Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PERCH Air Quality Study
An Assessment of Particulate Matter, Ozone, and Air Toxics in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties
Principal Investigator:Dr. Michael E. Chang
Co-Principal Investigators:Dr. Karsten Baumann Professor Ann BostromProfessor Armistead Russell Investigators:Dr. Carlos Cardelino Mr. Ryan GesserDr. Yongtao Hu Ms. Laura KingDr. Talat Odman Dr. Richard PeltierMs. Azin Sahabi Dr. Rama Mohana R TuragaProfessor Rodney Weber Mr. Wes Younger
PERCH Air Quality Study Team
Does a connection exist between air pollution / air toxics and adverse human health outcomes in the Pensacola area?
The Question:
3 Phases of the PERCH Air Quality Study
1. Assess and prioritize local, urban, and regional threats to human health associated with air toxics and criteria pollutants.
2. Investigate the relationship between regional-scale measures of air quality provided by the existing regulatory-based air quality monitoring network, and neighborhood-scale measures of air quality that may be more representative of human exposures in the Pensacola area.
3. Identify the primary contributors to PM, ozone, and air toxics pollution and quantify their relative contributions to local ambient concentrations (and hence potential exposures).
Phase I: Identify the problem
“…[the American Lung Association] ranked Escambia as having the worst ground-level ozone problem in Florida.”
“The Pensacola area has the highest recorded concentrations of fine particle pollution in Florida.”
“…Escambia County ranks among the nation’s leaders in toxic air pollution.”
August 26, 2001In 2001 – 2002 interests and concerns were varied among the study’s stakeholders:
Ground-level Ozone: Chief concern of Local Community, Business, and Industry
Fine Particulate Matter: Primary intellectual interest of investigators
Air Toxics: Leading interest of sponsors
Costs of Health Impacts from PM, Ozone, and Air Toxics in Pensacola
$/year/personPM $1838.21Ozone $952.69Air Toxics (Total) $1.02
Phase I: Identify the problem
Benefits of reduced risks from PM, Ozone, and Air Toxics in Pensacola
$/year/personPM $34.00Ozone $0.70Air Toxics (Total) $3.50
At concentrations observed contemporarily (1996-2002) in Pensacola:
Incommensurate
Key Findings: particulate matter likely presents the greatest risk to human health generally related to air quality in the Pensacola region. Implications: Of the three classes of pollutants, ozone is the most well understood pollutant, though it may not pose the greatest health risk. Less is known about particle pollution and air toxics. In terms of allocating PAQS resources, the investigation’s ensuing primary focus (i.e. in Phases II and III) will be on PM, secondary on air toxics, and tertiary on ozone.
All of FL meeting 1997 National Ambient Air Quality Standard for O3
But several areas may not meet 2008 NAAQS
2009 Update
All of FL meeting 1997 and 2006 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5
Designations for 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS
2009 Update
Phase II: Filling in the knowledge gaps
Mobile Air Quality Laboratory at the OJ Semmes Elementary School, July 15 – August 14, 2003
“Pensacola 32503”
60
40
20
0
pp
bv
NOy OJS PNS OLF
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ra
in (%
t)
7/15 7/17 7/19 7/21 7/23 7/25 7/27 7/29 7/31 8/2 8/4 8/6 8/8 8/10 8/12 8/14
Date
1000
800
600
400
200
pp
bv
CO OJS PNS OLF
40
20
0
µg
m-3
PM2.5 OJS ELY24h NVR24h PNS OLF
80
60
40
20
0
pp
bv
O3 OJS ELY NVR NAS WAR PNS OLF
20
15
10
5
0
pp
bv
SO2 OJS ELY UWF PNS OLF
0.00W
ind
Bar
bOJS
Trends of the major air pollutants measured at OJS and other sites between July 15 and August 15, 2003
0
10
20
30
40
PM
2.5
(m g
m-3
)
OOEcalc
OC
LOA
EC
Others
NH4+
NO3-
SO4=
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Fra
ctio
n to
PM
2.5
Fine particulate matter composition measured at OJS between July 18 and August 12, 2003
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
7/1
8/0
3 7
:00
7/1
9/0
3 1
7:0
0
7/2
0/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/2
1/0
3 7
:00
7/2
1/0
3 2
3:0
0
7/2
2/0
3 1
7:0
0
7/2
3/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/2
4/0
3 7
:00
7/2
4/0
3 2
2:0
0
7/2
5/0
3 1
6:0
0
7/2
6/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/2
7/0
3 7
:00
7/2
7/0
3 2
3:0
0
7/2
8/0
3 1
7:0
0
7/2
9/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/3
0/0
3 7
:00
7/3
0/0
3 2
3:0
0
7/3
1/0
3 1
7:0
0
8/1
/03 1
2:2
2
8/2
/03 7
:15
8/2
/03 2
2:5
7
8/3
/03 1
7:0
0
8/4
/03 1
2:0
5
8/5
/03 7
:35
8/5
/03 2
3:2
9
8/8
/03 7
:23
8/1
1/0
3 1
2:3
0
8/1
2/0
3 7
:22
8/1
2/0
3 2
3:1
0
(pp
bv)
Diesel Exh. Gasoline Exh. Evap. Gasoline Refinery Fug. Primers & Enamel Biogenic Measured Mass
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
7/1
8/0
3 7
:00
7/1
9/0
3 1
7:0
0
7/2
0/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/2
1/0
3 7
:00
7/2
1/0
3 2
3:0
0
7/2
2/0
3 1
7:0
0
7/2
3/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/2
4/0
3 7
:00
7/2
4/0
3 2
2:0
0
7/2
5/0
3 1
6:0
0
7/2
6/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/2
7/0
3 7
:00
7/2
7/0
3 2
3:0
0
7/2
8/0
3 1
7:0
0
7/2
9/0
3 1
2:0
0
7/3
0/0
3 7
:00
7/3
0/0
3 2
3:0
0
7/3
1/0
3 1
7:0
0
8/1
/03 1
2:2
2
8/2
/03 7
:15
8/2
/03 2
2:5
7
8/3
/03 1
7:0
0
8/4
/03 1
2:0
5
8/5
/03 7
:35
8/5
/03 2
3:2
9
8/8
/03 7
:23
8/1
1/0
3 1
2:3
0
8/1
2/0
3 7
:22
8/1
2/0
3 2
3:1
0
(%)
Mass (top) and fractional (bottom) VOC contributions from each source at the OJS site.
Tota
l Mas
s (p
pbv)
Rela
tive
Com
posi
tion
(%)
Phase II: Filling in the knowledge gaps
Key findings: sulfate was a large fraction of the observed ambient PM2.5 loading; organic carbon was likewise found also to be a large fraction of the ambient PM2.5 loading; gasoline related sources are the dominate contributors to ambient gaseous VOC concentrations (suggesting also that they are the primary contributors to organic PM).
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Chl
orof
orm
Car
bon
Tet
raC
hlor
ide
Met
hyle
nech
lorid
e
Tric
hlor
oeth
ylen
e
Per
chlo
roet
hyle
ne
1, 3
But
adie
ne
Ben
zene
Co
nc.
(m g
/m3)
1996 (NATA)
2003 (Monitored)
Implications: coal and gasoline combustion were observed to account for most of the Pensacola atmosphere’s particle load during a high pollution event. Additional analyses (see Phase III) are needed to discern between local and regional sources, however.
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 1
FAQS Model ReanalysisJuly 5-18, 2001
Modeled PM2.5 Components
Model tells same general story as measurements: sulfate, ammonium, and organics most prevalent
From where do they come?
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
SO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(to
ns
per
day
)
Point 606 1884 1907 1656 1227 865
Mobile 96 166 397 171 247 163
Area 28 91 37 113 56 35
Nonroad 11 23 32 22 25 18
North Florida Alabama Georgia Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
NO
x E
mis
sio
ns
(to
ns
per
day
)
Point 431 428 445 310 221 233
Mobile 253 439 1057 442 625 408
Area 45 74 110 56 49 60
Nonroad 83 152 283 176 197 143
North Florida Alabama Georgia Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
NH
3 E
mis
sio
ns
(to
ns
per
day
)
Point 1 12 47 0 2 18
Mobile 12 21 40 21 30 19
Area 47 221 332 176 256 85
Nonroad 1 2 3 2 3 2
North Florida Alabama Georgia Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
VO
C E
mis
sio
ns
(to
ns
per
day
)
Point 88 150 73 227 212 88Mobile
166 320 554 271 400 248Area 267 530 607 504 741 415Nonroad 58 96 151 89 99 89
Biogenic 3001 8385 8849 3232 3124 3845
North Florida Alabama Georgia
Tennessee
North Carolina South Carolina
Emissions from FL, AL, GA, TN, NC, and SCSO2 NOx
NH3 VOCs
Sulfate Sensitivity at Pensacola
Key findings: sulfate constitutes half or more of the particulate load, however, sulfate is most sensitive to distant sources.
Ammonium Sensitivity at Pensacola
Key findings: ammonium is a significant part of the particulate load, and it is most sensitive to local sources.
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2a RAIMI Modeling for Air Toxics – Cancer risks from Point Sources
Key Findings: Three areas in Santa Rosa County and one area in Escambia County were estimated to have a possible elevated risk of cancer due to emissions from point sources. Only the Pace community in Santa Rosa County had a significant residential presence in close proximity to the industrial source. The estimated risks are of a magnitude that is consistent with risks found near other industrial sources.
Implications: With some exception for residential areas very near or within the industrial zones, emissions from point sources are not a widespread source of cancer risk via the inhalation pathway in the Pensacola area.
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2a
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2b RAIMI Modeling for Air Toxics – Cancer risks from Mobile Sources
Key Findings: elevated cancer and non-cancer risks due to mobile sources are ubiquitous in the Pensacola area with higher risks generally along more highly traveled roadways. Risk diminishes by several orders of magnitude a few hundred meters off the roadway. Implications: residential and other populated areas immediately adjacent to busy roadways may incur significantly elevated cancer and non-cancer risks.
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2b
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Distance from Road Centerline (m)
Can
cer R
isk
(N in
a M
illio
n)
Blue Angel Parkway University Parkway US 29 (Rural Road) Munson Highway (SR) Chase St
Blue Angel Parkway - Urban Minor Arterial US 29 - Rural Other Principal ArterialUniversity Parkway - Urban Local Munson Highway - Rural Major CollectorChase St. - Urban Other Principal Arterial
PERCH Air Quality Study
An Assessment of Particulate Matter, Ozone, and Air Toxics in Escambia and Santa Rosa CountiesFinal Report available at: http://cure.eas.gatech.edu/~chang/perch
Michael E. [email protected]
