Performance analysis of device to device communication …shimengl/ENSC894/report.pdf · · 2017-04-17GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. ... LTE device to device communication

Performance analysis of device to device

communication based on LTE

http://www.sfu.ca/~shimengl/ENSC894/

Team #2

Simone Liu, [email protected], 301155308

Adam Tanbouz, [email protected], 200131768

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

ENSC 894 G100 SPECIAL TOPICS II: COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Spring 2017

Prof. Ljiljana Trajokovic

Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation.

ii

Abstract

Unlike traditional cellular network, D2D (Device-to-device) communication allows

mobile user equipment (UE) in proximity to communicate directly via

licensed/unlicensed band without routing through the Base Station (BS) or core

network. D2D communication in LTE network will have many potential

advantages including increasing spectral efficiency of the network, reducing

transmission delay and network overloading. In this project, we will investigate

how D2D communications benefits users, and analyze the performance of D2D

communications in LTE network comparing to traditional cellular network.

Keywords: Device-to-device communication; Long term evolution (LTE); LTE

Direct

iii

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank our course instructor, Dr. Ljiljana Trajkovic, who

gave us incredible lectures and provided us valuable feedback and guidance to

our project. We would like to thank the teaching assistant, Mr. Zhida Li for his

support to the course.

We would also like to thank the ns-3 community and all the contributors for

building and maintaining the opensource software.

iv

Table of Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables ................................................................................................................... v

List of Figures................................................................................................................. vi

List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................ vii

Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

1.1. Motivation .............................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Scope .................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2. LTE and D2D ............................................................................................. 3

Chapter 3. Implementation ........................................................................................ 4

3.1. Scenario Creation .................................................................................................. 4

3.1.1. Simulation Base Station Unavailable ............................................................. 4

3.1.2. Simulation High Volume Traffic ...................................................................... 8

3.2. Simulation and Results ........................................................................................ 11

3.2.1. Simulation Base Station Unavailable ........................................................... 11

3.2.2. Simulation High Volume Traffic .................................................................... 13

Chapter 4. Discussion and conclusion ................................................................... 18

4.1. Base Station Unavailable Scenario ...................................................................... 18

4.2. High Volume Traffic Scenario .............................................................................. 18

4.3. Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 19

4.4. Challenges and Future work ................................................................................ 19

References ................................................................................................................... 20

Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 21

v

List of Tables

Table 1Attributes of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D communication ......................................................................................... 7

Table 2 Attributes of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication ......................................................................................... 7

Table 3 Simulation results of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D communication ....................................................................................... 11

Table 4 Simulation results of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication ....................................................................................... 12

Table 5 Simulation results of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication ....................................................................................... 13

Table 6 Simulation results of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication ....................................................................................... 14

Table 7 Attributes of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication ....................................................................................... 21

Table 8 Attributes of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication ............................................................................................................... 21

Table 9 Simulation results of user1 to user 2 High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication ................................................................... 22



Table 12 Simulation results of user1 to user 2 High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication ........................................................................ 23



Table 15 Simulation results of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with different simulation time ......................................................................... 24

Table 16 Rx Packet VS Simulation time of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation ..... 24

Table 17 Throughput VS Simulation time of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation ... 24

Table 18 Delay Sum VS Simulation time of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation .... 25

Table 19 Rx Packet VS Max Packet Size of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation ... 25

Table 20 Throughput VS Max Packet Size of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation . 25

Table 21 Delay Sum VS Max Packet Size of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation .. 25

vi

List of Figures

Figure 1 Scenario 1: Base Station Unavailable, Scenario 2: High Volume Traffic ............ 2

Figure 2 Topology of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D communication (using NetAnim) ............................................................... 5

Figure 3 Topology of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication (using NetAnim) ............................................................... 5

Figure 4 Process of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D communication ......................................................................................... 6

Figure 5 Process of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication ......................................................................................... 6

Figure 6 Topology of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication (using NetAnim) ............................................................... 9

Figure 7 Topology of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication (using NetAnim) ....................................................................................... 9

Figure 8 Network flow of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication (using PhyViz) ............................................................... 10

Figure 9 Network flow of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication (using PhyViz) ............................................................... 10

Figure 10 Received packet bytes comparison with increasing simulation time Base Station Unavailable scenario .................................................................. 12

Figure 11 Throughput comparison with increasing simulation time Base Station Unavailable scenario .............................................................................. 13

Figure 12 Received packet bytes comparison with increasing simulation time of High volume traffic scenario ........................................................................... 14

Figure 13 Throughput at user 2 comparison with increasing simulation time of High volume traffic scenario ........................................................................... 15

Figure 14 Delay sum comparison with increasing simulation time of High volume traffic scenario ................................................................................................. 15

Figure 15 Received packet bytes comparison with different max packet size of High volume traffic scenario ........................................................................... 16

Figure 16 Throughput at user 2 comparison with different max packet size of High volume traffic scenario ........................................................................... 16

Figure 17 Delay Sum comparison with different max packet size of High volume traffic scenario ................................................................................................. 17

vii

List of Acronyms

3GPP 3𝑟𝑑 Generation Partnership Project

D2D Device-to-Device

eNB (eNodeB) Enhanced node B (Base Station)

EPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

LTE Long Term Evolution

MTU Maximum Transmission Unit

PDN Packet Data Network

PGW Packet Data Network Gateway

UE User Equipment

1

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Motivation

With the growing demand of wireless communication and high data rate service,

Device-to-device (D2D) communications was proposed in cellular networks to

improve network performance. In D2D communications, the user equipment

(UEs) in close proximity are allowed to directly communicate between each other

by reusing the cellular resources rather than the support of base station. D2D

communication, thus, enhances spectrum utilization, increases cellular capacity

and improves the user throughput [1]. In addition, D2D communication provides

extended coverage, by enabling wireless communication in closed distance when

cellular network infrastructure is unavailable [2]. Our motivation is to identify the

use cases that D2D communication brings to the user and analyze the

performance of the use cases with comparison to the traditional cellular network.

1.2. Scope

In this project, we would like to simulate the use case where cellular network

infrastructure is unavailable or out of range, and analyze the performance

improvement of D2D network with regular peer to peer communication.

We then define two scenarios.

1. For two users in short distance, simulate the network flow when base

station is available and when base station is not available, with and

without D2D communication.

2. For four users attached to one base station, two of them are in short

distance, simulate the network performance with and without D2D

communication.

2

For the first scenario, by simply comparing the amount of received packets with

and without D2D communication enabled, we can see D2D communication will

continue service after the base station is unavailable.

For the second scenario, we will compare the statistics results getting from the

NS-3 simulator. In particular, we are interested in the delay time, throughput and

total received packets of user equipment. We will simulate with different

simulation time, and different packet size, to investigate the performance

improvement on D2D communication over traditional cellular network and

discuss the use case which suitable for D2D communication.

The following figures show the graphical representation of the two scenarios.

D2D

eNB

Data Path

Figure 1 Scenario 1: Base Station Unavailable, Scenario 2: High Volume Traffic

D2D

eNB

Data Path Offloading Path

D2D D2D

3

Chapter 2. LTE and D2D

Today, major growth driver of 4G LTE Market includes growing technology

advancement in telecommunication industry, growing demand for high speed

communication network and growing development of smart devices among

others [3]. With the mobile industry shipping more smartphones and tablets than

PCs; success stories of social networking services like Facebook becoming a

social trend from which mobile users developed the need to be connected

anywhere to their surroundings, the industry is looking at an exploding number of

more than thousand billion wireless connections around the world in 2020.

In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high-speed

wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the

GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. According to the history of LTE’s

development [4], LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the

technical criteria of a 4G wireless service. The LTE Advanced standard formally

satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced. To

differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies,

ITU has defined them as "True 4G".

Among all the topics that are researched and considered for 4G LTE Advanced,

Device to Device (D2D) communication was a promising concept, which is a form

of communication using the LTE system is used to direct communicate as

needed within a small area. LTE D2D communications is a peer to peer link

which is independent from the cellular network infrastructure, but enables LTE

based devices to communicate directly with one another when they are in close

range. One of the applications of LTE D2D communications is for the emergency

services. LTE device to device communication is also being investigated for

applications where peer discovery is required for commercial applications in the

presence of network support. Benefits of D2D communications include but limit to

high data rate transmission, reliable communication, instant communication and

power saving [5].

4

Chapter 3. Implementation

3.1. Scenario Creation

As introduced in the introduction section, we will simulate two scenarios and

comparing D2D communication with the traditional cellular network.

For each scenario, we will show the topology setup, network flow, and the

attributes for each simulation devices.

3.1.1. Simulation Base Station Unavailable

In this simulation scenario, we will simulate the wireless communication between

user1 and user2 attached to a base station, with the condition of user1 and user2

are in close distance (10 meters). Then we will simulate the events happen after

the base station is unavailable.

Topology

The topology of this simulation scenario includes three nodes, two UEs to

represent user1 and user2, and one eNodeB to represent the base station.

In the traditional cellular network, we connect user1 and user2 to eNodeB

respectively. However, user1 and user2 have no direct connection with each

other.

With D2D communication enabled, user1 and user2 have the ability to connect to

the base station. In addition, the direct communication between user1 and user2

is enabled.

Figures shown below display the traditional cellular network topology and D2D

communication network topology.

5

Figure 2 Topology of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D communication (using NetAnim)

Figure 3 Topology of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication (using NetAnim)

6

Workflow

This simulation start with communication between user1 and user2, i.e. user1

sends packets to user2 and user2 send packets to user1. Then after 5s time, the

service of base station becomes unavailable.

Figure 4 Process of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D communication

Figure 5 Process of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication

Attributes

We set the attributes value based on LTE standard. The normal propagation

delay between a user equipment and base station is 2ms, the data rate 50Mbps

is a 20MHz channel is used. The maximum transmission unit of 1428 is standard

7

by 3GPP [3]. For 4G LTE D2D communication, because the involved devices are

in close proximity with potentially better propagation conditions comparing to the

propagation conditions towards the base station, the propagation delay time can

be reduced [4], we put 1ms as the propagation delay for D2D operation. With the

support of 800 MHz bandwidth, the peak downlink speeds can go up to 35.46

gigabits per second, we put 30Gbps speed for D2D channel. We use the

Proportional Fair scheduler which is by default in ns-3 simulator.

Table 1Attributes of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D communication

Property Value

eNodeB Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.2.2, 10.1.1.2

UE1 Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.1.1


PointToPoint Channel UE1 - eNodeB

Propagation Delay 2ms

DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428

MAC Scheduler Scheduler Type Proportional Fair (PR)

UDP Client Server attributes MaxPackets 1080

Interval 50ms

PacketSize 1024bytes

UDP Server Start Time 1s

Stop Time 5s

UDP Client Start Time 2s

Stop Time 10s

Table 2 Attributes of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication

Property Value

eNodeB Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.2.2, 10.1.1.2

UE1 Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.1.1, 10.1.3.1

UE2 Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.2.1, 10.1.3.2



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428

PointToPoint Channel Propagation Delay 1ms

8

UE1 - UE2 DataRate 30Gbps

Mtu 1428



Interval 50ms



Stop Time 5s


Stop Time 10s

3.1.2. Simulation High Volume Traffic

In this simulation scenario, we will simulate the wireless communication of four

users, user1, user2, user3 and user4 are all attached to a base station, with the

condition of user1 and user2 are in close distance (10 meters). We setup

communication between user1 and user2, user3 and user2, and user4 and

user2. Then we simulate the received packet, delay time and throughput at user2

for both traditional network situation and D2D network situation.

Topology

The topology of this simulation scenario includes five nodes, four UEs to

represent user1, user2, user3, and user4, and one eNodeB to represent the base

station.

In the traditional cellular network, we connect all users to eNodeB. However,

none of the users have direct connection with others.

With D2D communication enabled, in addition to all users have connection to

base station, the direct communication between user1 and user2 is enabled.

Figures shown below display the traditional cellular network topology and D2D

communication network topology.

9

Figure 6 Topology of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication (using NetAnim)

Figure 7 Topology of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication (using NetAnim)

10

Workflow

This simulation enables the communication between user2 and other users, i.e.

user2 communicates with user1, user3 and user4. We implement two situations,

one is the traditional cellular network, all communications have to go through

base station, the other one is D2D network, user1 and user2 are able to directly

communicate with each other, and other users’ communication with user2

through base station.

The figure below shows the network flow between the UEs.

Figure 8 Network flow of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication (using PhyViz)

Figure 9 Network flow of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication (using PhyViz)

11

Attributes

We use the same attribute values as the base station unavailable scenario for

PointToPoint Channel, MAC Scheduler, UDP Client attributes.

The table of attribute values are shown in Appendix A.

3.2. Simulation and Results

3.2.1. Simulation Base Station Unavailable

In this scenario, we would like to show when base station is unavailable to users,

the users in close proximity will still have communication service with D2D

communication enabled.

We first adopt simulation time 10s with the attributes setting shown in the

previous section, set the base station unavailable at 5s.

The table below shows one flow of the simulation results given by flow monitor

(simulation time 10s), and the throughput calculated by

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑥 𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠∗8𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒∗1024∗1024 (𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠).

Table 3 Simulation results of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation without D2D

communication

UDP 10.1.1.1 10.1.2.1

Tx bitrate 171.173 kbps

Rx bitrate 171.173 kbps

Throughput 0.162836 Mbps

Mean delay 7.3728ms

Tx Bytes 63120

Rx Bytes 63120

Tx Packets 60

Rx Packets 60

Time first Rx packet 2.00737e+09ns

Time last Rx packet 4.95737e+09ns

Delay sum 4.42368e+08ns

12

Table 4 Simulation results of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with D2D communication

UDP 10.1.3.2 10.1.1.1

Tx bitrate 169.379 kbps



Mean delay 1.00027ms

Tx Bytes 168320

Rx Bytes 168320

Tx Packets 160

Rx Packets 160




We than increase the simulation time and compare the received packets and

throughput between the two simulations.

Increasing the simulation time and keep the base station unavailable from 5s, we

draw the following graph for Rx Packets on UE1.

Figure 10 Received packet bytes comparison with increasing simulation time Base Station Unavailable scenario

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

10s 15s 20s 25s 30s

Receive Packet Bytes VS simulation time

D2D: Rx Packet Bytes Without D2D: Rx Packet Bytes

13

Figure 11 Throughput comparison with increasing simulation time Base Station Unavailable scenario

3.2.2. Simulation High Volume Traffic

In this scenario, we would like to analyze the performance of D2D

communication, more specifically, how much it reduces the delay time, increase

the throughput.

We first simulate 10s for both without D2D communication and with D2D

communication with packet size 1024 bytes and max packet count 1080.

We get the following statistics by adding the three flow (user1 to user2, user3 to

user2, and user4 to user2) together. The detailed statistics getting from flow

monitor are shown in Appendix B.

Table 5 Simulation results of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication

Ipv4 Address: 10.1.2.1 (IP address of UE2)




Rx Bytes 504960

Rx Packets 480




0.1595

0.16

0.1605

0.161

0.1615

0.162

0.1625

0.163

10s 15s 20s 25s 30s

Throughput VS Simulation time

D2D: Throughput Without D2D: Throughput

14

Table 6 Simulation results of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication

Ipv4 Address: 10.1.2.1 (IP address of UE2)




Rx Bytes 504960

Rx Packets 480




We than increase the simulation time and packet size 1024 bytes and max

packet count 1080, compare the delay time, transmit and receive rate,

throughput between the two simulations.

The statistics is in Appendix C.

Figure 12 Received packet bytes comparison with increasing simulation time of High volume traffic scenario

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2000000

10s 15s 20s 25s 30s

Rx Packet Bytes VS Simulation Time


15

Figure 13 Throughput at user 2 comparison with increasing simulation time of High volume traffic scenario

Figure 14 Delay sum comparison with increasing simulation time of High volume traffic scenario

We then simulate the network with different packet size using 10s as simulation

time, and get the following results.

0.481

0.4815

0.482

0.4825

0.483

0.4835

0.484

0.4845

10s 15s 20s 25s 30s

Throughput at UE2 VS Simulation Time


0.00E+00

2.00E+09

4.00E+09

6.00E+09

8.00E+09

1.00E+10

1.20E+10

1.40E+10

1.60E+10

10s 15s 20s 25s 30s

Delay Sum VS Simulation Time

D2D: Delay Sum (ns) Without D2D: Delay Sum (ns)

16

Figure 15 Received packet bytes comparison with different max packet size of High volume traffic scenario

Figure 16 Throughput at user 2 comparison with different max packet size of High volume traffic scenario

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

100 bytes 500 bytes 1080 bytes

Rx Packet Bytes VS Max Packet Size


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6


Throughput at UE2 VS Max Packet Size


17

Figure 17 Delay Sum comparison with different max packet size of High volume traffic scenario

0.00E+00

5.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.50E+09

2.00E+09

2.50E+09

3.00E+09

3.50E+09

4.00E+09

4.50E+09

5.00E+09


Delay Sum VS Max Packet Size

D2D: Delay Sum (ns) Without D2D: Delay Sum (ns)

18

Chapter 4. Discussion and conclusion

4.1. Base Station Unavailable Scenario

In this scenario, we disable the base station at 5 seconds, and increasing the

simulation time. From the graph shown in section 3.2.1 we can see that when the

base station is available and there are only two users, the received packets are

of the same. When the base station is not available, the user stop receiving

packets without D2D communication enabled. However, with D2D

communication, user continues receive packets. With simulation time of 10s, the

packet lost rate of cellular network without D2D enabled is 168320−63120

168320= 62.5%.

When the simulation time lasts to 30 seconds, the packet lost rate of cellular

network without D2D enabled is increased to 589120−63120

589120= 89.26%.

With this simulation, we conclude that D2D communication can reduce the

dependency on the cellular network infrastructure, and it is useful when any

disasters happen.

4.2. High Volume Traffic Scenario

In this scenario, we compare the simulation results of D2D communication

enabled and not enabled. From the graphs shown in section 3.2.2 we can see

that received packets are the same for traditional network and D2D network

(without adding the effect of packet loss). Propagation delay of routing through

base station is larger then D2D communication, the difference is increasing over

simulation time. For simulation time is 10s, the difference between two delay sum

is 4.35 − 2.79 = 1.56𝑠, and it goes up to 15.2 − 9.76 = 5.44𝑠 when simulates for

30s. The throughput of D2D communication is slightly larger by about 0.04% than

the traditional network when simulating 10 seconds. With increasing packet size,

we notice that the delay is getting larger.

19

From this simulation, we see that D2D communication is capable of enhancing

network performance by reducing communication delay, increasing throughput

[5].The use case of D2D communications are multimedia downloading, video

streaming, peer-to-peer file sharing, etc.

4.3. Conclusions

Device-to-device (D2D) communications is considered as new paradigm to

provide high performance in cellular network, improving coverage, high data

rates, and enabling applications such as video streaming, and file sharing.

In this project, we evaluate the different use cases where D2D communications

provides enhanced network communication experience. We simulate the

scenarios using NS-3 simulator, present the matrix and discuss the conclusions.

4.4. Challenges and Future work

The main challenge to this project is to get familiar with NS-3 simulator within a

tight timeline. We attempted to find existing library of D2D implementation using

NS-3, but we did not find a feasible one. Fortunately, with the documentation and

google community group, we are able to implement the project ourselves.

In our future work, we will make the simulation scalable to many user equipment

and multiple base stations. We will also consider more factors to make the

simulation close to the real network case, such as spectrum utilization, D2D

device discovery, base station hand over effect.

20

References

[1] E.SREE HARSHA1, T. TIRUPAL2 “LTE-Advanced Cellular Networks for D2D

Communications” International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology

Research Volume.03, IssueNo.18, August-2014.

[2] Xuemin Shen “Device-to-Device Communication in 5G Cellular Networks” IEEE

Network March/April 2015.

[3]"4G LTE Market Analysis, Market Size,Analysis, Regional Outlook, Competitive

Strategies and Forecasts, 2016 To 2027", EIN Presswire, 2017. [Online]. Available:

https://www.einpresswire.com/article/339113397/4g-lte-market-analysis-market-size-

analysis-regional-outlook-competitive-strategies-and-forecasts-2016-to-2027. [Accessed:

15- Apr- 2017].

[4]"LTE (telecommunication)", En.wikipedia.org, 2017. [Online]. Available:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication). [Accessed: 15- Apr- 2017].

[5]"4G LTE D2D | Device to Device Communication | Radio-Electronics.Com", Radio-

electronics.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.radio-

electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/4g-lte-advanced-d2d-

device-to-device.php. [Accessed: 15- Apr- 2017].

[6] "3GPP specification CRs: 29.281", 3gpp.org, 2017. [Online]. Available:

http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/29281-CRs.htm. [Accessed: 15- Apr- 2017].

[7] A. Osseiran, 5G mobile and wireless communications technology, 1st ed. United

Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

[8] Arash Asadi ,Qing Wang, , and Vincenzo Mancuso,” A Survey on Device-to-Device

Communication in Cellular Networks” arXiv:1310.0720v6 [cs.GT] 29 Apr 2014.

21

Appendix

A. Attribute Settings

Table 7 Attributes of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D communication

Property Value

eNodeB Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.2.2, 10.1.1.2, 10.1.4.2, 10.1.5.2

UE1 Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.1.1, 10.1.3.1

UE2 Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.2.1, 10.1.3.2





DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



Interval 50ms



Stop Time 10s


Stop Time 10s

Table 8 Attributes of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D communication

Property Value

eNodeB Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.2.2, 10.1.1.2, 10.1.4.2, 10.1.5.2

UE1 Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.1.1, 10.1.3.1

UE2 Ipv4 Addresses 10.1.2.1, 10.1.3.2



PointToPoint Channel Propagation Delay 2ms

22

UE1 - eNodeB DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428



DataRate 50Mbps

Mtu 1428

PointToPoint Channel UE1 - UE2


DataRate 30Gbps

Mtu 1428



Interval 50ms



Stop Time 10s


Stop Time 10s

B. Simulation Results of High Volume Traffic Scenario

Table 9 Simulation results of user1 to user 2 High Volume Traffic scenario simulation without D2D

communication

UDP 10.1.1.1 10.1.2.1 (IP address of UE2)




Rx Bytes 168320

Rx Packets 160





communication




Mean delay 9.0592ms

Rx Bytes 168320

Rx Packets 160

23





communication





Rx Bytes 168320

Rx Packets 160




Table 12 Simulation results of user1 to user 2 High Volume Traffic scenario simulation with D2D

communication





Rx Bytes 168320

Rx Packets 160





communication




Mean delay 7.3728ms

Rx Bytes 168320

Rx Packets 160




24


communication




Mean delay 9.0592ms

Rx Bytes 168320

Rx Packets 160




C. Simulation Results with different simulation time and max packet size

Table 15 Simulation results of Base Station Unavailable scenario simulation with different simulation time

Simulation time D2D: Rx Packet Bytes

Without D2D: Rx Packet Bytes


10s 168320 63120 0.161512 0.162836

15s 273520 63120 0.16113 0.162836

20s 378720 63120 0.160961 0.162836

25s 483920 63120 0.160865 0.162836

30s 589120 63120 0.160804 0.162836

Table 16 Rx Packet VS Simulation time of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation

Simulation time D2D: Rx Packet Bytes


10s 504960 504960

15s 820560 820560

20s 1136160 1136160

25s 1451760 1451760

30s 1745760 1745760

Table 17 Throughput VS Simulation time of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation

Simulation time D2D: Throughput Without D2D: Throughput

10s 0.484242 0.484044

15s 0.483211 0.48309

20s 0.482753 0.482665

25

25s 0.482495 0.482427

30s 0.482329 0.482273

Table 18 Delay Sum VS Simulation time of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation

Simulation time D2D: Delay Sum (ns)

Without D2D: Delay Sum (ns)

10s 2.79E+09 4.35E+09

15s 4.53E+09 7.08E+09

20s 6.28E+09 9.78E+09

25s 8.02E+09 1.25E+10

30s 9.76E+09 1.52E+10

Table 19 Rx Packet VS Max Packet Size of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation

Max Packet Size D2D: Rx Packet Bytes


100 bytes 61440 61440

500 bytes 253440 253440

1080 bytes 504960 504960

Table 20 Throughput VS Max Packet Size of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation

Max Packet Size D2D: Throughput Without D2D: Throughput

100 bytes 0.0589375 0.0058928

500 bytes 0.2430844 0.17010571

1080 bytes 0.484242 0.484044

Table 21 Delay Sum VS Max Packet Size of High Volume Traffic scenario simulation

Max Packet Size D2D: Delay Sum (ns)

Without D2D: Delay Sum (ns)

100 bytes 1.61E+09 2.22E+09

500 bytes 2.12E+09 3.14E+09

1080 bytes 2.79E+09 4.35E+09

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D. NS-3 Code

#include <fstream> #include "ns3/core-module.h" #include "ns3/point-to-point-module.h" #include "ns3/applications-module.h" #include "ns3/internet-module.h" #include "ns3/mobility-module.h" #include "ns3/lte-module.h" #include "ns3/lte-helper.h" #include "ns3/epc-helper.h" #include "ns3/ipv4-global-routing-helper.h" #include "ns3/flow-monitor-module.h" #include "ns3/netanim-module.h" #include <ns3/buildings-helper.h> using namespace ns3; NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("d2dproject"); int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { double lat = 2.0; // Latency uint64_t rate = 5000000; // Data rate in bps double interval = 0.05; double simulation_time = 10.0; // in seconds CommandLine cmd; cmd.AddValue ("latency", "P2P link Latency in miliseconds", lat); cmd.AddValue ("rate", "P2P data rate in bps", rate); cmd.AddValue ("interval", "UDP client packet interval", interval); cmd.Parse (argc, argv); // Enable logging for UdpClient and UdpServer // LogComponentEnable ("UdpClient", LOG_LEVEL_INFO); // LogComponentEnable ("UdpServer", LOG_LEVEL_INFO); // Create nodes required by the topology (shown in the paper). Ptr<LteHelper> lteHelper = CreateObject<LteHelper> (); NS_LOG_INFO ("Create nodes."); NodeContainer enbNodes; NodeContainer ueNodes; enbNodes.Create (1); ueNodes.Create (4); // Install Mobility Model Ptr<ListPositionAllocator> positions = CreateObject<ListPositionAllocator> (); positions->Add (Vector (10, 10, 0)); positions->Add (Vector (0, 10, 0));

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positions->Add (Vector (20, 10, 0)); positions->Add (Vector (-10, 10, 0)); MobilityHelper mobility; mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel"); mobility.SetPositionAllocator(positions); mobility.Install(ueNodes); BuildingsHelper::Install (ueNodes); mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel"); Ptr<ListPositionAllocator> position_enb = CreateObject<ListPositionAllocator> (); position_enb->Add (Vector (5, -20, 0)); mobility.SetPositionAllocator(position_enb); mobility.Install(enbNodes); BuildingsHelper::Install (enbNodes); // Create Devices and install them in the Nodes (eNB and UE) NetDeviceContainer enbDevs; NetDeviceContainer ueDevOne; NetDeviceContainer ueDevTwo; NetDeviceContainer ueDevThree; NetDeviceContainer ueDevFour; // Default scheduler is PF, uncomment to use RR //lteHelper->SetSchedulerType ("ns3::RrFfMacScheduler"); enbDevs = lteHelper->InstallEnbDevice (enbNodes); ueDevOne = lteHelper->InstallUeDevice (ueNodes.Get(0)); ueDevTwo = lteHelper->InstallUeDevice (ueNodes.Get(1)); ueDevThree = lteHelper->InstallUeDevice (ueNodes.Get(2)); ueDevFour = lteHelper->InstallUeDevice (ueNodes.Get(3)); // Attach a UE to a eNB lteHelper->Attach (ueDevOne, enbDevs.Get (0)); lteHelper->Attach (ueDevTwo, enbDevs.Get (0)); lteHelper->Attach (ueDevThree, enbDevs.Get (0)); lteHelper->Attach (ueDevFour, enbDevs.Get (0)); NS_LOG_INFO ("Create channels."); // Create the channels required by the topology (shown in the paper). PointToPointHelper p2p; p2p.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", TimeValue (MilliSeconds (lat))); p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", DataRateValue (DataRate (rate))); p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("Mtu", UintegerValue (1400)); NetDeviceContainer dev = p2p.Install (ueNodes.Get(0), enbNodes.Get(0)); NetDeviceContainer dev2 = p2p.Install (ueNodes.Get(1), enbNodes.Get(0)); NetDeviceContainer dev3 = p2p.Install (ueNodes.Get(2), enbNodes.Get(0)); NetDeviceContainer dev4 = p2p.Install (ueNodes.Get(3), enbNodes.Get(0)); double d2d_lat = 1.0; uint64_t d2d_rate = 30720000000; // Data rate in bps

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p2p.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", TimeValue (MilliSeconds (d2d_lat))); p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", DataRateValue (DataRate (d2d_rate))); p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("Mtu", UintegerValue (1428)); NetDeviceContainer dev5 = p2p.Install (ueNodes.Get(0), ueNodes.Get(1)); // Add IP addresses. // Install Internet Stack InternetStackHelper internet; internet.Install (ueNodes); internet.Install (enbNodes); Ipv4AddressHelper ipv4; NS_LOG_INFO ("Assign IP Addresses."); ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.1.0", "255.255.255.0"); Ipv4InterfaceContainer i = ipv4.Assign (dev); ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.2.0", "255.255.255.0"); Ipv4InterfaceContainer i2 = ipv4.Assign (dev2); ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.3.0", "255.255.255.0"); Ipv4InterfaceContainer i5 = ipv4.Assign (dev5); ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.4.0", "255.255.255.0"); Ipv4InterfaceContainer i3 = ipv4.Assign (dev3); ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.5.0", "255.255.255.0"); Ipv4InterfaceContainer i4 = ipv4.Assign (dev4); Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper::PopulateRoutingTables (); NS_LOG_INFO ("Create Applications."); // Create one udpServer application on node one. uint16_t port1 = 8000; // Need different port numbers to ensure there is no conflict uint16_t port2 = 8001; UdpServerHelper server1 (port1); UdpServerHelper server2 (port2); ApplicationContainer apps1; ApplicationContainer apps2; apps1 = server1.Install (enbNodes.Get(0)); apps2 = server2.Install (enbNodes.Get(0)); apps1.Start (Seconds (1.0)); apps1.Stop (Seconds (simulation_time)); apps2.Start (Seconds (1.0)); apps2.Stop (Seconds (simulation_time)); // Create one UdpClient application to send UDP datagrams from node zero to // node one. uint32_t MaxPacketSize = 500; Time interPacketInterval = Seconds (interval); uint32_t maxPacketCount = 10800; UdpClientHelper client1 (i2.GetAddress (0), port1);

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UdpClientHelper client2 (i.GetAddress (0), port2); client1.SetAttribute ("MaxPackets", UintegerValue (maxPacketCount)); client1.SetAttribute ("Interval", TimeValue (interPacketInterval)); client1.SetAttribute ("PacketSize", UintegerValue (MaxPacketSize)); client2.SetAttribute ("MaxPackets", UintegerValue (maxPacketCount)); client2.SetAttribute ("Interval", TimeValue (interPacketInterval)); client2.SetAttribute ("PacketSize", UintegerValue (MaxPacketSize)); apps1 = client1.Install (ueNodes.Get(0)); apps2 = client2.Install (ueNodes.Get(1)); apps1.Start (Seconds (2.0)); apps1.Stop (Seconds (simulation_time)); apps2.Start (Seconds (2.0)); apps2.Stop (Seconds (simulation_time)); UdpClientHelper client3 (i2.GetAddress (0), port1); UdpClientHelper client4 (i2.GetAddress (0), port2); client3.SetAttribute ("MaxPackets", UintegerValue (maxPacketCount)); client3.SetAttribute ("Interval", TimeValue (interPacketInterval)); client3.SetAttribute ("PacketSize", UintegerValue (MaxPacketSize)); client4.SetAttribute ("MaxPackets", UintegerValue (maxPacketCount)); client4.SetAttribute ("Interval", TimeValue (interPacketInterval)); client4.SetAttribute ("PacketSize", UintegerValue (MaxPacketSize)); apps1 = client3.Install (ueNodes.Get(2)); apps2 = client4.Install (ueNodes.Get(3)); apps1.Start (Seconds (2.0)); apps1.Stop (Seconds (simulation_time)); apps2.Start (Seconds (2.0)); apps2.Stop (Seconds (simulation_time)); // Tracing AsciiTraceHelper ascii; p2p.EnableAscii(ascii.CreateFileStream ("d2dproject4.tr"), dev); p2p.EnablePcap("d2dproject4", dev, false); // Enable NetAnim, set node color and description AnimationInterface anim ("d2dproject4.xml"); anim.SetStartTime (Seconds(1.0)); anim.SetStopTime (Seconds(simulation_time)); anim.UpdateNodeColor(enbNodes.Get (0), 0, 0, 255); anim.UpdateNodeDescription(enbNodes.Get (0), "eNodeB"); anim.UpdateNodeColor(ueNodes.Get(0), 0, 255, 0); anim.UpdateNodeColor(ueNodes.Get(1), 0, 255, 0); anim.UpdateNodeColor(ueNodes.Get(2), 0, 255, 0); anim.UpdateNodeColor(ueNodes.Get(3), 0, 255, 0); anim.UpdateNodeDescription(ueNodes.Get(0), "UE1");

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anim.UpdateNodeDescription(ueNodes.Get(1), "UE2"); anim.UpdateNodeDescription(ueNodes.Get(2), "UE3"); anim.UpdateNodeDescription(ueNodes.Get(3), "UE4"); anim.EnablePacketMetadata(true); anim.EnableIpv4RouteTracking("d2dproject4_route.xml",Seconds(0),Seconds(10.0), Seconds(0.5)); // // Calculate Throughput using Flowmonitor // FlowMonitorHelper flowmon; Ptr<FlowMonitor> monitor = flowmon.InstallAll(); // // Now, do the actual simulation. // NS_LOG_INFO ("Run Simulation."); Simulator::Stop (Seconds(simulation_time)); Simulator::Run (); monitor->CheckForLostPackets (); Ptr<Ipv4FlowClassifier> classifier = DynamicCast<Ipv4FlowClassifier> (flowmon.GetClassifier ()); std::map<FlowId, FlowMonitor::FlowStats> stats = monitor->GetFlowStats (); for (std::map<FlowId, FlowMonitor::FlowStats>::const_iterator i = stats.begin (); i != stats.end (); ++i) { Ipv4FlowClassifier::FiveTuple t = classifier->FindFlow (i->first); //if ((t.sourceAddress=="10.1.1.1" && t.destinationAddress == "10.1.2.2")) //{ std::cout << "Flow " << i->first << " (" << t.sourceAddress << " -> " << t.destinationAddress << ")\n"; std::cout << " Tx Bytes: " << i->second.txBytes << "\n"; std::cout << " Rx Bytes: " << i->second.rxBytes << "\n"; std::cout << " Throughput: " << i->second.rxBytes * 8.0 / (i->second.timeLastRxPacket.GetSeconds() - i->second.timeFirstTxPacket.GetSeconds())/1024/1024 << " Mbps\n"; //} } monitor->SerializeToXmlFile("d2dproject4.flowmon", true, true); Simulator::Destroy (); NS_LOG_INFO ("Done."); }

Documents

Performance analysis of device to device communication …shimengl/ENSC894/report.pdf · · 2017-04-17GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. ... LTE device to device communication