbove 6,000 feet = "cold land.”

MEXICO CITY lies at 8,000 feet

Month Rainfall Temperature* January 0.5" 66 degrees F. February 0.2 69 March 0.4 75April 1 77 May 2 78 June 5 76 July 7 73 August 6 73September 5 74 October 2 70 November 1 68 December 0.3 66

Tierra TempladaFrom 2,500 to 6,000 feet = “mild land.”

GUADALAJARA

Month Rainfall Temperature* January 1" 66 degrees F. February 1 69 March 1 75 April 1 77 May 2 78 June 3 76 July 3 73 August 3 73September 3 74 October 2 70 November 1 68 December 1 66

Class Discussion

1. What general statements can you make about temperatures in Mexico? (It's warm.)

2. The people of Mexico are accustomed to warm weather. What temperature do they consider cool? (66 degrees.)

3. New York City gets about 3 inches of rainfall every month of the year. How is Mexico different?

(Rainfall is uneven: It rains more in some months, less in others.)

4. How would you describe Mexico's seasons? (Mexico does not have four different seasons. It has a dry season and a wet season.)

5. True or false: The higher a city's elevation, the cooler the city. (True.)

6. True or false: The lower a city's elevation, the hotter the city. (True.)

7. True or False: In Mexico, climate is largely determined by elevation. (True.)

8. Judging from these charts, why do you suppose the Aztecs rejected Monterrey as their headquarters? (Too hot and not much rainfall. Summertime is long and hot.)

9. Judging from these charts, why do you suppose the Aztecs rejected Guadalajara?

(Mexico City has cooler temperatures and more rainfall than Guadalajara.)

10. The Aztecs didn't like hot weather. Why didn't they mind a lot of rain? (Seven inches of rain in July is hefty.)

(They liked to eat! Corn needs rain.)

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What’s in a name?

Aztec names Tenochtitlan means "Near the Cactus." What sort of climate did this city have? (Dry)

Teotihuacan means "Place of the Gods." (Religious)What kind of city was Teotihuacan?

Xochimilco means "Field of Flowers." (Floating gardens)How would you describe this lake?

Chapultepec means "Grasshopper Hill." (Insects)How would you describe this mountain.

Tlaxcala means "Place of Bread." (Lotsa maize)What would you expect to find in this region?

Quetzalcoatl means "Feathered Serpent." What kind of god was he? (god of civilization + learning)

Tlaloc means "He who makes things grow." He was the Aztec god of ________. (fertility)

Mictlantecuhtli means "Lord of the Underworld." He was the Aztec god of _______. (In charge of the dead)

Chichimec means "Sons of the Dog." What was this northern tribe like? (lively warriors)

Aztec foodsCan you tell what foods they are?

Tomatl tomatochilli chili peppersahuacatl avocadoetl kidney beanschicle chewing gum chocolatl chocolate

The story of chocolate http://home.echo-on.net/~smithda/chocolate.htmlhttp://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/cocoa/chronology.htm

Lesson #24 Student activityResearch

Analyze the cities of the world.

High society

Math problemFor every 1,000 feet you go up, the temperature drops3 degrees. If it is 90 degrees on the coast, what is it inTenochtitlan? The city lies at 8,000 feet above sealevel.

Answer: 8,000/1,000 = 8 x 3 = 24. 90 - 24 = 66 degrees.

What do we mean by this phrase:“Altitude cancels out latitude”? (When you are in the tropics, it should be hot.But the higher the elevation, the cooler the tempera-ture.)

High citiesDid other cities exist at high elevations?

Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) lies near the Tropic ofCancer at 8,000 feet above sea level.

How about these cities? Athens, Baghdad, Beijing, Cairo, Cusco, Delhi, Rome.

Go to the libraryUsing a big world atlas, find the latitude and elevationof each city. (Look in the back of the book.)

Make a chartMake a chart: City, its latitude and altitude.(Altitude = elevation. )

Answer these questions1. Which cities, if any, have an elevation as high as

Mexico City? 2. Do they lie in the tropics? 3. Draw conclusions: Were all cities located in the

tropics built at high elevations? 4. Speculate: Why weren't more cities built at higher

elevations?

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Chart Lesson #26


Was Montezuma fat? Nope, even though he had 30 different dishes at every meal. Add up Montezuma's calories, protein, and fat. Make a list of the foods you ate yesterday. To figure out your own calories, protein, and fat,use the chart in your almanac . (Look in the Index, find "Calories" and the subheading "Foods").

Meal Food Measure Calories Protein Fat

Breakfast tortillas 2 130 4 2 papaya 1 117 2 T

Lunch tortillas 2 130 4 2 sweet potatoes 1 115 2 Ttomatoes 1 25 1 Tbaked fish 3 oz. 175 21 1

Dinner tortilla 2 130 4 2 frijoles 1 cup 225 15 1 chili peppers 1/2 cup 25 1 Troast turkey 1 cup 240 41 7 chocolate drink 1 cup 145 2 9

___ ___ ___

TOTALS?

*T stands for only a trace.

Questions

1. Which Aztec food has the most calories? Which food that you ate yesterday had the most calories?

2. Which Aztec food has the most protein? Which food that you ate yesterday had the most protein?

3. Which Aztec food has the most fat? Which food that you ate yesterday had the most fat?

4. Which diet - yours or theirs - had the most calories? 5. Which had the most protein? 6. Which had the most fat? 7. What kinds of crops did Aztec farmers raise?

For example, where do tortillas and frijoles come from? If you don't know, it it may be time to call or visit a Mexican restaurant.

8. What kinds of farm animals did Aztec farmers raise? 9. What do you think was the most popular crop?

The Answers

1. Roast turkey

2. Roast turkey

3. Chocolate drink

4. - 6. Answers will vary.

7. Maize and veggies.

8. There were no farm animals.No cows. (The chocolate drinkwas not made with milk.)

9. Maize

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Game


How the Aztecs interacted with their environment

Adapt This is the most difficult. It means leaving the environment unchanged. It meanschanging your life to fit it. Environmentalists, especially those concerned with pre-serving the wilderness, like to leave the land, water and air alone. People interest-ed in good health or tourism often try to preserve things as they are. The biggestcategory of “adapters” are people who have no choice: Out of necessity, theyadjust their lifestyles (clothing, housing, sports) to fit the environment.


Depend upon Anyone involved in farming, fishing, mining or the tourism industry depends uponthe environment. The environment is their livelihood.

Lesson #27

A game to categorize the3 ways people relate tothe land, water and air.

Name thatInteraction!

Break into pairs. Examineeach fact and categorizeit.

Then play the Bell Game:“Name that Interaction.”You guessed it: 3 expertswith 3 bells.

TenochtitlanA man-made island1. The Aztecs built the city in the middle of a lake by dredging the lake. They piledup mud to make islands.

Canals & causeways2. If the city was an island, how did people get into the city? They dredged the lakeand piled up mud to make three roads - causeways - that connected the city to themainland. Most people travelled by canoe through the city’s canals.

An island fortress3. The Aztecs were warriors and Tenochtitlan was an island fortress. Bridges wereraised to trap invaders.

Chinampas4. The Aztecs created chinampas. They dug up mud from the lake bed anddumped it (on the lakeshore or on islands) to create new farmland.

Volcanic soil5. Every great civilization arose on fertile soil. What made the Valley of Mexico'ssoil so fertile? The plateau is full of volcanoes. Volcanic soil is excellent for farming.

Grain6. Every great civilization produced grain (rice, wheat, barley). What grain did theAztecs raise? Maize to make tortillas.

Irrigation & Aqueducts7. The Aztecs dug irrigation ditches to run water to their fields. 8. The Aztecs built aqueducts to run water from mountain streams to their cities fordrinking water.

The Answers

1. ModifyThey also depended on the lakefor humidity in a dry climate andtransportation.

2. ModifyPeople depended on the lakeand its mud.

3. Modify

4. ModifyPeople depended on the lakeand its mud.

5. AdaptThey depended on the rich soil.

6. AdaptThey depended on the land andclimate to grow corn.

7. ModifyPeople could not depend on therainfall.

8. ModifyPeople depended on mountainstreams.

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Internet


Tenochtitlan Why did this spot become a major city?It had a population of 100,000 people.

Put a check next to facts that are true.

WATERWAYS 1. It arose because it is a port city on the seacoast. 2. It arose as an inland port on a major river. 3. It arose because it is located where a major river meets the sea. 4. It arose on a lake. 5. It arose along a river in a very dry region.

CLIMATE6. It arose because of its rainfall. 7. It arose because of its elevation. 8. It arose because it is cooler than the rest of the country.

INTERACTION with natural resources9. It grew in size when people began to trap furs. 10. It grew in size because it had timber to keep homes warm.11. It grew in size because mountain streams could be used to irrigate crops. 12. It grew in size because of the volcanic soil.

MOVEMENT13. It grew because of international shipping. 14. It grew because of canoes travelling down the rivers. 15. It grew because of the migration of peoples from South America. 16. It grew because the Aztecs conquered their neighbors.

REGION17. It was considered the heart of the Aztec nation.

Diego Rivera . . . his painting of Tenochtitlan.Diego Rivera, born and raised in Mexico, is the world’s greatest muralist.Visit his murals at: http://www.fbuch.com/murals.htmScoot down to this mural: “The Great City of Tenochtitlan.” What was it like to live in that city?

Lesson #28

The Answers

1. 2. 3. 4. True5.

6. True7. True8. True

9. 10. 11. True12. True

13. 14. 15. 16. True

17. True

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Lesson #29 Lecture


The AztecsWhat do pyramids tell you about the Aztec way of life? (Religion was central to their lives.)

Religion & Human SacrificeThe Aztecs practiced human sacrifice on an alarming scale!Their religion required that the gods be fed by living hearts.In 1490 20,000 prisoners of war were sacrificed to dedicate a temple.

The CausesTheir religion required human sacrifice:The Aztecs worshiped the sun.The Aztecs believed that the sun god led them to Tenochtitlan.The gods provided them with a good life - sunshine, enough rain, good soil, lakes, and lots of maize.

At sunset, the sun god lived in a dark world.Each night, he fought his way in the darkness.(The sun god was also the war god.)If he won his battle, he brought the sunrise.If he were ever to lose his battle, the sun would never rise again. And earthquakes would destroy the earth.

The Aztecs believed that they needed to help the sun god.To strengthen him for battle, the Aztecs fed him human hearts.

The Results

1. RELIGION Warfare was a religious duty.2. WAR The Aztecs made war on their neighbors.3. SACRIFICE They took prisoners of war and used them for human sacrifice!

If a captured person was skilled in a craft, he was spared - that is, he became a slave.

EmpireThe Aztecs were warriors. During the 1400s, they conquered their neighbors.

Not their goal1. Not the acquisition of territory.2. Not to spread their language or religion. 3. They never tried to make conquered peoples loyal to them.

Their goalWhat did the Aztecs want from conquered peoples?1. Taxes - paid in maize and other food. Taxes were heavy!2. Tribute - Turn over all your gold, cacao beans, cotton, jaguar pelts.3. Victims for human sacrifice.

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GovernmentAn EmperorThe Aztec Empire was ruled by an Emperor. He belonged to the royal family and was chosen by the nobility.He was not all-powerful: He had to consult a council of nobles. In 1502, Montezuma became the Aztec emperor.

The LawsFor most crimes, folks got the death penalty. They became human sacrifice.For minor offenses, people were mutilated. Hand chopped off, etc.

Social StructureThe Social PyramidThe Aztecs had a hierarchical society. There were four classes:

1. Nobles2. Commoners Farmers. Also merchants and artisans.3. Serfs Worked the nobles’ land.4. Slaves

Social MobilityYes. When a warrior took lots of prisoners of war, he was rewarded with higher social rank.

SlaveryThis was a huge class of people!

1. How did you become a slave? Captured in war. Not based on race.2. You were property.3. Your children were born free.

FamiliesLand ownershipThe government gave land to kinship groups - a cluster of families who are related. The kinship group owned the land as a group. They worked it together.

The familyThe Aztec family was an extended family - Mom, Dad, the children, and Dad’s relatives.

The status of women and childrenIn a warrior society, men were superior to women. Women were subordinate to men.There were no women in religion or government.Aztec children were put to work.

SchoolsOnly boys went to school. They received training in religion and warfare. They also learned a craft.

Food, Clothing, HousingThe main food was the tortilla.Meat was scarce: There were no farm animals (cows, cattle, pigs, chickens). Just turkeys.Men went hunting: Deer, rabbits, ducks.The famous chocolate drink was only for the nobility.Everybody wore cotton.People lived in adobe homes.

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Lesson #30 Graphic organizer


The Great Pyramid at TenochtitlanThe Great Pyramid symbolized the Aztecs.As a symbol, what does it represent?

Fill in the graphic organizer below.

People use symbols to identify themselves and express their ideals.

THE UNITED STATESSymbol Name The Statue of Liberty.1. Where United States. In New York City’s harbor. 2. What A woman holding a torch welcomes ships as they sail into the harbor.3. Why To welcome immigrants to America. Ships sailed past it on their way to Ellis Island.4. Identity The statute identifies our nation as being . . .

“A home for the homeless.” “A land of opportunity.”5. Ideals The statue expresses what ideals?

“We welcome immigrants from other lands.”

The Great Pyramid

4. IDENTITY 5. IDEALS

1. Where? 2. Why?

2. What?

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Internet Lesson #31

4. Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations.5. Describe the Meso-American achievements in astronomy and mathematics, including the development of thecalendar and the Meso-American knowledge of seasonal changes to the civilizations’ agricultural systems.

Aztec achievements

Aztec ArtMake your own slideshow!

Photos of stone sculptures and statues from the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City:http://www.mesoweb.com/features/jpl/index.html

The Photo The Caption

1. Slab with a bas-relief carving This is the god Quetzalcoatl. He is a serpent with feathers!2. Sunstone This is the famous Aztec Calendar.3. Sculpture of the deity Coatlicue The earth goddess. Her skirt is made of serpents.

Her necklace is made of human hearts.4. Stone of Tizoc A scene carved into stone: In battle, Aztec warriors do not kill.

With clubs, they hit them on the head, then dragged them home by the hair. They were kept alive in order to be sacrificed to the gods.

5. Head of the deity Coyolxauhqui The moon goddess, who gives the sun god trouble, is decapitated.6. Dedication slab The slab commemorates the renovation of the Great Temple.7. Head of a warrior Warriors belonged to two groups:

Order of the Eagle, Order of the Jaguar8. Statue of Xiuhtecuhtli The Lord of Fire. Notice his eyes. Rather empty, no?9. Statue of Coatlicue The earth goddess: Her skirt is made of serpents.

She has claws for feet. Her face is a skeleton.10. Sculpture of kneeling Cihuateteo The goddess who watches over the Place of the Dead:

Her necklace is made of human hands. Her headband is made of human skulls.

11. Sculpture of Xochipilli The god of flowers, dance, and music: His body is covered with flowers.His face is covered with a mask.

12. Serpent’s head The snake has dead eyes and big teeth.

Here we skip around . . .13. Stone box with corn cobs Maize is part of the religion.14. Recumbent stone sculpture Just like Chac-mool at Chichen Itza.

Reclining guy has a plate on his stomach.The priest puts human hearts onto this guy’s stomach.

Class DiscussionAdd it up and draw conclusions . . .1. What things keep reappearing? Serpents. Human body parts.2. What is the recurring theme? Human sacrifice. Death.3. Artwork is all about religion? True.4. The Aztecs obsessed with death? True.

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ArchitecturePyramids were at the heart of Mayan cities. They were temples, not burial places for rulers (like the Egyptians).

Illustration of Tenochtitlanhttp://www.csubak.edu/~gsantos/img0010.htmlhttp://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC32B.jpg

Model of Tenochtitlanhttp://www.abc.net.au/canberra/stories/s567398.htmhttp://www.btinternet.com/~alan.catherine/wargames/temple.htm

How the pyramids were builtThey did not have the wheel, wheeled carts, or draft animals (horses, oxen).They used logs to roll giant slabs of limestone.Demonstration: Using 3 pencils and a book on top, you can move the heavy book.

Diego Rivera’s painting of Tenochtitlanhttp://www.fbuch.com/murals.htmDiego Rivera is the world’s greatest muralist.Scoot down to “The Great City of Tenochtitlan.” What was it like to live in that city?

The Writing System

PictographsThe Aztecs created pictographs - pictures that represent objects, but not complex ideas.http://www.azteca.net/aztec/nahuatl/writing.html

The CodexThe Codex is an illustrated manuscript that tells a religious legend or explains a religious ritual.

To see the pictures, visit:http://pages.prodigy.net/gbonline/awaztec.htmlhttp://www.ancientscripts.com/aztec.html

Astronomy & CalendarThe Aztec calendarhttp://members.tripod.com/oceanoz/mesodrawing/page3.htmlLike the Maya, the Aztecs had an accurate 365-day calendar.

Musichttp://www.yxayotl.com/The Aztecs played rattles, drums, and flutes.The Aztecs made drums from hollowed logs. A jaguar skin covered the drum head.A drum was played with the hands.

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Game

The ABCs of Aztec cultureArt - What art form (crafts, paintings, drama, music, dance) is typical of this culture?






















Ways of everyday life - How do people take care of . . . cooking, washing clothes, shopping?




Lesson #32

Art Murals, stone sculpture

Buildings Pyramids,adobe homes.

Communication Pictographs.The Codex.

Dress Cotton.

Economy Irrigation. No iron tools. No draft animals.

Family Extended family.Women subordinate to men. Children must work.

Government An empire.Central government.Ruler not all-powerful.

History The Aztecs movedhere from northern Mexico.

Icon The sun god.

Jobs Farmer-warriors

Knowledge Schools are forboys only.

LanguagePictographs - pictures representobjects.

Movement Conquered all theirneighbors

National Pride - Religion

Population The majority werefarmers. Big % were slaves.

Quality of life This is not ahappy society.

Religion gods and goddesses

Low Status slaves

Taboos Only priests areallowed at the top of pyramids.

Urban? Yes!

Vacation Nope.


X Valley of Mexico

Yum Tortillas, Chocolate

Ztuff Weaving cotton

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An Aztec RiddleChallenge the classRead the questions.Tell the class: “There is one answer for all. Can you figure it out?”

The Aztecs made chocolate drinks, but didn't use milk.Why not?

Everything the Aztecs cooked was either baked orbroiled. Why never fried?

The Aztecs took hot steam baths and cold baths in thelake, but never used soap. Why?

Most of the Aztecs were farmers, but they neverplowed their fields. Why not?

The Aztecs were not vegetarians, yet they rarely atemeat. Why?

The Aztecs had runners who memorized messagesand relayed them on foot. Why?

The Emperor was carried on a litter. Why?

Despite all of their inventions, the Aztecs did notinvent the wheel. Why not?

Unlike other civilizations, the Aztecs never sacrificedvaluable animals like oxen or sheep. Why?

Every Aztec boy carried a small bag of stones aroundhis neck. He added one stone each month until hecarried 60 pounds around his neck. Why?

When Cortes and his conquistadores arrived onhorseback, the Aztecs thought they were gods. Why?

The Answer:No livestock.No horses, cows, oxen, sheep, pigs.


“Students distinguish fact from opinion.”

Life is like a rock group

If you gave a problem to 5 different rock groups, they'd each come up with a different song.

The teacher states the situation: The Aztecs: What do you think of them?







*Tenochtitlan was a MAGNIFICENT city.**Continuous wars to capture victims for human sacrifice.***Just the facts.****Put yourself in the shoes of the conquered neighbors.*****If the Aztecs had not treated their neighbors badly,Cortes would never have conquered Mexico.

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Student activity

3. Explain how and where each empire arose and how the Aztec and Incanempires were defeated by the Spanish.

Cortes psyched out the Aztecs.

If you were Cortes, what would YOU have done? Write your answer (best guess) to each question.

1. Cortes, the son of a minor nobleman in Spain, was 7 years old when Columbusdiscovered the Americas. At 14, his parents sent him to study law at the university.At 16, he ran away, first wandering on foot, then sailing. At 19, he sailed to to theNew World to seek his fortune. If you were Cortes, where in the New World wouldYOU go?

2. The Governor heard rumors of the Aztecs, who had a glorious city built of goldin Mexico. He sent an expedition of 11 ships and 600 men to conquer Mexico andbring back the gold. Since the Governor's purpose was to gain wealth and glory forhimself, he chose someone he thought he could trust to lead the expedition - hisson-in-law, Cortes. When he heard rumors that Cortes would to claim the gold forhimself, the Governor ordered Cortes to come home. If you were Cortes, whatwould YOU have done?

3. Cortes explored the coast of Mexico and landed at Veracruz. As he marchedinland, he learned that the Aztecs made war on their neighbors. Even worse, theAztecs, who believed in human sacrifice, slaughtered their neighbors to appeasetheir gods. For this reason, the Tlaxcala people were the traditional enemies of theAztecs. If you were Cortes, how could YOU use the hostility between the Tlaxcalaand the Aztecs?

4. Along the way, Cortes was told the Aztec legend of Quetzalcoatl: Once upon atime, there was a white god named Quetzalcoatl who sailed into the east andpromised to return one day. If you were Cortes, how would YOU use this legend todefeat the Aztecs?

5. In the middle of all this, the Governor of Cuba sent an expedition to arrestCortes. He would be put in chains, returned to Cuba, and then beheaded. If youwere Cortes, what would YOU do when you heard the Spanish ships were going to capture you?

6. When Cortes returned to Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), the Aztecs rose in revoltagainst him, killing the majority of his men. Montezuma was stoned to death. If youwere Cortes, what would YOU do now?

Lesson #35

Here’s what Cortes actually did . . .

1. To Santo Domingo(Dominican Republic) that wasColumbus' home base in theAmericas. There, he joined upwith Columbus' crew andhelped conquer the island ofCuba. When one of Columbus'crew was appointed Governorof Cuba, Cortes married hisdaughter.

2. Cortes ignored the orderand sailed to Mexico anyhow.

3. Cortes persuaded thousandsof Tlaxcalans to march with himto the Aztec capital city. Theycould protect him and then helphim conquer the Aztecs by sup-plying him with mercenarytroops, food, transport, andbases to retreat to in friendlyterritory.

4. Cortes pretended to be thegod Quetzalcoatl. He rode ahorse, an animal which theAztecs had never seen.Montezuma, Emperor of theAztecs, welcomed Cortes intohis capital city of Tenochtitlan -today's Mexico City. Corteswas greeted with flowers, giftsof gold, and great ceremony.He studied the layout of the cityand planned the best way toattack it. He imprisoned hishost, Montezuma, and ruled theempire through his puppet.

5. Cortes went to the coast,talked to the Spanish guards,and gave them gifts of gold. Heexplained that Tenochtitlan wasfull of gold, just ripe for the tak-ing. He convinced them to joinhim.

6. He sent word throughout theCaribbean region that Mexicowas full of gold. 1,000 adven-turers showed up. With these -and thousands of Tlaxcalans -Cortes laid siege toTenochtitlan. After 3 months,the Aztecs surrendered. Cortesbecame the wealthiest man inthe New World.

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Lesson #36 LectureInternet


The Spanish Conquest A mini-lecture with photos.

Cortes lands in Mexico, 1519http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/teachers/route.GIF In 1519, Cortes and 500 Spanish conquistadores landed in Mexico.They made their way from the coast to the city of Tenochtitlan.

Montezuma welcomes Corteshttp://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_a00.htmlIllustration of Cortes: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC33A.jpgIllustration of Montezuma: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC33B.jpg

At first, the Aztecs regarded the Spaniards as white gods whose arrival was predicted by Aztec legend.Emperor Montezuma welcomed Cortes - because of the legend of Quetzalcoatl:

Quetzalcoatl was the god of civilization and learning.In 1000 A.D. Quetzalcoatl sailed away to the east, promising to return in 500 years. In 1519, Cortes sailed to Mexico.Montezuma assumed Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl.

Tenochtitlan http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC32B.jpg

The Spanish were shocked to find that Tenochtitlan was as large as any city in Europe. Because of its size, population, and lively trade, they called it "the Venice of the New World.”

Their goalsWhat did the Spaniards want?Their object was: “God, gold, and glory.”Their aim was to conquer the Aztecs, Christianize them, and capture their gold.

The Conquest, 1521http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/HWC522.jpghttp://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC39.jpg

How did Cortes ever think that his 500 men could conquer a city of 100,000?He didn’t.He knew that he and his men could not do it on their own.He needed allies.

Cortes inspired a revoltHe and his men were joined by 6,000 Indians - the Aztecs’ neighbors.These conquered peoples feared and hated the Aztecs.They were tired of being enslaved and used as human sacrifice.

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March on Tenochtitlanhttp://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/teachers/route.GIFhttp://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/teachers/massacre.GIF

Led by Cortes, the people rose up against the Aztecs.Cortes and his 500 men were high-tech: Horses, armor, iron weapons (crossbows), and cannons.Tenochtitlan fell. It was the heart of the Aztec empire.When their heart was cut out, the Aztecs gave up.Emperor Montezuma was taken prisoner. He died from his battle wounds.

Diseasehttp://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/HWC528.jpghttp://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/79-104/Readings/Gallery/Gallery1/SC192.jpg

With the arrival of the Europeans, there was a catastrophic decline in the Aztec population.Diseases: The flu, smallpox, bubonic plague, typhoid fever, measles, and mumps.

Tenochtitlan under Spanish rulehttp://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?action=view&link=History/Explorers&image=AC2_mexi-co61.jpg&img=18&tt=

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Montezuma's Revenge

Tourists who travel around the world know that if youdrink the water, you may suffer dysentery.

In India, dysentery is called "Delhi Belly." In Egypt, it is called "Pharaoh's Curse." In Morocco it is known as "Casablanca Crud." In Mexico, it is nicknamed "Montezuma's Revenge."

If you think about it, the name makes sense.

In 1519, the Aztec emperor Montezuma was waiting for the return of the white god-king Quetzalcoatl whohad sailed off into the Caribbean Sea, promising to return in 1519. That very same year, Cortes and hiswhite crew sailed into the Gulf of Mexico.

Montezuma welcomed Cortes into the capital city.But Cortes kidnapped him and conquered the Aztecs.In the process, Montezuma was killed.

Now when foreigners visit, Montezuma gets revenge.





The teacher states the situation: Cortes conquered the Aztecs. What do you think of that?







*On the upside, the Spaniards ended human sacrifice.**On the downside, the Spaniards continued slavery.***Cortes brought horses, the wheel, iron farming tools.****The people of the Americas were ruled by faraway Spain.*****Thanks to everybody involved, the Aztec heritage is alive andwell. Mexico is a lively mix of Amerindian and European culture.

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Internet

Our all-time favorite website: http://www.ancientmexico.com/

Homework: The Aztecs

Great maps!

http://crystalinks.com/aztecs.html1. The Aztec empire lies between what two seas?

http://www.ancientmexico.com/content/map/index.htmlClick on the lake.

2. What will you find in the Valley of Mexico?

3. Meso-America was the home of two civilizations. What were they?

Tenochtitlanhttp://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/teachers/tcity.htmlhttp://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/teachers/tpyramids.html4. What can you tell us about Tenochtitlan?

Achievementshttp://www.azteca.net/aztec/nahuatl/writing.html5. Scroll down: What is a pictograph?

http://pages.prodigy.net/gbonline/awaztec.html6. What is a Codex?

http://members.tripod.com/oceanoz/mesodrawing/page3.html7. What is this?

Human Sacrificehttp://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAMRCA/AZTECS.HTM8. Take a look at the photos. Which one is shocking?

Corteshttp://www.ancientmexico.com/content/conquest/index.html9. What did the Aztecs think of Cortes?

http://www.sitesatlas.com/Maps/Maps/506.htm10. From 1521 onward, who ruled Mexico?

Lesson #39

The Answers

1. Gulf of Mexico andPacific Ocean.

2. Lake Texcoco andTenochtitlan. Plus a bunch ofcities united by lakes.

3 The Maya (east)The Aztec (west)

4. Big city on a lake.Had pyramids.

5. A picture of an object. This isthe Aztec system of writing.

6. A an illustratedmanuscript.

7. The Aztec calendar.

8. The Wall of Skulls.All those people were sacrificedto the gods.

9. The Aztecs regarded Cortesas a god.

10. SpainCortes, a Spanish conquistador,conquered the Aztecs. Fromthen on, Spain ruled Mexico.

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Lesson #40 Game


The ABCs of the AztecsStep #1: Remember: Without this sheet, go around the room. Can you remember one term, from A to Z?Step #2: Define: Go to the library and define each term.Step #3: Rap: Using these terms, write a “Rap.” Perform it for the class.Step #4: Individuals: Without this sheet, go around the room. “A is for . . .” Move to the head of the class.Step #5: Teams: Break into two teams. One point for a term; two points for defining the term.

Aztecs, adobe, aqueducts, astronomy, appease

Bloody sacrifice to appease the gods, barter

Canals, cornmeal, chili peppers, cacao, causeway, 365-day calendar, chinampa, Codex, Cortes

Dredge, diffusion

Elevation, empire, extended family

Flute

Gulf of Mexico

Human sacrifice, hierarchical society

Island fortress, irrigation

Jai-alai, jaguars, jewelry of gold and silver

Knives and spears made of obsidian (no iron)

Lake Texcoco, lack of draft animals, the Emperor was carried in a litter

Montezuma, Meso-America, maize, migration, math: counted by 20s.

North America, neighbors hate the Aztecs

One hundred thousand lived in Tenochtitlan

Plateau of Mexico, pyramid, pictographs, the plaza, Pre-Columbian art

Quetzalcoatl

Religion ruled every part of their lives

Sun worship, slavery

Tenochtitlan, Tropic of Cancer, tribute, tortilla, tomato, tierra fria

Upheaval during earthquakes

Valley of Mexico, volcanic soil, “Venice of the New World”

Waged war continuously, women were subordinate to men, weaving

Xochimilco - a lake with floating gardens

Your heart was cut out in a gruesome ceremony

Zapotec and Toltec neighbors helped Cortes defeat the Aztecs

page 80

Game Lesson #41

Learn terms.Learn the logic of a multiple-choice test.

Can you speak Aztec?


Define the terms!

Aztecs, adobe, aqueducts, astronomyBloody sacrifice to appease the gods, barterCanals, cornmeal, chili peppers, cacao, causeway,365-day calendar, chinampa, Codex, CortesDredgeElevation, empire, extended familyFluteGulf of MexicoHuman sacrifice, hierarchical societyIsland fortress, irrigationJai-alai, jaguars, jewelry of gold and silver Knives and spears made of obsidian (no iron) Lake Texcoco, litter Montezuma, Meso-America, maizeNorth AmericaPlateau of Mexico, pyramid, pictographs Quetzalcoatl Sun worship, slavery Tenochtitlan, Tropic of Cancer, tribute, tortilla, tomato, Valley of Mexico, volcanic soil, “Venice of the NewWorld”Waged war continuously, women were subordinate tomen, weaving

a. A Plateau is a landform that rises sharply above surroundingland, with altitude of at least 2,000 feet. It also haslocal relief of more than 1,000 feet. (Sounds plausible,but it's incorrect.)

b. A Plateau is a toe-shaped piece of land surrounded by water onthree sides. (Don't fall for this. Incorrect.)

c. A Plateauis a low, level land between two areas of higher eleva-tion. (Sounds plausible, but no dice.)

d. A Plateauis a broad, level landform that has high relief and high-er elevation than surrounding land with steep cliffs onat least one side and usually close to or surroundedby mountains. (Bravissimo. This is the correct defini-tion.)

e. A Plateau is a landform with mostly level land and elevation ofno more than 1,000 feet above sea level. It also haslocal relief of less than 300 feet. (Nope, but it soundsplausible.)

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Lesson #42

The Five SensesGoal: Develop a picture in your mind’s eye.

Consider the Aztec World during the Middle Ages.

Put your head on your desk.Close your eyes.The teacher asks general questions.Whenever something pops into your head, speak up!(But keep your eyes closed.)

The topic: The Aztec World

1. SeeWhat is the first thing you see?

2. HearWhat is the first thing you hear?

3. SmellWhat is the first thing you smell?

4. TasteWhat is the first thing you taste?

5. TouchWhat is the first thing you touch?

Student activity

Some Answers

1. SeeLake Texcoco.The island of Tenochtitlan.The pyramids and plaza in Tenochtitlan.Emperor Montezuma being carried in a litter.Priests cut out the heart of a prisoner of war.60,000 barter in the marketplace.Pictographs that tell the story of an earthquake.My extended family in an adobe home.Thousands of conquered people paying tribute (stuff)

to their Aztec conquerors.

2. HearRattles, drums, and flutes.The neighbors grouching about the Aztecs.

3. SmellCortes’ horses entering the city of Tenochtitlan.

4. TasteTortillas, tomatoes, and chili peppers.Drinking water from an aqueduct.That fabulous chocolate drink.

5. TouchSquishy mud in a chinampa.The volcanic soil. An irrigation ditch.That big round Aztec calendar.

6. FeelThe cool weather. (Tierra fria.)An earthquake rumbling the ground.

7. The hardest thing to imagine . . .That Codex: It was a manuscript, like a book.The game of jai-alai.That god Quetzalcoatl - a snake with feathers?All those prisoners of war - where did they keep

them?

8. What do you not see?Iron tools or iron weaponsWheels or wagonsFarm animals or draft animals (beasts of burden)

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3. The Inca

Our favorite photo tour of Peru:http://www.fortunecity.co.uk/shangrila/skegness/175/

Left-hand column, click on the buttons:LimaCuzcoMachu PicchuLake TiticacaSacred ValleyNaturePeopleLanguage

page 84

Mapping Lesson #43


The Inca Empire Using highlighters, color the map.

South AmericaFirst, label this map: The Inca Empire.What continent is this? (South America.)

Questions1. Did the Inca live in North America? No. North America is Panama and everything to the north.2. Did the Inca live in South America? Yes. South America is everything south of Panama.3. Did the Inca live in Central America? No. Central America is the land bridge.4. Did the Inca live in Middle America? No. Middle America is everything in the middle. (Mexico,land bridge)5. Did the Inca live in Meso-America? No. Meso-America is where the Aztecs (Mexico)

and Maya (Guatemala) lived.The EquatorNext to Ecuador, write “The Equator.” (Ecuador means “equator.”)

The Andes MountainsThe Inca Empire was built in the Andes Mountains.You are going to draw the Andes Mountains. Put colored dots on the following places: Guaca, Quito, Cajamarca, Huanuco, Cuzco, Lake Titicaca, and Santiago.Connect the dots with a wide colored line.This is the Andes Mountains. It is called the Andean region.Lake Titicaca is the world’s highest navigable lake.

CuzcoCuzco was the capital city of the Inca Empire. Circle Cuzco.

Class Discussion1. LOCATIONWhat generalizations can you make about the location of the Inca Empire?

It lies in South America.It lies along the west coast of South America.It lies in the countries of Ecuador, Peru, and Chile.It was centered in Peru. (That’s where the capital city is.)

2. SHAPE What generalization can you make about the shape of the Inca Empire? (Long. It is 3,000 miles long.)

3. SIZEWhat generalization can you make about the size of the Inca Empire? (Big. The biggest empire in the world.)

4. LATITUDE What generation can you make about the latitude of the Inca Empire? (On the Equator.)

5. ALTITUDEWhat generation can you make about the altitude of the Inca Empire? (High. Highest civilization in the world.)“Altitude cancels out latitude.” What do we mean by that? (You can be on the Equator. But if you are high up, itis cool.)

PANAMA

CHILE

ECUADOR

BOLIVIA

COLOMBIA

PERU

CaribbeanSea

Concepcion

PuertoMontt

Neuquen

SanCarlosdeBariloche

Valdivia

Guaca

Cuzco

Huanuco

Santiago

Bogota

Quito

PacificOcean

LakeTiticaca

AtlanticOcean

Cajamarca

MachuPicchu

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Game

The Inca



Lesson #44


The Five Themes of Geography

1. Location Exact location: What is the latitude and longitude?Relative location: “It is north of such and such.”





5. RegionA region is a territory or area that has common physical or human features.North China is a region with a common river, soil, climate, farming,



1. Movement2. Region3. Region4. Region5. Region6. Region7. Location8. Region9. Region10. Place - cultural feature11. Place - cultural feature12. Region13. Region14. Place - physical feature

Empire1. In the 1400s, the Inca began to expand outward from Cuzco.2. By 1492, the Inca had the biggest empire in the world.3. The Inca Empire reached its height around 1438-1532, during the era of theSpanish conquests.

South America4. The Maya and Aztecs lived in North America; the Inca lived in South America.5. The Inca empire covered a vast region.6. It stretched for 3,000 miles down the west coast of South America.7. The Inca empire faced the Pacific Ocean.

Peru8. The Inca empire was centered in the country of Peru.9. The Inca empire covered parts of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Bolivia.

Cuzco10. The Inca capital city was Cuzco.11. In Cuzco, the Temple of the Sun is where the Inca worshiped the sun.

The Land12. The Empire was based in the Andes Mountains.13. The Empire also extended to the coast of the Pacific Ocean.14. Lake Titicaca is the world’s highest navigable lake.

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LatitudeThe Equator15. The Inca empire was located smack dab on the Equator.16. The Equator runs through Quito, a city in Ecuador.17. Ecuador means “Equator.”

AltitudeThe Andes Mountains18. The Inca empire was built high in the Andes Mountains.19. The Andes is the world’s second-highest mountain range.20. The city of Cuzco lies at 11,000 feet above sea level.21. At that altitude, the air has less oxygen.22. The Inca people had larger lungs than people who live closer to sea level.

Climate23. Year-round, the weather is always cool.24. There is lots of sunshine and plenty of rain.

FarmingCrops25. Farmers also raised maize.26. The Inca raised llamas and alpacas for wool.27. Along the hot, dry Pacific coast, farmers raised cotton for textiles.

The incredible potato28. Farmers raised the incredible potato: It is incredible because it is frost-hardy.29. The potato was Peru’s gift to the world.30. From its home in Peru, the potato has spread to faraway places like Ireland,Poland, and Russia.

Farming techniques31. The Inca had no iron plows and no draft animals.32. Farmers used spades and hoes.33. The Inca used terrace farming.34. The Inca used irrigation.35. The Inca had three fields - one crop for themselves, the other two for the gov-ernment.

Mining36. The Inca mined great quantities of gold and silver.37. Craftsmen turned gold and silver into magnificent jewelry and artwork.

15. Location16. Location17. Place - cultural feature18. Region19. Region20. Place - cultural feature21. Place - physical feature22. Interaction23. Place - physical feature24. Place - physical feature25. Interaction26. Place - physical feature27. Interaction28. Interaction29. Place - cultural feature30. Movement31. Place - physical feature32. Interaction33. Interaction34. Interaction35. Place - cultural feature36. Interaction37. Place - cultural feature

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Transportation & Communication38. It is movement that made the Inca famous. 39. The Inca built roads through the Andes - an engineering feat unequalled in the

world.

The road system40. To unite the vast empire, the Inca government built a network of roads.41. The greatest Inca invention is the suspension bridge.42. The suspension bridge allowed people to cross deep valleys.43. The Inca were great engineers who performed engineering feats.44. The roads united an empire of 20 million people. 45. The Inca are as famous for their roads as the Romans were for their roads.46. The Inca roads are still used today.

Messengers47. The Inca had a Pony Express, minus the ponies.48. Runners, in a relay, carried messages along the government road system.

Trade49. The government conducted all trade.50. The Inca used barter.

Transportation51. There was no wheel. There were no carts. There was no draft animal. There

was no transportation.52. People walked and their llamas carried the goods.

38. Movement39. Movement40. Movement41. Interaction42. Interaction43. Place - cultural feature44. Movement, Region45. Movement46. Movement47. Movement48. Movement49. Movement50. Place - cultural feature51. Place - cultural feature52. Movement

page 89










page 90

Lima The capital city of Peru today. Latitude: Close to the Equator. Altitude: 400 feet above sea level.

Month Rainfall Temperature* January 0.1" 82 degrees F. February 0 83 March 0 83 April 0 80 May 0.2 74 June 0.2 68 July 0.3 67 August 0.3 66September 0.3 68 October 0.1 71 November 0.1 74 December 0 78


CuzcoThe capital of the Inca Empire. Latitude: Close to the Equator. Altitude: 11,000 feet above sea level.

Month Rainfall Temperature* January 6" 68 degrees F. February 6 69 March 4 70 April 2 71 May 0.6 70 June 0.2 69 July 0.2 70 August 0.4 70 September 1 71 October 3 72 November 3 73 December 5 71


Chart Lesson #45


Why Cuzco? In no other place in the world (except the Himalayas) do people live at such a high elevation. In Asia, Africa, and Europe, civilizations developed along river valleys or near the seacoast. Why did the Inca build high up in the mountains?

Analyze Cuzco

Temperature1. What general statements can you make about the temperature in Cusco? 2. This land is called tierra fria. What does that mean?

Rainfall3. What general statements can you make about the rainfall?

Seasons4. Does this place have 4 different seasons? 5. Why do people call this "the land of perpetual spring"?

Elevation6. True or false: The higher a city's elevation, the cooler the city is. (True.)

Lima7. Why do you suppose the Inca rejected Lima as their headquarters? (Too hot,little rainfall.)


The Answers

1. It is always cool.

2. Cool or cold land.

3. It varies from month tomonth.

4. No. It has no cold winter andno hot summer.

5. It is always cool and hasplenty of rainfall.

6. True

7. Too hot and too dry.

8. Answers will vary. See the next lesson!

page 91


This is Your Life

Your new life: You have been chosen to spend a year as an exchange student in Cuzco.What will you be eating? What should you wear? What will the houses be like? What sports can you play?







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Game

A game to categorize the3 ways people relate tothe land, water and air.

The Inca andthe environ-ment

Break into pairs. Examineeach fact and categorizeit.

Then play The Bell Game“Name that Interaction.”You guessed it: 3 expertswith 3 bells.

Lesson #46


How the Inca interacted with their environment

Adapt This is the most difficult. It means leaving the environment unchanged. It meanschanging your life to fit it. Environmentalists, especially those concerned with pre-serving the wilderness, like to leave the land, water and air alone. People interest-ed in good health or tourism often try to preserve things as they are. The biggestcategory of “adapters” are people who have no choice: Out of necessity, theyadjust their lifestyles (clothing, housing, sports) to fit the environment.


Depend upon Anyone involved in farming, fishing, mining or the tourism industry depends uponthe environment. The environment is their livelihood.

1. Unlike the rest of the world, the Inca lived smack dab on the Equator. Instead ofliving in the lowlands (where it is hot!), they moved to the highlands (where it iscool).

2. Unlike the rest of the world, the Inca lived at 11,000 feet above sea level. At thataltitude, the air has less oxygen. The Inca developed larger lungs than people wholive closer to sea level.

3. Unlike the rest of the world, the Inca raised the incredible potato: It is incrediblebecause it is frost-hardy.

4. Unlike the Old World, the Inca had no draft animals. They had no horses oroxen to pull plows or carts. Instead, their land had llamas - a light animal that couldcarry a light pack.

5. Like West Africa, the Inca mined great quantities of gold.

6. Unlike the Old World, the Inca did not use gold as a currency. The llama, a lightpack animal, could never carry heavy gold!

7. Unlike the Old World, the Inca had no farm animals, like sheep. Instead, theyraised llamas and alpacas for wool. This was to keep warm in the highlands.

8. Like China, the Inca cut terraces into the hillsides.

9. Like Egypt, the Inca irrigated their farms and raised cotton.

10. Like Rome, the Inca built a network of roads. Unlike Rome, they followed thecontour of the land. The roads clung to the ridge tops.

11. Like all the civilizations, the Inca mined local rock (granite) and used it to buildcities.

The AnswersProbably they are all “Depend.”

1. They did not adapt.

2. Adapt

3. Adapt

4. Adapt

5. Modify the land

6. Adapt

7. Adapt

8. Modify

9. Modify

10. Modify

11. Modify

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1. Study the locations, landforms, and climates of Mexico, Central America, and South America andtheir effects on Mayan, Aztec, and Incan economies, trade, and development of urban societies.

Machu PicchuFor a picture of Machu Picchu, visit:http://www.he.net/~mine/inca/http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/machu.html

What is the first thing that strikes you about Machu Picchu?(Building a city on such a high precipice was a spectacular engineering achievement. It looks like it should have been built using helicopters.)

What sort of buildings and other features can you see? (Covering 100 acres, the city had palaces, temples, a military barracks, homes, and terraced farmland. An aqueduct carried water from mountain streams to fountains in the middle of the city. The highest peak had a lookout station. Only one path, along the tops of the mountain ridges, led to the city.)

Machu Picchu is famous. Why?(It is one of the world's most famous engineering feats.)

What do archaeologists call a place where an ancient city once stood? (Ruins.)

How would you describe this place? (Mountainous.) What are these mountains? (The Andes.)

What's unusual about the Andes? (It is the second highest mountain range in the world. Only the Himalayas are higher.)

The Inca civilization covered all of the Andes. So what? (The Andes run 3,000 miles from Colombia to Chile. That is a VAST empire.)

The Inca were very religious. Judging by the altitude, who would you guess was their chief god? (The sun god. The Inca lived close to the sun.)

Why do you suppose this city is built on top of a mountain? (It was designed to be a mountain fortress.)

Machu Picchu was not discovered until 1911, even though it lies just 50 miles northwest of Cuzco. Can you guess why? (It was in a high, remote spot.)

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Graphic organizer Lesson #48


Machu PicchuMacchu Picchu symbolizes the Inca.As a symbol, what does it represent?

Using the encyclopedia, look up Macchu Picchu.Fill in the graphic organizer below.

People use symbols to identify themselves and express their ideals.

THE UNITED STATESSymbol Name The Statue of Liberty.1. Where United States. In New York City’s harbor. 2. What A woman holding a torch welcomes ships as they sail into the harbor.3. Why To welcome immigrants to America. Ships sailed past it on their way to Ellis Island.4. Identity The statute identifies our nation as being . . .

“A home for the homeless.” “A land of opportunity.”5. Ideals The statue expresses what ideals?

“We welcome immigrants from other lands.”

Machu Picchu

4. IDENTITY 5. IDEALS

1. Where? 2. Why?

2. What?

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Lesson #49 Lecture


The IncaEmpireNot a military empire: The Inca did not rule by force. They treated conquered peoples well.When the Inca conquered territory, they were good to their subjects.They allowed the local rulers to remain in power.The Inca then did everything it could to make the people loyal to the empire.

Their goalWhat did the Inca want from conquered peoples?1. Territory2. To spread the Inca language, religion, and way of life3. Taxes - paid in maize and other food. Taxes were not heavy.4. Tribute - Gifts to the central government. This was not a burden.5. Loyalty - The Inca did whatever it took to make folks feel loyal to them.

Strong Central GovernmentThe Inca had the strongest central government in the Americas.The Emperor was all-powerful. He was an absolute ruler.

The advantageThe central government carried out massive labor projects: Roads, irrigation systems, terrace farms.There was so much food - that food was guaranteed to everyone.

The disadvantagesThe system depended too much on the central government.If the head was removed, the system was paralyzed.(This is what Pizarro and the Spanish conquistadores did.)

How it worked

The Social PyramidThe Inca had a rigid hierarchical society. It was a pyramid, with one man at the top:

1. The Inca ruler2. The royal family3. Tribal heads - were government officials4. Clan heads - were government officials5. Commoners - the great mass of people.

People were clustered into labor groups of ten.Each labor group had a supervisor.

Taxes & Required Labor1. Taxes People paid taxes in food - They handed over 2/3 of their crops to the government.2. Forced labor Men were required to work - on construction projects, in the mines, or in the army.

Women were required to work - weave cloth and turn it over to the government.

The Inca did not have slavery.

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The government controlled everything!1. the land and the crops2. the farming system 3. the distribution of food4. the industries (mining + textile)5. trade and communication

The Advantages .......................A WELFARE STATEThe people paid taxes and performed labor for the government.In return, the government provided them with everything they needed.How did food hold the empire together? The Inca set up an elaborate welfare system, free food, for those in need. This made people loyal to the emperor and the Inca empire.

The Disadvantages ..................NO PERSONAL FREEDOMThe government controlled every aspect of peoples’ lives:The government arranged marriages.Families were told where to live.Individuals had to be obedient.They told peasants how much to produce, took part of the harvest in taxes, and fed each class of people. No social mobility - You were born into a class and could not rise above it.

FamiliesThe Inca lived in extended families - several generations in one home.

The status of women and childrenMen and women were roughly equal. Children were put to work.

Daily LifeIn the high Andes, folks wore wool ponchos to keep warm.Families lived in stone huts with thatched roofs.

ReligionThere were lots of gods and goddesses. The Emperor worshiped the sun god.Religious festivals meant a parade, music, dancing, singing, and games.The Inca believed in an afterlife - one went to either heaven or hell.

DivinationPriests were VERY important in Inca society.Like the ancient Chinese, the Inca “read” animal bones and other things . . .to make important decisions about planting, harvesting, going to war, and other government matters.

Chosen WomenSpecial women, of beauty and intelligence, helped prepare food for the religious ceremonies.

SacrificeFood and animals were sacrificed to the gods. Human sacrifice was extremely rare.

MummiesImportant people were mummified.

Sacred placesMountain peaks were considered to be sacred.

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Lesson #50 Lecture

4. Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations.5. Describe the Meso-American achievements in astronomy and mathematics, including the development of thecalendar and the Meso-American knowledge of seasonal changes to the civilizations’ agricultural systems.

Inca achievements

EngineeringThe Inca were brilliant engineers.They built:

1. The road system - suspension bridges and tunnels through the Andes.2. Aqueducts delivered fresh water to their cities.3. Stone buildings without mortar.

ArchitectureArchitects cut stone to fit exactly; they never used cement.They built temples. But it is their mountain forts that are amazing.

AstronomyUsing astronomy, the Inca could predict the seasons.

MathGeometryThe Inca used geometry to build their architecture.

The quipuThe Inca kept records (taxes, harvest) using a quipu.A quipu was a rope: You tied knots onto it to indicate numbers.

Counted by tensThe Inca counted by 10s. (Just as we do.)

No writing system!Unlike the Maya and Aztecs, the Inca had no system of writing.

QuechuaThe Inca spoke Quechua.Today, half of all Peruvians are Indians who descend from the Inca.They still speak the Quechua language.

Oral historySons of the nobility went to school and memorized historical legends and poems.

MusicThe Inca loved flutes.

ArtGeometric patterns were very common - on pottery and in textile art.Sculptures were made out of gold.

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Student project Lesson #51

Mini-projects

Students teach the class!

Physical FeaturesGoal: Show the movie “Alive!” which is shot high in the Andes Mountains. Go to Blockbuster and rent the true story Alive! This is the spellbinding account of the survivors of a plane crash high in the Andes. Lead the class discussion: What kind of place is the Andes?

Goal: Tell the story of the potato. On tape, tell the story of the potato, from beginning to end. Make sure you answer this question: Although the potato plant existed elsewhere, the Inca were the first people to grow it. The potato liked living in the Andes. Why?

Goal: Tell the story of Lake Titicaca. Read "Titicaca: Abode of the Sun" in National Geographic magazine (February 1971). On tape, tell the story from beginning to end. Cut out the pictures and paste them onto posterboard. What is unusual about this lake? What part did it play in the history of the Inca? How have people adapted to the high altitude?

Goal: Imagine the reaction of Inca farmers to earthquakes and volcanoes. This region has earthquakes all the time: An earthquake struck Peru in 1970, killing 67,000 people. Earthquakes hit Chile in 1906 (killing 20,000) and 1939 (killing 30,000). An earthquake hit Ecuador in 1987; its landslide killed 5,000 people. Erupting volcanoes are also common: Ecuador's Cotopaxi volcano erupted in 1975. Chile's Villarica erupted in 1991. Colombia's Nevado del Ruiz erupted in 1985, killing 23,000 people.

Using National Geographic magazines, read about this region's earthquakes and volcanoes. On tape, read aloud the most exciting stores. After each paragraph, react as if you were an Inca farmer.

Goal: Analyze the isolation of the Inca empire. The ancient civilizations of Asia, Africa, and Europe communicated with each other. Europeans got paper, the compass, printing, and gunpowder from the Chinese. The Greeks taught everyone how to create an alphabet and invent a system of writing. But the Inca invented everything from scratch!

1) The Inca were isolated from the rest of the world. How so? 2) What inventions did the Inca give to the world? (via the Spanish)

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Cultural Features

CitiesGoal: Construct a model of Cuzco. Using the World Book Encyclopedia C for Cuzco and P for Peru, make a clay model of the altiplano (high plateau and river valley).

Goal: How many ancient cities were located at high elevations? Cuzco lies 1,000 feet above sea level.

Using a big world atlas, find the latitude and elevation of each city. (Look in the back of the book.) Athens, Baghdad, Beijing, Cairo, Chichen Itza, Delhi, Rome, TenochtitlanMake a chart, listing each city, its latitude and elevation. Explain your chart to the class:

Which cities, if any, have an elevation as high as Cuzco = 10,000 ft. above sea level.

GovernmentGoal: Develop a theory. Using these facts, figure out what is going on.

The Inca government owned all of the land. Each family was given more than enough land to support it. The rest was government land. A family was required to work the government lands before their own. Surplus grain from government lands were stored in government granaries. Granaries were located along the major highways. When people suffered crop failures, the government gave them food from the granaries. Widows and orphans, as well as the sick and aged, were given food from the granaries. People who worked on government projects (irrigation, roads) could draw food at the granaries. Each family was given an allowance of wool from government-owned herds of alpacas.

AchievementsGoal: The Road System . . . Can you draw this? Draw sketches of the different types of roads: On steep slopes, they built roads that zigzagged up the hillside. On incredibly steep slopes, they cut steps into the rocky mountainside.

At ravines, they built suspension bridges, using braided fiber cables and wooden slats. When cutting a road into the mountainside, they made a road 3 feet wide (just wide enough for a person and a llama). On one side was the path; on the other a sharp drop.

Along each path, they built huts as way stations. Along major roads, they built way stations large enough to house Inca soldiers. Along major highways, they built government granaries (to feed people when their crops failed). On the major highways, they stationed messengers every couple of miles.

A message could travel 140 miles a day.Along the major highways, trains of hundreds of llamas carried supplies.

Goal: Discover why the Inca never invented the wheel.Civilizations in Asia, Africa, and Europe invented the wheel. Why didn't it occur to the Inca? Consider these facts - then figure it out!

Despite 20,000 miles of roads, the roads had no vehicular traffic. Unlike other ancient civilizations, the Inca never sacrificed oxen or sheep. Llamas were used to carry cargo. The Inca had no carts or wagons. Inca roads were often steps that ran up and down the mountains. The Inca had runners who memorized messages and relayed them on foot. The Emperor was carried on a litter.

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Goal: Machu Picchu. Brainstorm: Why did the Inca build Machu Picchu this way?

Machu Picchu lies near the Equator, so it should be hot. It lies at 8,000 feet, so it is cooler. Machu Picchu was built on an east-facing hillside. Its thick rock walls were built so they faced east. The west sides of the buildings were packed with dirt. The Inca worshiped Inti, the sun god. In Spanish, "sol" means sun.

Goal: Appreciate Inca art. You are curator of the National Museum of Anthropology in Cuzco. Your job is to make choices: What works of Inca art will you put in the museum? Using National Geographic magazines, cut out your choices and display them on posterboard. Explain to the class why you made your choices: Why are these representative of the Inca?

ReligionGoal: The Inca believed in mountain worship. Explain.Read "Sacred Peaks of the Andes" in National Geographic magazine (March 1992). Examine the map: How would you describe the location of the Andes Mountains? How about Machu Picchu? On paper, make two lists: List 5 reasons why the ancient Inca worshiped the Andes Mountains. List 10 gifts that were offered to the sacred mountains. Turn your lists into a poster; decorate it with the map and pictures.

Goal: Discover Inca values by studying their gods. Read about Inti the sun god and other gods. You can tell a lot about an ancient civilization by studying its gods. A culture's values is what people consider valuable. What did the Inca consider valuable? Make a chart with the name of the god, what he represented.Speculate what the Inca valued.

The Spanish ConquestGoal: Tell the story of Pizarro - the man who conquered the Inca. Read about Pizarro's life. On tape, tell his story from beginning to end. Francisco Pizarro was abandoned as an infant at the door of a church. He never learned to read or write. In Spain, he was a swineherd (he took care of pigs). He joined the Spanish Army to see the New World.

TodayGoal: Interpret Peru's National Emblem. Using the encyclopedia P for Peru, do research on Peru's national emblem. (It appears on both the flag and coat of arms.) Interpret what the symbol means.

Goal: What Inca traditions still exist in Peru? Read "Peru Begins Again" in National Geographic magazine (May 1996). On tape, read aloud the most interesting parts. Make sure to answer: What natural disaster struck Peru in 1970? Peru has a treasure chest of natural resources - what are they? Why do people grow cocoa leaves? What Inca traditions still exist in Peru?

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What made the Inca great?This is a 5-way debateBreak into 5 groups. Assign each group an argument. Sift through the facts. Put a dot next to the facts thatsupport your argument. Study the facts to make your argument. Hold a 5-way debate, using a panel of judgesto decide which argument is the most convincing.

THE ARGUMENTS 1. Size2. Climate3. Natural Resources4. Farming techniques5. Engineering6. Religion7. Strong centralized government

THE FACTSThe Inca produced the incredible potato.The Inca empire ran 3,000 miles along the crest of the Andes Mountains. Inca cities like Cuzco were built like a mountain fortress.The Inca cut irrigation terraces into the mountainsides and raised crops. Gold, silver, and copper mines made the Inca rich. When you live near the Equator, the temperatures are hot! (90 degrees or so.)At its height, the Inca Empire ruled 20 million people. Government workers made all of the decisions: They told peasants how much to produce, took part of the har-

vest in taxes, and fed each class of people. Like the Japanese, the Inca regarded natural places (mountain peaks, springs, and stones) as sacred. The major god was the sun god, known as Inti. The Emperor was thought to be the son of the sun.Everyone was obedient to the Emperor. The government built irrigation, terraces, roads, and public granaries for surplus food. The Inca were expert road builders. They were famous for building suspension bridges across gorges. Like the Romans, the Incas built a vast system of roads that linked all parts of their empire. The Inca built a highway system that united the most rugged mountain valleys in the world.Highways made it possible to rule a region that extended the distance from New York to San Francisco. The Emperor had messengers stationed along the roads to relay his message. An army of tax collectors crisscrossed the empire to make sure that people paid their taxes to the emperor. There was very little personal freedom: Government workers even told you whom to marry! When you go 1,000 feet up a mountain, the temperature drops 3 degrees. The Inca lived 10,000 feet up, where it was 30 degrees cooler. The emperor required all men to either work in the mines, be in the army, or construct temples and palaces. Only the government could make a profit in trading silver, gold, and precious stones. The Inca farmed in the altiplano - high valleys in between the mountains. Children worked on the farm: Everyone had to pitch in to produce enough food for everyone. People shared the land in order to produce a large crop. Cuzco, which lies at 10,581 feet above sea level, was the Inca capital city. Cuzco means "the central place." Above 10,000 feet, visitors suffer from mountain sickness and heart attacks. It is hard to breathe. The mountain fortress of Machu Picchu is so high up that explorers did not find it until 1911. All it took to conquer the Inca was to kidnap the Emperor. When the Emperor was executed, everyone surrendered. (This is what Pizarro and his 127 men did.)

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The Answers Why were the Inca great? They were great engineers. They were strong government administrators.

1. SizeThe Inca empire ran 3,000 miles along the crest of the Andes Mountains. At its height, the Inca Empire ruled 20 million people.

2. ClimateWhen you live near the Equator, the temperatures are hot, 90 degrees or so. When you go 1,000 feet up a mountain, the temperature drops 3 degrees. The Inca lived 10,000 feet up, where it was 30 degrees cooler. Cuzco, which lies at 10,581 feet above sea level, was the Inca capital city. Cuzco means "the central place." Above 10,000 feet, visitors suffer from mountain sickness and heart attacks. It is hard to breathe.

3. Natural ResourcesGold, silver, and copper mines made the Inca rich.

4. Farming techniquesThe Inca produced the incredible potato.The Inca cut irrigation terraces into the mountainsides and raised crops. The Inca farmed in the altiplano - high valleys in between the mountains. Children worked on the farm: Everyone had to pitch in to produce enough food for everyone. People shared the land in order to produce a large crop.

5. EngineeringInca cities like Cuzco were built like a mountain fortress.The Inca were expert road builders. They were famous for building suspension bridges across gorges. Like the Romans, the Incas built a vast system of roads that linked all parts of their empire. The Inca built a highway system that united the most rugged mountain valleys in the world.The mountain fortress of Machu Picchu is so high up that explorers did not find it until 1911.

6. ReligionLike the Japanese, the Inca regarded natural places (mountain peaks, springs, and stones) as sacred. The major god was the sun god, known as Inti. The Emperor was thought to be the son of the sun.

7. Strong centralized governmentGovernment workers made all of the decisions: They told peasants how much to produce, took part of the har-

vest in taxes, and fed each class of people. Everyone was obedient to the Emperor. The government built irrigation, terraces, roads, and public granaries for surplus food. Highways made it possible to rule a region that extended the distance from New York to San Francisco. The Emperor had messengers stationed along the roads to relay his message. An army of tax collectors crisscrossed the empire to make sure that people paid their taxes to the emperor. There was very little personal freedom: Government workers even told you whom to marry! The emperor required all men to either work in the mines, be in the army, or construct temples and palaces. Only the government could make a profit in trading silver, gold, and precious stones. All it took to conquer the Inca was to kidnap the Emperor. When the Emperor was executed, everyone surrendered. (This is what Pizarro and his 127 men did.)

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Lesson #53 Student activity

Inca Math 1. The Inca Empire began in 1438 and was con-quered by Pizarro in 1532. For how many years didthe Inca rule?

2. The Aztec Empire was 500 miles wide. The IncaEmpire was 3,000 miles long. How many times longerwas the Inca than the Aztec was wide?

3. The Aztecs ruled 200,000 people in Mexico. The Inca ruled 12,000,000 in the Andes Mountains. How many times more populated was the IncaEmpire?

4. The Aztec capital lay 8,000 feet above sea level. The Inca capital lay 11,000 feet above sea level. Howmuch higher was Cuzco?

5. The Aztec's Lake Texcoco lay 8,000 feet above sealevel. The Inca's Lake Titicaca lies 12,000 feet above sea level. How much higher is Lake Titicaca?(It is the highest navigable lake in the world.)

6. Machu Picchu was built in 1500, but not discov-ered until 1911. How many centuries was it hidden?

7. Machu Picchu lies 50 miles northwest of Cuzco. If an Inca runner averaged 7 miles an hour, how longwould it take him to deliver a message from one city to the other?

8. Pizarro had only 200 men. He faced 20 millionpeople of the Inca Empire. He was outnumbered. Byhow much?

9. The only mountains higher than the Andes are theHimalayas. The highest point in Peru is 22,000 feet.The highest point in the Himalayas (Mount Everest) is29,000 feet above sea level. How much higher is Mt. Everest?

Answers 1. 94 years2. 6 times3. 60 times.4. 3,000 feet higher5. 4,000 feet higher 6. 4 centuries. 7. A little over 7 hours. 8. 100,000 to 1.9. 7,000 feet


Mesopotamia and Egypt had the wheel.Greece and Rome had the wheel.China and India had the wheel.The Maya, the Inca and the Aztecs did not.

Why didn't they invent the wheel? There was no point.

They had no horse or donkey to pull a wagon!

The Inca had only one beast of burden - the llama.The llama is too light to pull heavy carts and wagons.

The llama is a pack animal. It can carry a light load.

A horse or an ox is a draft animal. It can pull a heavy burden.

But there were no draft animals in the Americas.

This is why it was a BIG DEAL when the Spanish con-quistadores (Cortes, Pizarro) brought horses.

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Student activity

3. Explain how and where each empire arose and how the Aztec and Incanempires were defeated by the Spanish.

Pizarro was not a nice guy.

If you were Pizarro, what would YOU have done? Write your answer (best guess) to each question.

1. Pizarro was born in Spain. Since his parents never married, his mother aban-doned her baby at the door of a Spanish church. He never learned to read or write.He raised himself and became a swineherd, raising pigs. When he was 17,Columbus landed in the Americas. Pizarro, along with a relative (the future explor-er Cortes), joined the Spanish Army to see the New World. If you were Pizarro,where in the New World would YOU go?

2. When Pizarro arrived in the New World, he met Balboa, who was so poor thathe was raising pigs to pay off his debts. Together, they joined an expedition toColombia and Panama. Pizarro was Balboa's chief lieutenant when they walkedacross Panama and saw the Pacific Ocean for the first time. They heard about theInca Empire, somewhere to the south, that was loaded with gold. So they built twoships and sailed south in the Pacific Ocean. The new (and very jealous) Governorof Panama arrested and beheaded Balboa for treason. Pizarro began to worry. Ifyou were Pizarro, what would YOU to?

3. Pizarro sailed south to find the Inca Empire. His first expedition was a disaster:Bad weather made sailing hazardous and the natives attacked his crew. He ranout of food and his crew nearly mutinied. He never reached Peru, the home of theInca Empire. If you were Pizarro, what would YOU do?

4. Pizarro's second expedition was a success: He reached Peru and brought backllamas and gold. He figured that the Spanish government would finance his nextexpedition - so he could conquer the Inca and capture their gold. Still jealous, theGovernor of Panama cancelled all future expeditions. If you were Pizarro, whatwould YOU do?

5. Pizarro, his three brothers, and a crew of 180 men sailed from Panama to Peru.Of the 180 men, 30 were cavalry, soldiers on horseback. After landing in Ecuador,they rode on horseback to meet with Atahualpa, the ruler of the Inca Empire. If youwere Pizarro, how could YOU dazzle an all-powerful ruler who had more gold thanMidas?

6. Although Pizarro and his men were armed with swords and pistols, they wereincredibly outnumbered: The Inca Empire covered 12 million people. The Incasociety was ruled from the top down. Normally, a handful of Inca elite ruled fromthe capital city of Cuzco. At the top was Atahualpa, who was worshiped as a god.Without him, the Inca would not know what to do. If you were Pizarro, how wouldYOU conquer this vast empire?

Lesson #55

What Pizarro actually did . . .

1. To Santo Domingo(Dominican Republic) -Columbus' home base in theAmericas. There, he joined upwith Columbus' crew.

2. There was nothing he coulddo, except wait for an opportu-nity to lead an expedition toPeru.

3. He sailed back to his homebase in Panama.

4. He went to Spain to ask per-mission from the King, whoagreed to finance his expedi-tion, as long as Peru, its sub-jects, and its wealth belonged tohim. Pizarro was madeGovernor of Peru. His businesspartners back home in Panamafelt cheated.

5. The only large animal thatthe Inca had was the smallllama, which could carry a pack,but not a man. They had neverseen horses before. Atahualpaand his soldiers wereimpressed to see men ridingsuch big and magnificentbeasts.

6. Pizarro made a surpriseattack: Using guns and swords,he kidnapped Atahualpa anddemanded a $30 million ransomin gold and silver in exchangefor Atahualpa's life. Once theransom was paid, Atahualpawas strangled. With the emper-or gone, the Inca could notmake any decisions for them-selves. Within a year, Pizarro'stroops marched to and con-quered Cuzco, capital of theInca Empire.

7. He made war on Almagroand his followers. WhenPizarro won the battle, Almagrowas captured and executed.Pizarro then created a new cap-ital city at Lima. He rewardedhis followers with land grantsand Inca slaves to farm the landand work in the gold and silvermines. Almagro's followers,including his son, were left outin the cold. Three years later,they assassinated Pizarro.

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Lesson #56 LectureInternet


The Spanish Conquest A mini-lecture with illustrations: http://www.historical-prints.co.uk/PERU.htm#250For homework: http://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm

A civil war between two brothersWebsite: http://www.famousamericans.net/atahualpaoratabalipa/Illustration of Atahualpa

In 1527, the Inca emperor died.He had two sons:

1. Huascar was heir to the throne.2. Atahualpa, who wanted to be emperor, declared war on his brother.

The two brothers went to war.Peru’s civil war lasted for five years:Atahualpa won the war and killed his brother, Huascar.

When the war ended in 1532, the Inca empire was incredibly weak.

Pizarro lands in Peru, 1532In 1532, Pizarro and 167 Spanish conquistadores landed in Peru.They made their way from the coast to the city of Cajamarca.When Pizarro arrived, Atahualpa met him with a grand ceremony. But few soldiers. His power was so absolute that he never imagined that the Spanish would attack him.

Their goalsWhat did the Spaniards want?Their object was: “God, gold, and glory.”Their aim was to conquer the Inca, Christianize them, and capture their gold. What could be so important about Peru that the Spanish struggled to find it? (Peru had gold.)

The Conquest, 1532How did Pizarro ever think that his 137 men could conquer millions?He didn’t.

Pizarro removed the top manIn 1532 Pizarro conquered Peru. How could he do that with only 137 men? Pizarro kidnapped Atahualpa and held him for ransom. Though the ransom was paid, Atahualpa was executed - burned at the stake. Inca society was so hierarchical (top down) that when the emperor was removed,

the people followed whomever was at the top. That was now Pizarro. Legend has it that Atahualpa's heirs went into hiding at Machu Picchu, a mountain fortress.No one knows how long the nobles and their children hid there.

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Chart Lesson #57


Life in the Andes today Is it similar to the way the Inca lived in 1500? Yes.

Library research: Some customs have continued for 5 centuries because they fit so well into the environment. Which traditions have endured? Which have changed? Why do you suppose?

Characteristic Then Now

Race 100% Inca Indian 46% Indian 43% Mestizo (mixed Spanish + Indian)

Capital City Cuzco Lima

Language Quechua Quechua and Spanish

Schools Only for the For everyone nobility

Literacy 0% 75%

Transportation Roads, llama Same roads and llamas, plus cars

Religion Inti, the Sun god Catholic Church

Farming Corn, potatoes, The same beans, wheat, cocoa leaves.

Mining Silver mines The same

Food Corn, wheat Same, but send surplus wheat to Lima

Clothing Cotton on coast, The same. alpaca wool in Everyone wears modern clothes, except for the Andes region. some older people who live in the countryside.

Art glazed pottery, The same sculpture, jewelry, textiles, fine architecture.

Music drums, flutes, The same, plus guitars, fiddles. rattles, the harp, and trumpets

Sports --- Soccer

Lesson #58

2. Study the roles of people in each society, including class structures, family life,warfare, religious beliefs and practices, and slavery.4. Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations.

The ABCs of Incan cultureArt - What art form (crafts, paintings, drama, music, dance) is typical of this culture?






















Ways of everyday life - How do people take care of . . . cooking, washing clothes, shopping?




Game

Art Pottery, statues + jewelryof gold

Buildings Stone temples,stone huts with thatched roofs

CommunicationNo writing system

Dress Cotton. Wool.

Economy Farming. Trade.Mining. No iron tools. No draftanimals.

Family Extended family.Women roughly equal to men. Children must work.

Government An empire.Highly centralized government.All-powerful ruler.

History The Inca spread out-ward from Cuzco.

Icon The sun god.

Jobs Farmer-constructionworker

Knowledge No schools

LanguageQuechua. No written language.

Movement Conquered all theirneighbors, but were nice tothem.

National Pride - The sun god

Population Commoners: Themajority were farmers. Lotsagovernment workers. No slav-ery.

Quality of life The WelfareState! Lotsa food, little personalfreedom.

Religion gods and goddesses

Low Status Commoners, buteverybody was one.

Taboos Don’t mess with themummies.

Urban? Yes - they had realcities. But most folks lived in thecountryside.

Vacation Nope.


X Valley of Cuzco

Yum Frozen french fries.

Ztuff Gobs of gold

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Group analysis Lesson #60




The teacher states the situation: Pizarro: What do you think of him?







*A+ for bringing horses, wheel, cart, iron tools**Got the ransom, but killed Atahualpa anyhow.***Just the facts, Jack.****Oh, it’s sad that the Spanish continued forced labor . . .*****Somebody had to be on the top of the Inca pyramid.But it was a dangerous job.Pizarro was soon killed by his Spanish enemies.

Group analysis Lesson #59




The teacher states the situation: The Inca: What do you think of them?







*A+ on roads, engineering, and the incredible potato.**Forced labor. No personal freedom***Just the facts, Jack.****Oh, it’s sad about forced labor . . . *****The Welfare State is a trade-off: You give up 100% of your freedom.You get taken care of from the cradle to the grave.

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Lesson #61

Our all-time favorite website: http://www.ancientperu.com/

Homework: The Inca

Great maps!Website: http://www.ancientperu.com/content/map/index.html

Click on the Map:1. The Inca empire was located in which mountains?2. The Inca empire faced what ocean?

Click on The Inca Universe:3. What was the capital city (and heart) of the Inca empire?

4. http://crystalinks.com/peru.htmlWhat is the famous lake?

Innovations Define these terms . . .

5. The quipuhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/inca/inca_culture_3.html

6. The altiplanohttp://mikespub.net/pictures/Peru/page8.html

7. The llamahttp://www.tennllama.com/page.php?page=aboutllamas.htmhttp://public.fotki.com/alperry/peru/web-llama-and-peruv.html

8. Guanohttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entries/58/g0295800.html

9. Divinationhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entries/42/d0304200.html

10. Quechuahttp://define.ansme.com/words/q/quechua.html

11. The Welfare Statehttp://www.cas.suffolk.edu/history/hansen/15_three_american_empires.htmScroll down to “The Inca.”

12. Stonemasonhttp://www.culturefocus.com/peru.htm

The Spanish Conquest

13. Atahualpahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa

14. Pizarrohttp://www.johnrushillustration.com/h-ill-his/97-pizarroincabattle.html

Internet

The Answers

1. The Andes

2. Pacific Ocean

3. Cuzco

4. Lake Titicaca

5. The quipu“With no written language, theInca devised a tool for recordingthe movement of people andgoods. The quipu is a series ofcolored, knotted strings.” TheInca counted by 10s.

6. A high plain.You are up in the AndesMountains, but the land is flat.

7. LLamaAn animal that looks rather deli-cate. Used as a pack animaland for wool.

8. GuanoFertilizer - it comes from birddung.

9. DivinationThe art or act of foretellingfuture events. People usually“read” bones and other things.

10. The language of the Inca.Still used today.

11. The Welfare State“This created economic depen-dence on the central state.Creating an entitlement for theelderly – like social security –that made it more difficult fortheir children to rebel. The resulting surpluses, housedin state warehouses, increasedthe ability of the state to mobi-lize and sustain an armythroughout the empire.”

12. A stone mason builds withstone. The Inca were magnifi-cent stonemasons. They fit thestones together so well, theydid not need mortar.

13. Emperor of the Inca

14. The Spanish conqueror ofthe Inca Empire.

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Game Lesson #62


The ABCs of the IncaStep #1: Remember: Without this sheet, go around the room. Can you remember one term, from A to Z?Step #2: Define: Go to the library and define each term.Step #3: Rap: Using these terms, write a “Rap.” Perform it for the class.Step #4: Individuals: Without this sheet, go around the room. “A is for . . .” Move to the head of the class.Step #5: Teams: Break into two teams. One point for a term; two points for defining the term.

Andes, Atahualpa, altiplano, astronomy, alpaca, altitude, aqueducts, absolute ruler

Bronze-bladed hoe

Cuzco, cotton, ceramic pottery, census, calendar, Chosen women

Divination

Equator, elevation, earthquakes, engineering feats, extended families, emperor married his sister

Forced labor, flute, frost-hardy

Government owned everything and regulated everybody, gorges, guano. GOBS of gold and silver!

Hereditary king, human sacrifice was rare

Inca, Inti the sun god, irrigation canals

Jewelry made of gold and silver

Kinship

Lake Titicaca, latitude, llama, litters

Machu Picchu, masonry, mummies, maize, math: counted by 10s!

Network of roads

Obedience

Peru, Pizarro, Pre-Columbian art, polytheism, priests, palaces, poncho, the potato, perpetual spring

Quechua, Quito, quipu

Ruins, Ring of Fire, runners relay messages, rugged terrain

South America, sun worship, sun dial, stonemasons, sandals, silver mines, suspension bridges

Temple of the Sun, terrace farming, thatched roofs, trephining, twice as high as Denver, tribute, tierra fria

Upheaval during the civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar

Valley of Cuzco, vicuna, vast

Wool, no system of writing, the Welfare State

X is the signature of a people who could not write

Young people (14 years old) went through a ceremony to adulthood

Zenith - mountain peaks were sacred

page 111

Lesson #63 Game

Learn terms.

Learn the logic of a multiple-choice test.

Can you speak Quechua?


Define the terms!

Andes, Atahualpa, altiplano, astronomy, alpaca, alti-tude, aqueducts, absolute rulerCuzco, cotton, ceramic, census, calendar, Chosenwomen, Divination Equator, elevation, earthquakes, engineering feat,extended families, emperor married his sister Forced labor, flute, frost-hardyGorge, guanoHereditary rulerInca, Inti the sun god, irrigation canals Kinship Lake Titicaca, latitude, llama, littersMachu Picchu, masonry, mummies, maize ObediencePizarro, Pre-Columbian art, polytheism, priests,palaces, poncho, the potatoQuechua, Quito, quipu Ruins, Ring of Fire, rugged terrainSouth America, sun dial, stonemason, suspensionbridges Temple of the Sun, terrace farming, thatched roofs,trephining, tribute, tierra friaValley of Cuzco, vicuna, vastWelfare State

a. LlamaA pack animal.(Yes, this is the correct answer.)

b. LlamaA draft animal.(Nope, this is the opposite. A draft animal pulls aheavy load. A llama could not pull your baby brother.)

c. LlamaA long-necked animal who sticks his head in the sand.(The long neck is plausible, but this is the descriptionof an ostrich.)

d. LlamaAn animal with a long neck and long legs, that deliversbabies to expectant mothers. (The long neck and legsis plausible, but this is the description of a stork!)

e. LlamaFamous Fernando, the handsome Hollywood actor.(Are you thinking of Fernando Lamas?)

Chart Lesson #64

Here’s your study guide for the test . . .

Compare & Contrast Examine each category: Which is the odd man out? (You know, the one that doesn’t fit.) Highlight it with a colored highlighter. Not all will have a clear answer.

MAYA AZTEC INCATimeline300-900 A.D. yes1440-1521 yes1438-1532 yesSame time as Rome fell yesSame time as Muhammad yesSame time as Columbus yes yes

RegionsContinent North America North America South AmericaCultural Region Central America Middle AmericaHistorical Region Meso-America Meso-AmericaCountries Guatemala + Mexico Peru, Ecuador, Chile

Physical FeaturesPhysical Region Rainforest Valley of Mexico Andes MountainsLandscape swamps plateau highlands / altiplanoLatitude tropics Tropic of Cancer EquatorAltitude (elevation) near sea level 8,000 feet 11,000 feetClimate type tierra caliente tierra fria tierra friaClimate tropical hot + rainy cool + dry cool + rainyRivers or lakes rivers Lake Texcoco Lake TiticacaClose to sea or ocean Caribbean Sea Gulf of Mexico Pacific Ocean

FarmingCrop maize maize the potatoIncrease farmland drained swamps chinampas terrace farmingIrrigation no yes yesFertilizer ashes mud guanoOver-farming yes: slash + burn no noAnimals turkeys dogs llama, alpaca, vicuna

MiningMining gobs of gold no yes YES

ReligionChief god Chac the rain god The corn god Inti the sun godDivination no no yesMummies no no yesHuman sacrifice rarely FREQUENTLY rarely

GovernmentEmpire no yes yes, the largest on earthCentral government no yes yesEmperor is all-powerful no no yesNice to conquered people so-so no, cut out hearts yesWarfare state no yes noSlavery yes YES no

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MAYA AZTEC INCA

Taxes & Tribute no yes, heavy yes, not bad“Welfare State” no no yesPersonal freedom for citizens yes yes noWomen roughly equal to men yes no yesForced labor no no yes

Famous leader King Pacal Montezuma AtahualpaConquest --- Cortes, 1519 Pizarro, 1532

CitiesCities Tikal, Palenque, Tenochtitlan Cusco

Bonampak,Chichen Itza

The biggest city no yes noAn island fortress no yes noA mountain fortress no no yes

ArchitecturePyramids yes yes noPlazas yes yes yesFamous buildings --- --- Machu Picchu

EngineeringCanals + causeways no yes noAqueducts no yes noRoad system a bit no YESMasonry without mortar no no yesSuspension bridges no no yes

AstronomyHave an accurate365-day calendar? YES! yes no

MathCounting system counted by 20s counted by 20s counted by 10s.Wrote numbers with hieroglyphs pictographs no writing system. Used quipu.Invented zero YES! no no

Writing systemHad a writing system yes yes NOWhat is it called? hieroglyphics pictographs NO

Daily LifeFood maize, chocolate maize, tortillas maize, potatoesClothing cotton cotton cotton, wool, the ponchoShelter wood hut adobe hut stonemasonThe Wheel no no noDraft animals no no noIron tools + weapons no no no

page 114

Game Lesson #65

Dang, that teacher has guts . . .

Stump the Teacher!

Read the test aloud!

The GoalThe state test is toughSome students hit one tough question and freeze up

for the rest of the test!Show students how to make an error and bounce

back.Demonstrate your human-ness by joining the gang . . .

The set-upTable in front of the class.Five chairs.Five signs: a, b, c, d, eFive bells, one for each student to ring.

You are the 5th student!Choose four students and become the fifth!(Become a or b because they are the only ones that

answer the True/False questions.)

The ReaderGive the test to one student to read aloud.If a is the answer, Student a must ring his/her bell.

The ScorekeeperFive students keeps score.(Each scorekeeper keeps track of one person at the

table.)The number of questions you answered correctly.The number of questions you answered incorrectly.

When you get an answer wrongWhen get an answer wrong, grouch about it for therest of the class. “Dang! Who would’ve thought that...”That is one answer they will never forget on the test!

Accept the challengeNothing surprises students more than role reversal.It says, “Yep, I am human too.”It says, “What the heck, I’ll give it my best shot.”It says, “If you can do it, so can I.”

Game Lesson #66

We’re going to master this material

The Last Man Standing . . .

Do you remember Bruce Willis in the film, “The Last Man Standing”?Great shoot-out.

Read the test aloud!

1. All the guys stand up.2. The teacher asks test questions of each guy.3. When a guy is wrong (or silent), he must sit down.4. The next guy tries it.5. The winner is the last man standing.

Create a poster: “The Bad Guys of History.”This week’s winner: ___________________.Run this game only once a week.Get a polaroid camera. (This is more important than you can imagine.)Each week, take the winner’s picture.Put the photo on the poster.Put the poster on your classroom door.

Now it’s time for the gals . . .

Exactly the same.

Create a poster: “Great Women in History.”

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Maya, Aztec, IncaIf you answer them in order, you will score well. They are in logical order.If you jumble them up, you will score less well. That’s how it’s done on a real test.

Test Questions

Timeline1. Which civilization arose first?

a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

Centuries2. Which civilization(s) reached its height in the 4th century?

a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

3. Which civilization(s) reached its height in the 15th century?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

4. Which civilization(s) reached its height from 300 to 900 A.D.?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

What events were happening around the world5. Which civilization(s) reached its height during the last stage of the Roman

Empire?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

6. Which civilization(s) reached its height as Europe was going through the Middle Ages?


The Answers

1. a

2. a

3. e

4. a

5. a

6. a

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7. Which civilization(s) reached its height just before the Age of Exploration?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

8. Which civilization(s) reached its height as Europe was going through feudalism?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

9. Which civilization(s) reached its height during the era of Spanish conquests?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

10. Which civilization(s) reached its height just as Rome fell?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

What people were alive around the world

11. During the Maya civilization, which historical figure was alive?a. Buddhab. Confuciusc. Mosesd. Jesuse. Muhammad

12. Which civilization(s) existed at the same time as Muhammad?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

13. Which civilization(s) existed at the same time as Prince Henry the Navigator, Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Magellan?


7. e

8. a

9. e

10. a

11. eMaya: 300-900.Muhammad: 600 A.D.

12. a

13. e

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14. The Maya civilization existed at the same time as all of the following, except:a. Emperor Constantineb. Chandragupta Ic. Attila the Hund. Muhammade. The Caliph of Baghdadf. Sundiatag. Mansa Musah. Charlemagne

Continents15. Which civilization(s) arose in North America?


16. Which civilization(s) arose in South America?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Cultural & Historical Regions17. Which civilization(s) arose in Central America?


18. Which civilization(s) arose in Meso-America?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

19. Which civilization(s) arose in Middle America?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

14. gThe Maya: 300-900Mansa Musa: 1300s

15. d

16. c

17. aCentral America does notinclude Mexico (Aztec).

18. d

19. d

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Land Bridges20. People migrated from Asia to the Americas ____ years ago.

a. 100b. 500c. 5,000d. 10,000e. 20,000 - 30,000

21. People walked from Asia to North America. This land bridge is known asa. Central America.b. the Bering land bridge.

22. This land bridge connects North and South America.a. Central America.b. the Bering land bridge.

23. Central America is a(an)a. strait c. isthmusb. peninsula d. altiplano

24. The movement of people is _______. The movement of crops, goods and ideas is ________.

a. migration; diffusionb. diffusion; migration

Countries25. Which civilization arose in Guatemala, Honduras, and the Yucatan Peninsula?


26. Which civilization arose in Peru, Ecuador, and Chile?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

27. Which civilization arose in the Valley of Mexico?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

28. Which civilization arose in central Mexico?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

20. e

21. b

22. a

23. c

24. a

25. a

26. c

27. b

28. b

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Landforms

Valleys & Peninsulas

29. In the tenth century, who migrated from Guatemala to Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula?


30. In the 13th century, who migrated to central Mexico?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

31. In the 15th century, who conquered all of central Mexico?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

32. Who settled in the Valley of Mexico?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

33. Who settled in the Valley of Cuzco?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

34. Who settled in the high flat valleys called altiplanos?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

29. a

30. b

31. b

32. b

33. c

34. c

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Waterways

35. Where is Lake Texcoco?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

36. Where is Lake Titicaca?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

37. Who was conquered by men in ships in the Gulf of Mexico?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

38. Who traded in canoes along the coast of the Caribbean Sea?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

39. Which civilization(s) fished in the Pacific Ocean?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

40. Who traded along rivers?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

35. b

36. c

37. b

38. a

39. c

40. a

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Vegetation zones41. Which civilization(s) arose in the Andes?


42. Which civilization arose in the rainforest?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

43. Which civilization arose on a plateau?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Climate zones44. Which civilization(s) arose in the tierra caliente?


45. Which civilization(s) arose in the tierra fria?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Latitude46. Which civilization(s) arose on the Tropic of Cancer?


47. Which civilization(s) arose on the Equator?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

41. c

42. a

43. bThe Valley of Mexico lies on theplateau.

44. a

45. e

46. bThe Maya were located halfwaybetween the Tropic of Cancerand the Equator.

47. c

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Elevation48. Which civilization(s) arose in the lowlands?


49. Which civilization(s) arose in the highlands?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

50. Which civilization(s) arose at sea level?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

51. Which civilization(s) arose at 8,000 feet above sea level?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

52. Which civilization(s) arose at 11,000 feet above sea level?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

53. Which civilization(s) wore wool?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

48. a

49. e

50. a

51. b

52. c

53. c

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54. The elevation is sea level to 2,500 feet. The climate and crops are tropical.What elevation zone is it?

a. tierra friab. tierra calientec. tierra templada

55. The elevation is 2,500 to 6,000 feet above sea level. The climate is mild and the crop is maize. What elevation zone is it?


56. The elevation is 6,000 to 12,000 feet above sea level. The climate is cool and the crop is potatoes. What elevation zone is it?


54. b

55. c

56. a

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Farming

Crops57. Which civilization(s) grew maize?

a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

58. Which civilization(s) grew the potato?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

59. Which civilization(s) grew the tomato?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

60. Which civilization(s) grew the cacao bean?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

61. Which civilization(s) raised cotton?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

62. Which civilization(s) raised tobacco?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

63. The potato began in the ______ and spread to _______.a. Americas; Europeb. Europe; Americas

64. Which crop is frost-hardy? a. maize c. cottonb. potato d. tomato

57. d

58. c

59. d

60. d

61. d

62. b

63. a

64. b

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Farming techniques

65. Which civilization(s) used the slash-and-burn technique?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

66. Which civilization(s) created terrace farms on a massive scale?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

67. Which civilization(s) used irrigation?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

68. Which civilization(s) used ashes as fertilizer?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

69. Which civilization(s) used guano as fertilizer?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

70. Which civilization(s) created chinampas?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

71. Which civilization(s) drained swamps?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

65. a

66. c

67. e

68. a

69. c

70. b

71. a

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Hardships in farming72. Which civilization(s) used astronomy to decide when to plant and harvest?

a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. none of the abovee. all of the above

73. Which civilization was the first to invent the 365-day calendar?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. none of the abovee. all of the above

74. Which civilization(s) had a restricted, hurried planting and harvesting season?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. none of the abovee. all of the above

75. Which civilization(s) experienced over-farming?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

76. What causes over-farming?a. fertilizerb. irrigationc. deforestationd. fallow fieldse. terraced fields

77. Which civilization(s) had iron farming tools?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. none of the abovee. all of the above

78. Which civilization(s) had draft animals?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. none of the abovee. all of the above

72. e

73. a

74. a

75. a

76. c

77. d

78. d

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Cities79. The Maya lived in what cities?

a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak

80. The Inca lived in what cities?a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak

81. The Aztecs lived in what cities?a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak

Elevation82. Which city was in the lowlands?

a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak

83. Which city was located 8,000 feet above sea level?a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak

84. Which city was located 11,000 feet above sea level?a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikal, Palenque, Bonampak

Real cities vs. ceremonial cities85. Which civilization(s) had ceremonial cities?


86. Which civilization(s) had a city with a population of 100,000 people?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

87. Which civilization(s) had cities that rivaled Europe in size and splendor?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

79. c

80. a

81. b

82. c

83. b

84. a

85. a

86. b

87. b

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88. Which was the greatest city in the Americas?a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikald. Palenquee. Bonampak

89. Which was called the “Venice of the New World”?a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Tikald. Palenquee. Bonampak

Architecture

90. Which civilization built pyramids?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

91. Which civilization(s) built plazas in the middle of their cities?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

Trade92. Which civilization had the biggest marketplace?


93. Which civilization(s) used barter?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

94. Which civilization(s) used porters to carry goods?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

88. b

89. b

90. d

91. d

92. b

93. d

94. d

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Religion95. Which religion(s) practiced divination and mummification?


96. Which religion(s) required human sacrifice on a grand scale?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

GovernmentEmpire97. Which civilization(s) built an empire?


98. Which civilization(s) had independent city-states?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Size99. As of 1492, it was the largest empire on the face of the earth.


100. Which empire rivaled, in size, the Empire of China?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

101. Which civilization governed an empire that stretched for 3,000 miles?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

95. c

96. b

97. e

98. a

99. c

100. c

101. c

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Central government

102 Which civilization had a highly centralized governing system?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

103. Which civilization had an all-powerful emperor?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

104. Which civilization(s) had the most effective system of communication? a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

105. Which civilization(s) set up a welfare state? a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

106. In which civilization did the government run a tightly organized agricultural system?


107. In which civilization(s) was land owned by the government?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

108. In which civilization(s) did the government run trade?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

102. c

103. c

104. c

105. c

106. c

107. c

108. c

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Warfare109. Which civilization(s) was built on constant warfare?


110. Which civilization(s) made women subordinate to men?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Conquered peoples111. Which civilization(s) treated conquered peoples severely?


112. Which civilization(s) required unreasonable taxes and tribute from conquered peoples?


109. b

110. bThe warrior state always subor-dinates women.

111. b

112. bTribute = cotton, jaguar pelts,human hearts.

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Class Structure

113. Which civilization(s) had the most hierarchical social structure?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

114. Which civilization had the most highly structured society?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Rights & Responsibilities115. In which civilization(s) did citizens have little personal freedom?


116. Which civilization had forced labor?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

117. Which civilization had the most slavery?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

113. c

114. c

115. c

116. c

117. b

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Family Life

118. In which civilization(s) did families work for the government?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

119. In which civilization(s) did people work on a family farm?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

120. In which civilization(s) did farmers give two-thirds of their crops to the government?


121. In which civilization(s) did people live in extended families?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

122. In which civilization(s) did people live in adobe homes?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

123. In which civilization(s) did people play jai-alai?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

118. c

119. d

120. c

121. d

122. b

123. b

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Engineering

Cities124. Which city was built as an island fortress?

a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Machu Picchud. Palenquee. Bonampak

125. Which city was built as a mountain fortress?a. Cuzcob. Tenochtitlanc. Machu Picchud. Palenquee. Bonampak

126. Which civilization(s) built canals and causeways?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

127. Which civilization(s) built aqueducts to the cities?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

128. Which civilization(s) built stone structures without mortar?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Linking the cities129. Like the Romans, they built roads to unite the empire.


130. Which civilization(s) invented the suspension bridge?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

124. b

125. c

126. b

127. e

128. c

129. c

130. c

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Mining131. Which civilization(s) mined gold and silver?


Math 132. Which civilization(s) invented the zero?


133. Which civilization(s) counted by tens?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

134. Which civilization(s) used the quipu?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

135. Which civilization(s) used geometry?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

Astronomy136. Which civilization was the first to create an accurate calendar?


137. Calendars were first invented for what reason?a. farmingb. religionc. governmentd. engineeringe. architecture

131. e

132. a

133. c

134. c

135. d

136. a

137. a

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Art138. Which civilization(s) created colorful murals?


139. Which civilization(s) created masks?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

140. Which civilization first created headresses out of Quetzal feathers and cloaks out of jaguar pelts?


141. Which civilization(s) created great quantities of jewelry and sculpture out of solid gold?


Music142. Which civilization(s) created music with rattles, drums, and trumpets?


143. Which civilization(s) created music with rattles, drums, and flutes?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

138. d

139. b

140. a

141. c

142. a

143. e

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Literature

The writing system

144. Which civilization created the first system of writing in the Americas?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

145. Which civilization(s) used hieroglyphs?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

146. Which civilization(s) used pictographs?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

147. Which civilization(s) had no written language?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

Books & Manuscripts

148. Which civilization produced the Popol Vuh?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

149. What was the Codex?a. a bookb. a manuscript

144. a

145. a

146. b

147. c

148. aSacred book.

149. bBoth the Maya and Aztec.

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Achievements: Compared to other civilizations

150. In architecture, the Maya _______ were similar to those of ________.a. pagodas; Chinab. Taj Mahal; Indiac. pyramids; Egyptd. temples; Greecee. mosques; Islamic Empire

151. In mathematics, the Maya _________ was similar to that of ________.a. counting system; Arabic numeralsb. zero; Indiac. decimal system; Romed. geometry; Greecee. trigonometry; Islamic Empire

152. In using astronomy to predict ________, the Maya were similar to the civilization of ________.

a. your fortune; Chinab. eclipses; Indiac. the planting season; Egyptd. the will of Zeus; Greecee. time for warfare; Islamic Empire

153. In their system of ______, the Maya were similar to the civilization of ________.

a. transportation; Chinab. communication; Indiac. hieroglyphics; Egyptd. warfare; Greecee. religion; Islamic Empire

154. In their system of ________ farming, the Inca were similar to the civilization of ________.

a. terrace; Chinab. dry; Indiac. slash-and-burn; Egyptd. olive; Greecee. oasis; Islamic Empire

155. The Mayan calendar was _____ advanced than the calendar used in Europe.a. lessb. more

156. Unlike the rest of the world, the Maya, Aztecs and Inca did not createa. elaborate agricultural systems.b. hierarchic societies.c. transportation systems.d. communications systems.e. state religions.

150. c

151. b

152. c

153. c

154. a

155. b

156. c

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People

157. Which people were American Indians?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. all of the abovee. none of the above

158. Which civilization was ruled by Montezuma?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

159. Which civilization was ruled by Atahualpa?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

160. Which civilization was ruled by King Pacal?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

161. Who conquered Montezuma?a. Cortesb. Pizarro

162. Who conquered Atahualpa?a. Cortesb. Pizarro

163. Who came first?a. Cortesb. Pizarro

157. d

158. b

159. c

160. a

161. a

162. b

163. a

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The Spanish Conquests164. Which civilization(s) was in decline by the time of Columbus’ arrival?


165. Which civilization was conquered by the Spaniards first?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Inca

166. Which civilization(s) was conquered by Pizarro?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

167. Which civilization(s) was conquered by Cortes?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

168. The conquered peoples of Mexico ____ the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs.a. opposedb. supported

169. Which civilization(s) had a civil war just before the Spaniards arrived?a. Mayab. Aztecc. Incad. a and be. b and c

170. Which empire was highly centralized and could not run without itsall-powerful emperor?


171. Which killed the most people?a. gunpowderb. iron weaponsc. horsesd. revolts and civil warse. epidemics

164. a

165. b

166. c

167. b

168. b

169. c

170. c

171. e

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172. The Spanish conquistadores had an advantage over civilizations of the Americas. The Europeans had

a. the wheelb. iron weaponsc. bothd. neither

173. The Spanish conquest of the Americas was done mostly bya. warfareb. diseasec. bothd. neither

174. How was disease spread?a. by direct contactb. along trade routesc. bothd. neither

175. Which diseases were spread by the Spanish conquistadores?a. the flub. smallpoxc. bubonic plagued. all of the abovee. none of the above

176. When did the Maya, Aztecs, Inca become aware of Europe, Asia, and Africa?a. before 1492b. after 1492

177. When did the Europe, Asia, and Africa become aware of the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca?

a. before 1492b. after 1492

178. Who conquered the Aztecs?a. 500 Spanish invadersb. 6,000 of the Aztecs’ neighborsc. bothd. neither

172. c

173. bWarfare killed thousands.Disease killed millions.

174. c

175. d

176. b

177. b

178. c