Perception of First-year Mainstream Students at Ed, Hulis, Vnu

8/9/2019 Perception of First-year Mainstream Students at Ed, Hulis, Vnu

1/74

AEJ@C\MBKLBGB@[

Hfyu{ ch amm- |b ayb nbay{fmv {na`jhrm {c cry

urtbyxfucy- GA. @lrvb` Gf`n Nrb- |ncub

bècryalbgb`{- lrfkaèb a`k urttcy{

hycg {nb f`f{fam {c {nb hfàm mbxbm bàimbk ru{c kbxbmct a` r`kbyu{a`kf`l ch {nb

uriobe{.

Ubec`kmv- |b |crmk mfjb {c b~tybuu cry

lya{f{rkb {c {nb u{rkb`{u |nc xcmr`{bbybk{c tay{fefta{b f` cry ybubayen. \f{ncr{

{nbg- {nfu ybubayen ecrmk `c{ naxb ibb`

ecgtmb{bk.

Mau{ ir{ `c{ mbau{- |b chhby cry yblaykua`k imbuuf`lu {c cry hagfmfbu- cry

hyfb`ku- a`k cry {baenbyu |nc

1


2/74

urttcy{bk ru f` bxbyv ybutbe{ kryf`l

{nb ecgtmb{fc` ch {nb tycobe{.

9


3/74

[AIMB CH EC@[B@[

AIU[YAE[......................................................................................................;

ENAT[BY F F@[YCKRE[FC@..................................................................21. U{a{bgb`{ ch {nb tycimbg a`k {nb ya{fcàmb hcy {nb ybubayen..........................2

9. Afgu a`k ciobe{fxbu ch {nb u{rkv...................................................................8

5. Uectb ch {nb u{rkv..........................................................................................8

;. A` cxbyxfb| ch {nb ybu{ ch {nb tatby..............................................................8

ENAT[BY 9? MF[BYA[RYB YBXFB\.......................................................>

1. Kbhf`f{fc` ch jbv {bygu................................................................................>

1.1. Mbay`byu |fmmf`l`buu..............................................................................>

1.9. \fmmf`l buu {c ecggr`fea{b ..................................................................>

1.5. \fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` hcybfl` ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`.................>

1.5.1. Kbhf`f{fc`.........................................................................................>

1.5.9. Ycmb ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` hcybfl` ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`...................................................................................................................6

1.5.5. Hae{cyu f`hmrbèf`l |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b.............................6

1.;. Utbajf`l f` hcybfl` ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`..............................................1;

1.;.1. Fgtcy{aèb ch utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu f` hcybfl` ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc .1;

1.;.9. Ea{blcyfbu ch utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu f` hcybfl` ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`..1;

1.2. Lycrt kfueruufc`...................................................................................18

1.2.1. Kbhf`f{fc` ch lycrt kfueruufc`.......................................................18

1.2.9. Ufl`fhfeaèb ch lycrt kfueruufc`...................................................1

9. Ybma{bk u{rkfbu............................................................................................1>

9.1. U{rkfbu ybma{bk f`{byàm hae{cyu {na{ f`hmrbèb \[E..............................1>

9.1.1. U{rkfbu ch tbyucàmf{v.....................................................................1>

9.1.9. U{rkfbu ch mbay`by cyfb`{a{fc` a`k gc{fxa{fc`................................94

5


4/74

9.9. U{rkfbu ybma{bk b~{byàm hae{cyu {na{ f`hmrbèb \[E.............................91

9.9.1. U{rkfbu ch erm{ryb...........................................................................91

9.9.9. U{rkfbu ch mbay`f`l ec`kf{fc`.........................................................99

ENTA[BY 5? GB[NCKCMCLV................................................................9;

1. Tay{fefta`{u a`k ub{{f`l.............................................................................9;

9. Ka{a ecmmbe{fc`............................................................................................9;

9.1. Ka{a ecmmbe{fc` fù{yrgb`{u...................................................................9;

9.1.1. F`{byxfb|........................................................................................92

9.1.9. Kfayv..............................................................................................98

9.9. Ka{a ecmmbe{fc` tycebkryb.....................................................................98

5. Ka{a aàmvufu...............................................................................................98

5.1. Ka{a aàmvufu gb{ncku...........................................................................98

5.9. Ka{a aàmvufu tycebkryb........................................................................98

ENAT[BY ;? KA[A HF@KF@LU A@K [email protected]

1. [nb u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc`..............96

1.1. Eaub 1 U{rkb`{ 1 U1&.........................................................................96

1.9. Eaub 9 U{rkb`{ 9 U9&.........................................................................54

9. Hae{cyu f`hmrbèf`l {nb u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{bf` lycrt kfueruufc`......................................................................51

9.1. Eaub 1 U{rkb`{ 1 U1&.........................................................................51

9.1.1. B~{byàm hae{cyu..............................................................................51

9.1.1.1. Mceam iaejlycr`k...................................................................519.1.1.9. Tau{ mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{.......................................................51

9.1.1.5. [baenbyu urttcy{....................................................................59

9.1.1.;. F`'lycrt tbby f`hmrbèb...........................................................59

9.1.1.2. Hcyga{ a`k ec`{b`{ ch {nb kfueruufc ......................................55

9.1.9. F`{byàm hae{cyu...............................................................................5;

9.1.9.1 A{{f{rkb {c {aylb{ ma`lralb mbay`f`l.........................................5;

;


5/74

9.1.9.9. J`c|mbklb a`k ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefb`ev...........................5;

9.1.9.5. Mbay`f`l u{ya{blfbu..................................................................52

9.1.9.;. Mbay`by akat{a{fc` eataef{v....................................................58

9.9. Eaub 9 ' U{rkb`{ 9 U9&.........................................................................5


9/74

1& [c |na{ b~{b`{ ayb hfyu{ vbay gafù{ybag u{rkb`{u a{ BK |fmmf`l {c

ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc`3

9& Aeecykf`l {c {nb u{rkb`{u- |na{ hae{cyu f`hmrbèb {nbfy |fmmf l`buu {c


5. Uectb ch {nb u{rkv

Hfyu{mv- {nb u{rkv fu lcf`l {c ib ec`kre{bk {c f`xbu{fla{b {nybb eaubu |f{n a`

b~tybuu trytcub ch {ajf`l a` fùfln{ f`{c {ncub eaubu {c lb{ utbefhfe ec`{b~{ram

ka{a. [nybb eaubu ayb b~agf`bk {c auuryb {nb ec`{f`ra{fc` ch {nb ybubayen f`

eaub a`v ch {nb ubmbe{bk eaubu fu kfuyrt{bk. [nb encub` uagtmbu ch {nb u{rkv ayb

hfyu{'vbay u{rkb`{u ibearub {nb hfyu{ vbay fu a` fgtcy{a`{ tbyfck hcy {nbg {c ib f`

a `b| u{rkv b`xfyc`gb`{ |f{n `b| tbbyu a`k {baenbyu- butbefammv |f{n ga`v

ena`lbu f` {baenf`l a`k mbay`f`l attycaenbu. [nb ufl`fhfea`{ ena`lbu ayb baufmv

hcr`k f` utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu ibearub {nbv ayb yaybmv ec`kre{bk f` nfln uenccmu.

Gcybcxby- |f{nf` {nb uectb ch {nfu ybubayen- amm {nb tay{fefta`{u ayb kbmfibya{bmv

encub` hycg gafù{ybag emauubu- |nc r`kby|b`{ {nb uagb ecgtb{bèb

auubuugb`{ a`k nak {nb uagb eryyfermrg. Amuc- f{ fu `c{b|cy{nv {na{ {nb u{rkv

fu lcf`l {c b~tmcyb {nb fuurb hycg {nb ubmh'auubuugb`{ ch tay{fefta`{u aicr{ {nbfy

ybakf`buu a`k balby`buu f` utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu.

;. A` cxbyxfb| ch {nb ybu{ ch {nb tatby

[nb ybu{ ch {nb tatby ecgtyfub ch hfxb enat{byu au hcmmc|u?

Enat{by 9 Mf{bya{ryb ybxfb| tybub`{u {nb iaejlycr`k ch {nb u{rkv- fèmrkf`l

kbhf`f{fcù ch jbv {bygu a`k kfueruufcù ch ybma{bk u{rkfbu.

Enat{by 5 Gb{nckcmclv kbueyfibu {nb tay{fefta`{u a`k fù{yrgb`{u ch {nb

u{rkv- a`k {nb tycebkryb bgtmcvbk {c eayyv cr{ {nb ybubayen.

6


10/74

Enat{by ; Ka{a aàmvufu a`k kfueruufc` tybub`{u- aàmvzbu a`k kfueruubu {nb

hf`kf`lu {na{ {nb ybubayenbyu hcr`k cr{ hycg {nb ka{a ecmmbe{bk aeecykf`l {c {nb

{nybb ybubayen qrbu{fcù.

Enat{by 2 Ecèmrufc` urggayfzbu {nb gaf` hf`kf`lu kfueruubk f` {nb tatby

a`k ybecggb`ka{fcù {c ucmxb {nb hcr`k tycimbgu- {nb mfgf{a{fcù ch {nb

ybubayen- a`k ucgb urllbu{fcù hcy hry{nby u{rkfbu. [nfu enat{by fu hcmmc|bk iv

{nb Ybhbybèb a`k Attb`kfebu.

14


11/74

ENAT[BY 9? MF[BYA[RYB YBXFB\

1. Kbhf f{fc` ch jbv {bygu

1.1. Mbay`byu |fmmf l`buu

Aeecykf`l {c {nb C~hcyk kfe{fc`ayv


12/74

\[E ch ma`lralb mbay`byu ea` ib r`kbyu{cck au {nbfy |fmmf`l`buu {c ubbj

enaèbu {c {amj f` {na{ ma`lralb. [nfu kbhf`f{fc` kbueyfibu {nb ae{fxb ycmb ch

ma`lralb mbay`byu f` {nbfy mbay`f`l tycebuu.

\[E fu amuc kbhf`bk au aybakf`buu {c b`{by f`{c kfuecryub a{ atay{fermay {fgb

|f{n autbefhfe tbyuc` cy tbyucù ruf`l a` M9 GaeF`{vyb b{ amm- 166>- ef{bk f`

Uc`l- 944>&.

F` ecgtayfuc` |f{n {nb hfyu{ c`b- {nfu kbhf`f{fc` kcbu `c{ unc| {nb ae{fxb`buu ch

u{rkb`{u f` mccjf`l hcy enaèbu {c ecggr`fea{b f` M9. Nc|bxby- {nb

ybubayenbyu tybhby {nfu c`b {c {nb c{nbyu au f{ ae{rammv kbueyfibu {nb tcuf{fc` chybakf`buu {c utbaj f` M9 a{ a utbefhfe {fgb a`k |f{n a tay{fermay tbyuc`. F` {nb

ybubayenbk ec`{b~{ f` BK- NRMFU- X@R- |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b fu {nb

tcuf{fc` ch ybakf`buu {c utbaj B`lmfun a{ a utbefhfe {fgb a`k |f{n a tay{fermay

tbyuc`.

1.5.9. Ycmb ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` hcybfl` ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`

Uengfk{ 1669: ef{bk f` Uc`l-& emafgu {na{?

[nb lyba{by kblybb ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b eyba{bu gcyb cttcy{r`f{fbu

{c f`{byae{ f` B`lmfun. Mbay`byu |fmm {nbybhcyb naxb gcyb cttcy{r`f{v {c

tyae{feb {nbfy utbajf`l ujfmmu- |nfen f` {ry` |fmm b`naèb {nbfy cyam hmrbèv.

Tyae{feb nbmtu fgtycxb utbajf`l ya{b- {nru fèybauf`l mbay`by ec`hfkbèb {c

b`lalb f` hry{nby f`{byae{fc`. [nb gcyb cttcy{r`f{v hcy gba`f`lhrm tyae{feb-

{nb gcyb cttcy{r`f{v mbay`byu naxb {c {yaùhby fgtcy{a`{ ma`lralb yrmbu f`{c

{nbfy ec`xbyua{fcù.

Au u{rkb`{u ayb gcyb b`lalbk f` utbajf`l f` emauu- {nbv ayb gcyb mfjbmv {c

fgtycxb {nbfy utbajf`l hmrbèv a`k utbajf`l utbbk a`k {nfu |fmm b`{afm gcyb

ubmh'ec`hfkbèb f` ecggr`fea{f`l f` {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb. F` uncy{- f{ ea` ib uafk

{na{ \[E nbmtu tr{ {nbcyv f`{c tyae{feb- {nbybhcyb- nbmtu iccu{ u{rkb`{u

ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`.

19


13/74

1.5.5. Hae{cyu f`hmrbèf`l |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b

[nb hae{cyu f`hmrbèf`l \[E ubbgu {c naxb a{{yae{bk lyba{ f`{bybu{ agc`lmf`lrfu{u a`k tuvencmclfu{u. [clb{nby |f{n {nb {fgb fu {nb kbxbmctgb`{ ch {nb

{nbcyv aicr{ {nb fgtcy{a`{ hae{cyu. [nb ybubayenbyu |fmm {amj aicr{ {nb gcu{

ufl`fhfea`{ {nbcyfbu a`k {nb` u{a{b {c akct{ {nb gcu{ haxcyaimb {nbcyv.

Aeecykf`l {c Uc`l 944>&- \[E f` M1 kbtb`ku maylbmv c` u{rkb {u

tbyucàmf{v- ir{ \[E f` M9 fu gcyb kbtb`kb`{ c` {nb ec`{b~{. F` c{nby |cyku-

\[E |fmm ib kbefkbk iv {nb utbefhfe uf{ra{fc` f` |nfen tbctmb ecggr`fea{b f`

{nb {aylb{ ma`lralb. Hcy fù{aèb- u{rkb`{u gav ib gcyb mfjbmv {c {amj {c hyfb`ku|nc {nbv ayb f`{bybu{bk f` cy hagfmfay |f{n- cy {nbv gav hbbm f{ {bùb {c {amj f`

{nb {aylb{ ma`lralb f` ucgb u{ya`lb uf{ra{fcù mfjb a` f`{byxfb|.

GeEycujbv a`k Yfengc`k 1664& urllbu{bk {na{ \[E cyflfà{bk hycg {|c

xayfaimbu? maej ch a`~fb{v a`k tbyebfxbk ecgtb{bèb. [nfu gbaù {na{ tbctmb

ayb |fmmf`l {c ecggr`fea{b |nb` {nbv ayb `c{ attybnbùfxb a`k tbyebfxb

{nbgubmxbu {c ib a ecgtb{b`{ ecggr`fea{cy.

Hflryb 1? Ublgb`{ ch GaeF`{vyb,u .166;& |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b gckbm

[nfu |au ma{by kbxbmctbk iv GaeF`{vyb 166;& f`{c \[Eu gckbm au hcmmc|u?

15

Tbye


14/74

Hflryb 9? GaeF`{vybu .166;& eauram ubqrbèb hcy tybkfe{f`l \[E ruf`l

tbyucàmf{v'iaubk xayfaimbu- akat{bk f` Ga{urcja ( Bxaù .9442?2&

[nb hfyu{ gckbm hceruf`l c` M9 \[E |au kbxbmctbk iv GaeF`{vyb a`k nfu

auucefa{bu f` 1668?

Hflryb 5? GaeF`{vyb a`k Enaycu .1668& gckbm ch M9 \fmmf`l`buu {c

ecggr`fea{b- akat{bk f` Ga{urcja ( Bxaù .9442?


15/74

[nfu gckbm amuc fmmru{ya{bu GaeF`{vybu ctf`fc` {na{ \[E fu {nb ecgifà{fc` ch

lyba{by tbyebfxbk ecggr fea{fc` ecgtb{bèb a`k mc|by a`~fb{v f`

ecggr`fea{fc`. U{a{b tbyebfxbk ecgtb{bèb ybhmbe{u mbay`byu tbyebt{fc` aicr{

{nbfy c|` aifmf{v {c ecggr`fea{b ureebuuhrmmv a{ a tay{fermay {fgb. F{ ea` ib

r`kbyu{cck f` {nb ubùb {na{ \[E gav ib fèybaubk fh {na{ tbyuc` nau akbqra{b

ma`lralb a`k j`c|mbklb tychfefbèv. Ecèby`f`l a`~fb{v- f{ xayfbu cxby {fgb

a`k aeecykf`l {c {nb ec`{b~{.

Gaef`{vyb 166>& eyba{bk a gcyb ecgtmb~ gckbm |f{n gcyb xayfaimbu.

Hflryb ;? Nbryfu{fe gckbm ch xayfaimbu f`hmrbèf`l \[E hycg Gaef`{vyb b{

am .166>?2;


16/74

Mavby 9 fu |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b- a`k f{ f`xcmxbu uf{ra{fc`'utbefhfe

hae{cyu. Au f{ fu b~tmaf`bk aicxb- \[E fu {nb jbv hae{cy {na{ kbefkbu {nb

b`lalbgb`{ ch mbay`byu f` ecggr`fea{fc`

Mavby 5 fèmrkbu {|c fggbkfa{b a`{bebkb`{u ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b?

kbufyb {c ecggr fea{b |f{n a utbefhfe tbyuc` .5& a`k {nb u{a{b ch

ecggr`fea{fxb ubmh'ec`hfkbèb .;&. U{a{b ecggr`fea{fxb ubmh'ec hfkbèb

fèmrkbu {|c hae{cyu? u{a{b tbyebfxbk ecgtb{bèb a`k maej ch u{a{b a`~fb{v.

U{a{b ubmh'ec`hfkbèb nbyb kfhhbyu hycg {yaf{ ubmh'ec`hfkbèb f` {nb |av {na{ f{ fu

a gcgb`{ayv ubmh'ec`hfkbèb. [nfu fu ufgfmay {c {nb gckbm iv GaeF`{vyb aicxb.

[nb `b~{ {nybb mavbyu unc| {nb f`hmrbèbu- a`k ubyxb au f`kbtb`kb`{ xayfaimbu

f` aàmvzf`l \[E f` M9.

Mavby ; fu gc{fxa{fcàm tyctbùf{fbu- |nfen fu ecgtcubk ch f`{bytbyucàm

gc{fxa{fc`- f`{by'lycrt gc{fxa{fc` a`k M9 ubmh'ec`hfkbèb.

* F`{bytbyucàm gc{fxa{fc`2& gc{fxa{fc` ybhbyu {c {nb ybma{fcùnft ch c`b

tbyuc` |f{n {nb ucefb{v {nbv ayb mfxf`l f`. F{ ea` ib f`f{fa{bk iv ec`{ycm cyahhfmfa{fc`. Ahhfmfa{fc` ea` ib ybma{bk {c {nb tc|by ybma{fcùnftu- hcy fù{aèb- fh

c`b tbyuc` nau a u{yc`l lycrt ucmfkayf{v- {nbfy tay{fefta{fc` |fmm ib f`hmrbèbk

iv nc| {nbv {nf`j {nbv ayb hf{{bk f`{c {nb emauu. Ec`{ycm fu gcyb ecèby`bk |f{n

{nb {baenby a`k nfu cy nby {baenf`l u{vmb. Unb#nb |fmm eyba{b {nb cttcy{r`f{fbu hcy

u{rkb`{u {c ae{fxbmv tay{fefta{b f` ecggr`fea{fc`

* F`{bylycrt gc{fxa{fc` 8& gc{fxa{fc` yburm{u hycg gbgibyunft ch a

tay{fermay lycrt. F{ amuc fèmrkbu {|c hae{cyu? ec`{ycm a`k ahhfmfa{fc`- ir{ ec`{ycmnbyb nbmtu gaf`{af` {nb f`{byf`hmrbèb agc`l lycrtu- a`k ahhfmfa{fc` ybhbyu {c

{nb kbufyb {c jbbt ec`{ae{u |f{n c{nby lycrtu

* M9 ubmh'ec`hfkbèb


17/74

Mavby 2 fu àgbk au ahhbe{fxb a`k ecl`f{fxb ec`{b~{- |nfen fu eyba{bk iv {nybb

ecgtc`b`{u? f`{by'lycrt a{{f{rkbu- ucefam uf{ra{fc - a`k ecggr fea{fxb

ecgtb{bèb

*F`{bylycrt a{{f{rkbu .>& ayb f`hmrbèbk iv f`{blya{fxb`buu- |nfen fu ybma{bk {c

fèybaubk hybqrbèv a`k qramf{v ch ec`{ae{ |f{n M9 utbajbyu- hbay ch

auufgfma{fc` |nfen tybkfe{u mbuu ec`{ae{ |f{n {nb M9 ecggr`f{v- a`k a{{f{rkbu

{c|ayk {nb M9- |nfen kb{bygf`bu gc{fxa{fc` {c mbay`.

*Ucefam uf{ra{fc` .6& fu a ecgtmb~ ea{blcyv {na{ kbueyfibu a ucefam bècr`{by

f` a tay{fermay ub{{f`l. Hae{cyu {na{ f`hmrbèb uf{ra{fcàm xayfa{fc` ayb?tay{fefta`{u- ub{{f`l- trytcub- {ctfe- a`k ena``bm ch ecggr`fea{fc`.

* Ecggr`fea{fxb .14& ecgtb{bèb fu {nb yburm{ ch hfxb gaf` ecgtb{bèbu?

mf lrfu{fe ecgtb{bèb- kfuecryub ecgtb{bèb- ae{fcàm ecgtb{bèb-

ucefcerm{ryam ecgtb{bèb- a`k u{ya{blfe ecgtb{bèb.

Mavby 8 fu {nb ucefam a`k f`kfxfkram ec`{b~{. [nfu fèmrkbu {|c hae{cyu {na{ ayb

ecùfkbybk {c ahhbe{ \[E a{ {nb mbau{ b~{b`{.

* F`{by lycrt emfga{b .11& fu kbhf`bk iv {nb u{yre{ryam enayae{byfu{feu ch {nb

ecggr`f{v- a`k tbyebt{ram a`k ahhbe{fxb ecyybma{bu. Tbyebt{ram a`k ahhbe{fxb

ecyybma{bu ybhby {c {nb a{{f{rkbu a`k xamrbu {c|ayku {nb M9 ecggr`f{v. F{ ea` ib

r`kbyu{cck f` {nb ubùb {na{ fh c`b u{rkb`{ nau tcuf{fxb a{{f{rkbu {c|ayku a

tay{fermay lycrt- nb cy unb |fmm ib gcyb mfjbmv {c naxb ec`{ae{ |f{n {nb tbyuc`

hycg {na{ lycrt.

*Tbyucàmf{v .19&|fmm kbefkb {nb |av nc| a tbyuc` ybae{u {c ecggr`fea{fc`.

GaeF`{vyb b{ am.,u gckbm fu ecùfkbybk a lb`byam iaub hcy a xau{ `rgiby ch

u{rkfbu c` \[E. Nc|bxby- f{ ea` ib `c{febk {na{ {nfu gckbm fu gren urf{aimb

hcy \bu{by` ec`{b~{ ya{nby {na` Aufa` c`b. [c agb`k GaeF`{vyb b{ am.,u gckbm-

\b` ( Embgb`{ 9445& ec`kre{bk a ybubayen àgbk A Enf`bub

ecèbt{ramfza{fc` ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` BUM. [nycrln {nb

1


18/74

ybubayen- {nbv ybxbambk {na{ erm{ryam xamrbu |byb {nb kcgfà`{ hcyeb unatf`l

{nb f`kfxfkram,u tbyebt{fc` a`k |av ch mbay`f`l f` ecr`{yfbu mfjb Enfà |f{n

cyfb`{a{fc` ch yrmb'kcgfà{fc` a`k haeb'tyc{be{fc` au: nbèb ec`{yfir{f`l {c

f`hmrbèb c` \[E f` M9.

F` {nfu uectb ch {nb tybub`{ u{rkv- {nb ybubayenbyu c`mv enccub {nb gcu{ {vtfeam

xayfaimbu f` {nb tvyagfk- ybhmbe{f`l {nb utbefhfe uf{ra{fc` a{ {nb kbtay{gb`{.

Gcybcxby- mfjb Enfà- Xfb{àg fu r`kby {nb lyba{ f`hmrbèb ch Ec`hrefa`fug-

|nfen hcerubu c` {nb eb`{yam ycmb ch {baenbyu ya{nby {na` {nb gf`cy c`b ch

u{rkb`{u. F{ fu ecggc` j`c|mbklb {na{ {nb u{rkb`{u f` Xfb{àg ayb {cc hagfmfay

|f{n {baenby'eb`{bybk {na{ f{ gav `c{ ib bauv hcy {nbg {c akat{ {c {nb `b|

gb{nck ch B`lmfun mbay`f`l a`k {baenf`l a{ r`fxbyuf{v. [nbybhcyb- u{rkb`{u

u{a{b erm{ryb a`k mceam iaejlycr`k ayb {ajb` f`{c ecùfkbya{fc` f` {nfu u{rkv. Au

f{ fu u{a{bk iv Mfln{ic|` a`k Utaka 9448? 8


19/74

' Cyfb`{a{fc` ch mbay`f`l B`lmfun uenccm aenfbxbgb`{- oci cttcy{r`f{fbu-

{yaxbm akxa`{albu- f`{byà{fcàm hyfb`kunft- b{e.&

' A{{f{rkb {c {aylb{ ma`lralb mbay`f`l.

i. B~{byàm hae{cyu

' F`{bytbyucàm gc{fxa{fc`? nc| gren {nb {baenby tr{u bgtnaufu c`

ecggr`fea{fc` f` emauu a`k nc| nb cy unb eyba{bu {nb cttcy{r`f{fbu hcy

u{rkb`{u {c ecggr`fea{b f` emauu

' F`{bylycrt emfga{b? nc| {nb hbbmf`lu {c|ayku {nb tbyuc` hycg a

tay{fermay lycrt ahhbe{u u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b {c {na{tbyuc`

' Mbay`f`l ec`kf{fcù {baenby urttcy{- tbby urttcy{- hcyga{ a`k ec`{b`{

ch {nb kfueruufc`&

' Mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{ f` {nb tau{

' U{a{b erm{ryb ( mceam iaejlycr`k

' Utbefhfe uf{ra{fcù c` {nb mbay`f`l kav nbam{n u{a{b- |ba{nby ec`kf{fc`&

1.;. Utbajf`l f` ubec`k ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`

1.;.1. Fgtcy{aèb ch utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu f` ubec`k ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`

F` a àyyc| ubùb- utbajf`l fu a uri'ujfmm ch mbay`f`l a ma`lralb. F` a iycakby

ubùb- f{ fu amuc ecùfkbybk a gbaù {c ecggr`fea{b ib{|bb` tbctmb ruf`l {nb

{aylb{ ma`lralb. [nbybhcyb- utbajf`l a ma`lralb uncrmk ybhby {c {nb

ecgtb{bèb ch ecggr`fea{f`l f` {na{ ma`lralb? lyagga{feam ecgtb{bèb-

u{ya{blfe ecgtb{bèb- ucefc'erm{ryam ecgtb{bèb- a`k kfuecryub ecgtb{bèbEbmeb'Gryfea b{ am. 1662- ef{bk f` [c b{ am. 944>&. F` c{nby |cyku- utbajf`l

f`xcmxbu ic{n j`c|mbklb ch {nb ma`lralb a`k ujfmmu ch ruf`l {na{ ma`lralb.

Utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu ayb yblaykbk au {ccmu hcy mbay`byu {c tyae{feb {nb {aylb{ ujfmm-

aeqrfyb {nb ma`lralb au |bmm au b`naèb {nbfy ucefam a|ayb`buu. [nb ae{fxf{fbu

tycxfkb u{rkb`{u cttcy{r`f{v {c {amj f` {nb ma`lralb {nbv ayb mbay`f`l. Iv

{amjf`l f` {na{ ma`lralb- u{rkb {u b~ena`lb {nbfy xceairmayfbu- {nbfy

16


20/74

b~tybuufcù- {nbfy fkbau- a`k {nbfy ecggr`fea{fc` u{ya{blfbu |f{n {nbfy tbbyu.

Yfenayku 9448& bgtnaufzbu {na{ c`b hrè{fc` ch utbajf`l fu f`{byae{fc` |nfen

f`xcmxbu lb`byfe |cyku- utbajbyu fkb`{f{v a`k kblybb ch tcmf{b`buu. A{

{nb uagb {fgb- utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu f`xcmxb {baenbyu lfxf`l urttcy{ {c u{rkb`{u

f` uren kfgbùfcù ch ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`. Gcybcxby- {nb ae{fxf{fbu eyba{b

enaèbu hcy u{rkb {u {c {ajb tay{ f` mfhb'mfjb utbajf l uf{ra{fcù au

ecggr`fea{fxb ma`lralb {baenf`l fu iaubk c` ybam'mfhb uf{ra{fcù {na{ ybqrfyb

ecggr`fea{fc` Javf- 9448&. [nfu- c` {nb c`b na`k- iyf lu f`{bybu{ hcy

u{rkb`{u {c b`lalb f` mbay`f`l: a`k c` {nb c{nby na`k- fèybaubu {nbfy b~tcuryb

{c {nb ybam |cymk ch {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb. F` iyfbh- utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu tmav a`fgtcy{a`{ ycmb f` {baenf`l a`k mbay`f`l a hcybfl` ma`lralb: aeecykf`l {c Javf

9448&- f{ fu a eyrefam tay{.

1.;.9. Ea{blcyfbu ch utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu f` hcybfl` ma`lralb aeqrfuf{fc`

F{ fu `c{febk {na{ {vtbu ch utbajf`l f` ubec`k ma`lralb {baenf`l a`k mbay`f`l

ayb `c{ kfhhbyb`{ hycg {ncub f` gc{nby {c`lrb. [nb ybubayenbyu tybhby {c ubb

{vtbu ch utbajf`l au @ràù 1661& gckbm. Au utbajf`l fu ea{blcyfzbk f`{c

gc`cmclrb a`k kfamclrb f{ fu fgtcy{a`{ {c mccj f`{c utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu {na{

ic{n tycgc{b f`kfxfkramu b~tybuuf`l a`k lycrtu {amjf`l.

Ivla{b 16>


21/74

Hflryb? Ec`{f`rrg ch utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu iv Mf{{mb|cck .16>1- ef{bk f`

R`fxby{ram |biuf{b- 9445 &

Aeecykf`l {c [c- N. a`k nby auucefa{bu 9446?1


22/74

* Kfueruufc` ae{fxf{v? U{rkb`{u ayb lfxb` a {ctfe |nfen ch{b` tycxcjbu

gcyb {na` c`b ctf`fc`. [nbv ayb ch{b` tr{ f`{c lycrt {c tybub`{ {nbfy

c|` ctf`fcù c` {nb lfxb` fuurb.

* Ybauc`f`l lat ae{fxf{v? U{rkb`{u hf`k cr{ ucgb `b| f`hcyga{fc` hycg

lfxb` f hcyga{fc` {nycrln {nb tycebuu ch f`hbybèb a`k {nb

tbyebt{fcù ch ybma{fcùnftu.

* Tybtaybk {amj? U{rkb`{u gajb a tybub`{a{fc` c` a {ctfe ch {nbfy c|`

encfeb |f{n cy |f{ncr{ alybbgb`{ |f{n {nb {baenbyu.

F{ fu `c{febk {na{ |nb{nby {nb ae{fxf{v fu ecggr`fea{fxb kyfmm cy ybamecggr`fea{fxb ae{fxf{v- f{ fu ibmfbxbk {c chhby ma`lralb mbay`byu {nb

cttcy{r`f{fbu {c rub {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb. Gcybcxby- bxbyv utbajf`l

ae{fxf{v gb`{fc`bk aicxb fu mfjbmv {c ib cyla`fzbk f` lycrtu. F{ fu

urttcubk {na{ lycrt kfueruufc` tycxfkbu gcyb cttcy{r`f{fbu hcy bxbyv

gbgiby {c {amj f` {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb.

1.2. Lycrt kfueruufc`

1.2.1. Kbhf`f{fc` ch lycrt kfueruufc`

Lycrt kfueruufc` fu a ybma{fxbmv tctrmay ae{fxf{v f` ga`v tmaebu: {nbybhcyb f{ fu

r`kbyu{a`kaimb |nv f{u kbhf f{fcù ayb qrf{b ecùfu{b`{. \biuf{b Hybunbyu

\cymk ecùfkbybk lycrt kfueruufc` au a gb{nck f` |nfen lycrtu ch ea`kfka{bu

ayb lfxb` a {ctfe cy a uf{ra{fc` {c {nf`j aicr{- a`k {nb` aujbk {c kfueruu f{

agc`l {nbgubmxbu hcy a tbyfck ch {fgb. F` akkf{fc`- aeecykf`l {c Ncm{by 166;&

a`k Tcy{by 9448& ic{n ef{bk f` Mf a`k Eagtibmm 944>?94;'942&- f` lycrt

kfueruufc`- u{rkb`{u ayb kfxfkbk f`{c ugamm lycrtu {c b~tmcyb cy kfueruu a`

auufl`bk {ctfe- cy {c ecgtmb{b eaubu- {c aù|by a hb| enammb`lf`l qrbu{fcù- cy

{c b`lalb f` a` b~ena`lb ch fkbau- a`k unayb ucgb {ncrln{u |f{n lycrt

gbgibyu.

Unc|f`l gcyb ecèby` aicr{ f{u trytcub- Yfenayk 9448& ea{blcyfzbk lycrt

kfueruufc` f`{c {yaùae{fcàm {amj- |nfen ybhbyu {c {nb eaubu |nbyb {nb hceru

99


23/74

fu c` |na{ |au uafk cy kc`b. [nb gaf` hceru nbyb fu {c lb{ fkbau a`k ctf`fcù

aeycuu ya{nby {na` nc| {nb tay{fefta`{u f`{byae{ |f{n c`b a`c{nby. Mfjb Ncm{by

a`k Tcy{by- Yfenayk amuc ibmfbxbk {na{ f` emauu- lycrt kfueruufc` ea` ib

bgtmcvbk {clb{nby |f{n tycimbg'ucmxf`l cy f`hcyga{fc`'lat ae{fxf{fbu.

Iaubk c` amm {nb kbhf`f{fcù aicxb- {nb ybubayenbyu kbhf`b {nb {byg lycrt

kfueruufc` au {nb ae{fxf{fbu f` |nfen ugamm lycrtu ch tbctmb ecggr`fea{b f`

cykby {c kfueruu a`k unayb fkbau aicr{ a` auufl`bk {ctfe- cy {c ecgb {c a hfàm

kbefufc` aicr{ a tay{fermay ga{{by- a ucmr{fc` {c a eby{af` tycimbg.

1.2.9. Ufl`fhfeaèb ch lycrt kfueruufc` f` BHM mbay`f`l

Lycrt kfueruufc` fu rubk b~{bùfxbmv f` ga`v hfbmku f` cry mfhb? f` tychbuufcàm

gbb{f`l- f` tcmf{feam gbb{f`l- f` emauuyccg ae{fxf{fbu- b{e. Mf a`k Eagtibmm

944>& aylrb {na{ {nfu jf`k ch ae{fxf{v nbmtu {nb gbgibyu ch {nb lycrt attycaen

a tay{fermay fuurb hycg kfhhbyb { xfb|tcf {u- |fkb` a`k kbbtb` {nbfy

r`kbyu{a`kf`l aicr{ f{. [nbv gfln{ ubb lycrt ae{fxf{fbu au cttcy{r`f{fbu {c

b~tybuu {nbfy ctf`fcù- {ncrln {nbv tcuufimv haeb qrf{b a uecyb ch kfhhferm{fbu f`

b~tybuuf`l {nbfy fkbau. [nb b~tbyfbèb bàimbu {nbg {c emayfhv- enammb`lb a`kybhmbe{ c` {nbfy c|` {nf`jf`l a`k {nbfy tycimbg'ucmxf`l ujfmm a`k ec`hmfe{

ybucmr{fc` ujfmm. Gcybcxby- j`c|` au mbakbymbuu kfueruufc`- lycrt kfueruufc` fu

afgbk {c hf`k cr{ {nb à{ryam mbakbyunft mbxbm ch {nb ea`kfka{bu. [nru- lycrt

kfueruufc` fu a ucmr{fc` hcy maylb ecggr`f{fbu cy lycrtu- |nb` {nb mbakbyu `bbk

{c j`c| c{nby gbgibyu ctf`fcù cy a{{f{rkbu f` a uncy{ tbyfck ch {fgb.

Mfjb|fub- {nb eaub ch lycrt kfueruufc` f` {nb ecggr`fea{fxb BHM emauuyccg

nau ibb` tbyufu{b`{mv aylrbk hcy ga`v vbayu: a`k embaymv {nbyb ayb ecgtbmmf`lib`bhf{u hcy ubec`k ma`lralb mbay`f`l auucefa{bk |f{n {nb rub ch lycrtu f`

B`lmfun mbuucù. Mf a`k Eagtibmm hcr`k {na{ Aufa` u{rkb`{u nflnmv xamrb {nb

ufl`fhfeaèb ch emauuyccg lycrt kfueruufcù |nbyb {nbv ea` f`{byae{ |f{n

u{rkb`{u hycg c{nby erm{rybu a`k iaejlycr`ku- fgtycxb {nbfy B`lmfun'ma`lralb

ujfmmu- b`naèb {nbfy erm{ryam j`c|mbklb a`k naxb gcyb cttcy{r`f{fbu {c gajb

hyfb`ku. Amuc- aeecykf`l {c Iyruu 9446&- lycrt kfueruufc` fu xf{am {c baen

95


24/74

u{rkb`{u u{rkv hcy f{u ib`bhf{u {c u{rkb`{u f` gc`f{cyf`l {nbfy c|` mbay`f`l-

laf`f`l ubmh'kfybe{fc` a`k f`kbtb`kbèb ch {nb {r{cyu. F` akkf{fc`- au Mf a`k

Eagtibmm tcf`{ cr{ {na{ |nb` c`b gbgibyu ctf`fc` ec`hmfe{u |f{n c{nbyu f` a

kfueruufc`- {na{ gbgiby |crmk naxb {c {yv {c aylrb a`k ec`xfèb {nbg {na{ nby

fkba fu yfln{. Iv kcf`l uc- nby eyf{feam {nf`jf`l a`k kbia{b ujfmm |crmk ib

unaytb`bk.

1.2.5. [vtbu ch lycrt kfueruufc`

[nbyb gav ib gcyb {na` c`b |av {c ea{blcyfzb lycrt kfueruufc`. Aeecykf`l {c

Yfenayk 9448&- f` emauu- {|c {vtbu ch ae{fxf{fbu {na{ ea` ib rubk hcy lycrtkfueruufcù ayb f`hcyga{fc`'lat ae{fxf{fbu a`k tycimbg'ucmxf l ae{fxf{fbu.

Nc|bxby- {nb ybubayenbyu enccub {c akct{ {nb emauufhfea{fc` ch {nb |biuf{b

n{{t?##|||{baenf`lb`lmfuncylrj#{nf`j#ay{fembu#lycrt'kfueruufc`'ujfmmu au

{na{ |av tycxfkbu a gcyb utbefhfe ea{blcyfza{fc`. [vtbu ch kfueruufcù ea` ib

kbefkbk iaubk c` {nb {auju ch {nb tay{fefta`{u- au hcmmc|u?

Gajb kbefufcù b.l. kbefkb |nc {c f`xf{b {c a tay{v a`k |nbyb {c uba{

{nbg& Lfxb a`k # cy unayb {nbfy ctf`fcù c` a lfxb` {ctfe b.l. kfueruuf`l

ibmfbhu aicr{ {nb bhhbe{fxb`buu ch eatf{am tr`fungb`{&

Eyba{b ucgb{nf l b.l. tma` a`k gajb a tcu{by au a gbkfrg hcy

hbbkiaej c` a ma`lralb ecryub&

Ucmxb a tycimbg b.l. kfueruuf`l {nb uf{ra{fcù ibnf`k a ubyfbu ch mclfe

tycimbgu&

9. Ybma{bk u{rkfbu

Mbay`byu mbxbm ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` {aylb{ ma`lralb nau ibb`

gb`{fc`bk f` ybxfb|bk u{rkfbu. @bxby{nbmbuu- f{ nau ibb` `c{ {nb hceru hf`kf`lu

ch {ncub u{rkfbu ir{ {nb iaub hcy {nb ybubayenbyu {c aàmvzb {nb f`hmrb`{fam

hae{cyu.

9.1. U{rkfbu ybma{bk f`{byàm hae{cyu {na{ f`hmrbèb \[E

9;


25/74

F` lb`byam- ecggr`fea{fc` ureebuu fu ec`{yfir{bk iv utbajbyu |fmmf`l`buu {c

ecggr`fea{b. F{ fu eby{af`mv `c{ c`mv {yrb |f{n ecggr`fea{fc` f` {nb gc{nby

{c`lrb ir{ amuc {yrb |f{n ecggr`fea{fc` f` a hcybfl` ma`lralb. A lyba{ `rgiby

ch ybubayenbyu naxb {ajb` {fgb {c f`xbu{fla{b {nfu fuurb |f{n nfln f`{bybu{.

9.1.1. U{rkfbu ch tbyucàmf{v

Tbyucàmf{v fu {nb xayfcru autbe{u ch a tbyucù enayae{by {na{ ecgif`b {c gajb

{nbg kfhhbyb`{ hycg c{nby tbctmb C~hcyk Akxaèbk Mbay by Kfe{fcàyv-

t1192 ef{bk f` Kafmv- 9449?1;5&. [nbyb

fu a gcyb ecggc` |av ch lycrtf`l f`kfxfkramu? f`{ycxby{u a`k b~{ycxby{u.

Am{ncrln b~tby{u uav {na{ f{ fu kfhhferm{ {c gajb a embay kfu{fè{fc` ib{|bb`

f`{ycxby{u a`k b~{ycxby{u- Bvubèj ( Ena` 16>9& a`k Lyfhhf{nu 1661& ef{bk f`

Jfg- 944;?;1& alybb |f{n {nb hcmmc|f`l kbhf`f{fc`?

B~{ycxby{u ayb ucefaimb- mfjb tay{fbu- naxb ga`v hyfb`ku a`k `bbk

b~ef{bgb`{. [nbv ayb ubùa{fc`'ubbjbyu a`k yfuj'{ajbyu- mfjb tyae{feam

ocjbu a`k ayb mfxbmv a`k ae{fxb. F`{ycxby{u ayb qrfb{- tybhby ybakf`l {c

gbb{f`l tbctmb- naxb hb| ir{ emcub hyfb`ku a`k rurammv axcfk

b~ef{bgb`{.

Lyfhhf{nu 1661& a`k @afga` b{ am. 16>


26/74

unaybk {nb uagb ctf`fc` {na{ f`{ycxbyufc`# b~{ycxbyufc` tbyuc`amf{v {yaf{ au a`

a`{bebkb`{ ch \[E?

F`{ycxby{bk f`kfxfkramu ayb f`{ycutbe{fxb- mbuu ucefaimb- a`k hbbm

mbuu `bbk {c ecggr`fea{b. [nbybhcyb- f {ycxby{u tybhby {c

|f{nkya| hycg ecggr`fea{fc`. C` {nb c{nby na`k- b~{ycxby{bk

f`kfxfkramu ayb tbctmb cyfb`{bk a`k xamrb ecggr fea{fc`:

{nbybhcyb- {nbv ayb gcyb mfjbmv {c ib |fmmf`l {c ecggr`fea{b

ecgtaybk |f{n f`{ycxby{u.

Nc|bxby- ga`v ybubayenbyu uren au U{yc`l 16>5&- Iruen 16>9&- Lb`bubb b{am. 16>4&- a`k Ur{by 16


27/74

Kbutf{b {nb alybbgb { iv ga`v ybubayenbyu cxby {nb fgtcy{aèb ch M9

gc{fxa{fc`- {nbyb fu mbuu alybbgb`{ yblaykf`l nc| {c fkb`{fhv b~ae{mv |na{

gc{fxa{fc` fu a`k nc| f{ ybma{bu |f{n a{{f{rkbu- a`~fb{v- a`k tychfefbèv {c

ahhbe{ ma`lralb mbay`f l Vagaunfyc ( GaeMarlnmf`- 9441?115- ef{bk f`

Ga{urka Uab ( Iyc|` Yciby{ Uaìcy`- 944;&. F{ fu urttcubk {na{ M9

gc{fxa{fc` ecyybma{bu |f{n mbay`by cyfb`{a{fc` {c M9 mbay`f`l- |nfen fu mfjbmv {c

ib kfxfkbk f {c {|c gaocy ea{blcyfbu? f`{bybu{'ybma{bk cyfb`{a{fc` a`k

tyalga{fug'ybma{bk cyfb`{a{fc`. Layk`by a`k Magiby{ 1626& àgbk {nbub {|c

{vtbu ch gc{fxa{fc` au f`{blya{fxb gc{fxa{fc` a`k fù{yrgb {am gc{fxa{fc`

ef{bk f` Uab ( Uaìcy`- 944;&. F`{blya{fxb gc{fxa{fc` ybhbyu {c mbay`by f`{bybu{f` {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb a`k mbay`by kbufyb {c ib a gbgiby ch {na{ ma`lralb

ecggr`f{v. Fù{yrgb`{am gc{fxa{fc` ybhbyu {c mbay`by trytcub ch mbay`f`l a

ma`lralb |nfen gav f`xcmxb uenccm aenfbxbgb`{- oci cttcy{r`f{fbu- cy {yaxbm

akxa`{albu.

A lyba{ kbam ch ybubayen nau hcerubk c` f`{blya{fxb gc{fxa{fc` {c \[E. Tb`l

9448&- |nc attmfbk Layk`byu 16>2& gckbm ch f`{blya{fxb gc{fxa{fc`-

f`xbu{fla{bk {nb ybma{fcùnft ib{|bb` f`{blya{fxb gc{fxa{fc` a`k \[E agc`lEnf`bub ecmmblb u{rkb`{u mbay`f`l B`lmfun f` a` f`{bùfxb tyclyaggb. Iv {nb

b`k ch nfu u{rkv- Tb`l ahhfygbk {na{ kbufyb {c ib a gbgiby ch M9 ecggr`f{v

ecrmk tybkfe{ M9 \[E agc`l Enf`bub ecmmblb B`lmfun u{rkb`{u- |nfen gbaù

{na{ f{ nak a kfybe{ fgtae{ c` \[E. Uren yburm{ nau ibb` ecùfu{b`{ f` kfhhbyb`{

ec`{b~{u uren au [ryjbv |f{n Eb`{f`javau 9442& u{rkv- Jcyba |f{n Jfgu

944;& u{rkv- a`k Oata`bub |f{n Naunfgc`cu 9449& ybubayen. [nbub uencmayu

amuc laxb a ecùbùru {na{ {nbyb |au a` f`kfybe{ ybma{fcùnft ib{|bb` a{{f{rkb {c

M9 a`k M9 \[E.

A{ hfyu{- mf{{mb ybubayen |au ec`kre{bk {c f`xbu{fla{b {nb fgtae{ ch fù{yrgb`{am

gc{fxa{fc` c` M9 \[E au uencmayu auurgbk {na{ f`{blya{fxb gc{fxa{fc` |au

gren gcyb fgtcy{a`{. @bxby{nbmbuu- fù{yrgb`{am gc{fxa{fc` {nb` |au

kfuecxbybk {c tmav a gcyb ufl`fhfea`{ ycmb f` hcybfl` ma`lralb b`xfyc`gb`{

Kcy`vbf- 1664: C~hcyk- 1668 ef{bk f` Uab ( Uaìcy`- 944;?1;5&. Eb`{f`java

9442& amuc tycxbk {na{ hae{ |f{n nfu c|` qramf{a{fxb yburm{ ch f`{byxfb|u |f{n

9


28/74

[ryjbv u{rkb`{u. Nb hcr`k cr{ {na{ gcu{ ch {nb u{rkb`{u |byb gc{fxa{bk {c mbay`

a` M9 a u {nbv |fun {c naxb a ib{{by oci cy hrmhfmm {nbfy uenccm ybqrfybgb`{. [nb

ibmfbh aicr{ {nb b`cygcru f`hmrbèb ch {nbub {|c tyalga{fe mbay`f`l trytcubu

c` M9 \[E |au unaybk iv Gaef`{vyb a`k nfu auucefa{bu 9441&.

F` lb`byam- gc{fxa{fc` |au {nb gcu{ fgtcy{a`{ tybkfe{cy ch \[E f` M9

Tb`l- 9448& M9 \[E |nfen fu buub`{fam {c tycgc{b agc`l M9 u{rkb`{u {c

haefmf{a{b ma`lralb mbay`f`l Tb`l- 9448&. Gcybcxby- Ga{uriaya 944&.

9.9. U{rkfbu ybma{bk {c b~{byàm hae{cyu {na{ f`hmrbèb \[E

9.9.1. U{rkfbu ch erm{ryb

Amc`l |f{n c{nby hae{cyu- erm{ryb nau ibb` ecùfkbybk f` ucgb u{rkfbu- gcu{mv

ec`kre{bk f` Aufa` ecr`{yfbu- au a` b~{byàm hae{cy {na{ f`hmrbèbu mbxbmu ch

\[E f` ubec`k ma`lralb cy hcybfl` ma`lralb.

\b` a`k Embgb`{ 9445& aylrbk {na{ GaeF`{vyb b{ am.u 166>& nbryfu{fe gckbm

ch \[E fu iaubk c` ybubayen gaf`mv ec`kre{bk f` {nb \bu{by` ec`{b~{ a`k

tyctcubk {c akk a `b| bmbgb`{ {c {nb \[E nvtc{nb{feam ecèbt{ {na{ fu erm{ryb.

[nbv tcf`{bk cr{ {na{ {nb ybmre{aèb ch Enf`bub u{rkb`{u {c ecggr`fea{b f`

ecggr`f{v |au `c{ ufgtmv a ma`lralb tnb`cgb`c` ir{ kbbtmv ycc{bk f`

Enf`bub tnfmcuctnv a`k erm{ryb. [nbv hry{nby kfueruubk {nb erm{ryb ycc{u ch

r`|fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr fea{b ch Enf bub u{rkb {u |f{n {nb tycxfufc` ch{yakf{fcàm {ncrln{u ch Enf`bub tbctmb. Au {nbv tyctcubk- Enf`bub erm{ryb-

kbbtmv kbyfxbk hycg Ec hrefa fug- fu ecggc mv ybecl fzbk au gcyb

ecmmbe{fxfu{fe. [nbv agtmfhfbk {na{ enfmkyb` f` Enfà |byb |bmm {arln{ |f{n

attyctyfa{b ibnaxfcryu- |nfen lyakrammv mbk {c ubùf{fxf{v {c c{nby tbctmbu

orklbgb`{. Au a yburm{- cèb f` trimfe- {nbv ayb xbyv ear{fcru a`k gf`k {nbfy

ibnaxfcry \b`- 1666&.

9>


29/74

[nb fuurb ea` ib ubb` f` ma`lralb emauuyccg ec`{b~{ |nbyb Enf`bub u{rkb`{u

|f{n haeb'tyc{be{bk cyfb`{a{fc` attbaybk {c ib gcyb ubùf{fxb {c orklgb`{ ch

{nb trimfe rtc` {nbfy ma`lralb ibnaxfcryu. Nbèb- {nbv |byb mbuu mfjbmv {c

tay{fefta{b f` emauuyccg ecggr`fea{fc`. \b` ( Embgb`{- 9445?94&.

Ufgfmay erm{ryam hae{cyu {na{ f`hmrbèb \[E ea` ib hcr`k f` Jcyba` ec`{b~{.

Jfg 944;& kbueyfibk {nb {baenbyu ycmb f` {nb emauuyccg au a {yaùgf{{by |nc

|au urttcubk {c kcgfà{b {nb emauuyccg |nfmb {nb u{rkb`{u ycmb au a`

bgt{v xbuubm- |nc |au urttcubk {c jbbt ufmb`{ {c aiucyi j`c|mbklb hycg

{nb {yaùgf{{by. Gcybcxby- {nb ybubayenby akkbk Jcybaù ecèbt{ ch

u{rkb`{u ibnaxfcry ch aujf`l qrbu{fcù ea` ib ecùfkbybk au kfu{ryif`l {nb

{baenby a`k {nb emauu uncrmk naxb kbyfxbk hycg emauuyccg a`k ucefam erm{ryb.

Hry{nbygcyb- {nb kfhhbybèb f` gc{fxa{fc` {c ecyybma{fc` ib{|bb` erm{ryam

kfu{aèb a`k gc{fxa{fc` f` utbajf`l nau ibb` f`xbu{fla{bk iv Uxa`bu f` nfu

u{rkv |f{n 18< u{rkb`{u utbajf`l @cy|blfa` au ubec`k ma`lralb. Iauf`l c`

ka{a aàmvufu- nb ecèmrkbk {na{ {nbyb fu a ybma{fcùnft ib{|bb` erm{ryam

kfu{aèb a`k UMA ef{bk f` Gaef`{vyb- 944


30/74

{baenbyu a{{f{rkb a`k nfln f`xcmxbgb`{- nb cy unb gav hbbm mbuu ciubyxbk a`k

orklbk- a`k b~tbyfb`eb lyba{by bgc{fc`am uberyf{v Ec``bmm ( \bmmicy`-

1661- ef{bk f` \b` ( Embgb`{- 9445?9


31/74

Am{ncrln {nbyb nau ibb` a lyba{ kbam ch ybubayen c` {nfu hfbmk- uren u{rkfbu naxb

ec`kre{bk agc`l a |fkb ya`lb ch tay{fefta`{u |f{n {nb bgtmcvgb`{ ch aàmv{fe

{ccmu. @c`b ch {nb u{rkfbu nau iaubk c` u{rkb`{u c|` bxamra{fc` a`k

tbyebt{fc` c` {nbfy |fmmf l`buu {c ecggr fea{b f` {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb.

Gcybcxby- {ncrln ybubayen c` |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b nau hmcryfunbk f`

Aufa` f` 94{n eb`{ryv- ybubayen f` Xfb{ agbub ec`{b~{ nau `c{ ibb`

fgtmbgb`{bk. [nbybhcyb- {nbyb fu a yccg hcy {nfu ybubayen {c hfmm. [c hrmhfmm {nfu

ybubayen- {nybb hcmmc|f`l qrbu{fcù |crmk ib aù|bybk?

1& [c |na{ b~{b`{ ayb hfyu{ vbay gafù{ybag u{rkb`{u a{ BK |fmmf`l {c


9& Aeecykf`l {c {nb u{rkb`{u- |na{ hae{cyu f`hmrbèb {nbfy |fmmf l`buu {c


51


32/74

ENAT[BY 5? GB[NCKCMCLV

1. Tay{fefta`{u a`k ub{{f`l

B`lmfun Kbtay{gb { ch NRMFU fu a ifl kbtay{gb`{ |f{n 9; emauubu ch 2 gaocyu?

[baenf`l B`lmfun au Hcybfl` Ma`lralb- B`lmfun {yaùma{f`l a`k f`{bytyb{f`l-

Ia`jf`l a`k hfàèfam B`lmfun- Iruf`buu akgf`fu{ya{fc` B`lmfun a`k

F`{byà{fcàm bec`cgfe B`lmfun. [ncrln u{rkb`{u hcmmc| kfhhbyb`{ kybagu- {nbfy

u{ay{u uncrmk ib {nb uagb f` {nb B`lmfun |cyjf`l b`xfyc`gb`{? aenfbxf`l lcckecgtb{bèb f` hcry B`lmfun ujfmmu? mfu{b`f`l- utbajf`l- ybakf`l- a`k |yf{f`l. Au

a yburm{- {nb uvmmairubu hcy hfyu{ vbay u{rkb`{u ayb {nb uagb f` 9; emauubu |f{n {nb

hceru c` hcry B`lmfun gaeyc ujfmmu a`k c{nby urttmbgb`{ayv uriobe{u.

A{ hfyu{ {nybb u{rkb`{u |byb encub` {c {ajb tay{ f` {nfu ybubayen. Hycg {baenbyu

ctf`fcù a`k {nb gc`f{cyu ctf`fcù- |b tfejbk rt {nybb {vtfeam hfyu{'vbay

u{rkb`{u f` c`b emauu. [|c ch {nbg |byb ecùfkbybk au ae{fxb f` utbajf`lae{fxf{fbu |nfmb {nb c{nby c`b |au qrf{b ufmb`{ a`k fàe{fxb. Nc|bxby- ah{by c`b

f`{byxfb| ycr`k |f{n amm ch {nbg- |b ua| {na{ agc`l {nb {|c ae{fxb u{rkb`{u-

c`b u{rkb`{ |au ybammv ae{fxb a`k unb nbyubmh nak lyba{ gc{fxa{fc` {c {ajb tay{

f` utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu |nfmb {nb c{nby ae{fxb u{rkb`{ kfk `c{ unc| a ufl`fhfea`{

ae{fxb`buu. [nbybhcyb- |b kbefkbk {c b~emrkb {nb mbuu ae{fxb u{rkb`{- c`mv

fèmrkb {nb gcyb ae{fxb u{rkb`{ a`k {nb fàe{fxb u{rkb`{.

[nb hfyu{ tay{fefta`{ U1& fu hycg Kc`l Ncf- Qra`l If`n. Unb u{ay{bk mbay`f`l

B`lmfun hycg lyakb 8 a`k |au a gbgiby ch a emauu utbefamfzbk f` B`lmfun hycg

lyakb 14. F` nby nfln'uenccm emauu- unb nak cttcy{r`f{fbu {c kfueruu f` lycrtu

bxbyv utbajf`l mbuuc . Nc|bxby- nby lycrt gbgibyu a`k unb {amjbk f`

Xfb{àgbub amgcu{ amm {nb kfueruufc` {fgb |nfmb {nbfy {baenby kfk `c{ tav

a{{b`{fc` {c ec`{ycm {nbfy b`lalbgb`{ f` uren a` ae{fxf{v. [nb ubec`k c`b U9&

59


33/74

fu hycg Na [av. Unb nau ibb` mbay`f`l B`lmfun hcy 14 vbayu. A{ nfln uenccm unb

u{rkfbk f` Ga{n utbefamfzbk emauu- uc unb |au `c{ ec`hfkb`{ |nb` ecgtayf`l

nbyubmh |f{n {nb emauuga{bu |nc eagb hycg B`lmfun utbefamfzbk emauu. Ibufkbu-

unb hbm{ f{ nayk {c hf{ f`{c nby emauu ibearub unb |au c`b vbay cmkby {na` {nbg.

[nb mau{ c`b U5& fu hycg Naf Krc`l. Unb amuc u{ay{bk mbay`f`l B`lmfun hycg

lyakb 8. Unb eagb hycg a gafù{ybag emauu f` |nfen lycrt ae{fxf{fbu |byb amuc

fgtmbgb`{bk.

F` uncy{- f{ ea` ib ubb` {na{ {|c eaubu f` {nfu ybubayen- U1 a`k U9 ayb {vtfeam

agc`l ga`v hfyu{'vbay u{rkb`{u f` B`lmfun Kbtay{gb`{- RMFU.

9. Ka{a ecmmbe{fc`

9.1. Ka{a ecmmbe{fc` fù{yrgb`{u

Au {nfu gb{nck |au a eaub u{rkv f`{c u{rkb`{u tbyebt{fcù aicr{ {nbfy c|`

|fmmf`l`buu {c utbajf`l f` lycrt kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l emauu- eaub u{rkfbu{clb{nby |f{n ubgf'u{yre{rybk f`{byxfb|u |byb bgtmcvbk au {nb gaf` ka{a

ecmmbe{fc` gb{nck a`k u{rkb`{u kfayv |crmk ib rubk au {nb {yfa`lrma{bk c`b.

9.1.1. Eaub u{rkv

Eaub u{rkv gb{nck fu a tctrmay c`b f` ubec`k ma`lralb ybubayen. Eaub u{rkfbu

lb`byammv afg {c tycxfkb a kb{afmbk kbueyft{fc` ch ma`lralb mbay`f`l |f{nf` a

utbefhfe tctrma{fc` a`k ub{{f`lu. C`b akxa`{alb ch eaub u{rkfbu ybamfzbk iv

Ocnùc` 1665 ef{bk f` Gaejbv a`k Lauu- 9442?1


34/74

f`{c {nb ecgtmb~f{fbu ch tay{fermay eaubu f` {nbfy tay{fermay ec`{b~{u 1665 ef{bk

f` Gaejbv a`k Lauu- 9442?1


35/74

ubec`k tay{ tay{fermaymv- f{ hfyu{ afgbk {c la{nby f`hcyga{fc` aicr{ {nbfy

tbyebt{fcù aicr{ {nbfy c|` mbxbmu ch |fmmf`l`buu {c utbaj f` lycrt kfueruufcù-

{nbfy tbyucàmf{fbu |nb{nby {nbv {ncrln{ {nbv |byb unv f` a `b| b`xfyc`gb`{&

a`k nc| {na{ gc{fxa{bk cy nf`kbybk {nbfy tay{fefta{fc` f` lycrt kfueruufc`-

{nbfy u{a{b tbyebfxbk ecgtb{bèb {nbfy tbyebt{fc` aicr{ {nbfy |nb{nby r`{fm {nb

{fgb ch {nb f {byxfb|- {nbfy iaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb a`k {nbfy ma`lralb

tychfefbèv ayb b`crln hcy {nbg {c utbaj B`lmfun f` lb`byam- a`k {c

ecggr`fea{b {nbfy fkbau f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` f` tay{fermay&. Ubec`k-

{nbfy mbay`f`l u{ya{blfbu a`k {c |na{ b~{b`{ {nbv {ncrln{ {nbub mbay`f`lu{ya{blfbu nbmtbk tycgc{b {nbfy |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc`

|byb kfuecxbybk f` {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1. Amuc- {nbfy utbefhfe trytcub f`

mbay`f`l B`lmfun a`k {nb ybma{fcùnft ib{|bb` {nb trytcub a`k {nbfy \[E |byb

amuc f`xbu{fla{bk. Au yblayku {nb b~{byàm hae{cyu a`k {nbfy f`hmrbèb- F`{byxfb|

ube{fc` 1 |au amuc gba`{ {c kfuecxby hycg {nb u{rkb`{u tbyutbe{fxbu {nb

f`{bytbyucàm gc{fxa{fc` ib{|bb` {nbg a`k {nbfy {baenby |nb{nby {nbfy {baenby

eyba{bk ga`v cttcy{r`f{fbu hcy {nbg {c utbaj a`k bècryalbk {nbg {c utbaj& au

|bmm au nc| {nbv ibmfbxbk {na{ hae{cy ahhbe{bk {nbfy tay{fefta{fc` f` lycrt

kfueruufc`. Ibufkbu- {nb ybubayenbyu afgbk {c f`xbu{fla{b u{rkb`{u mbay`f`l

ec`kf{fcù |nb{nby f` {nbfy ctf`fcù- {nb {baenbyu urttcy{ f` {nb fù{yre{fc`- f`

b~tmaf`f`l `b|u |cyku a`k tycxfkf`l xceairmayv |au urhhfefb`{ {c auufu{ {nbfy

tay{fefta{fc` f` lycrt kfueruufc` cy `c{: a`k |nb{nby {nbfy hyfb`ku |byb

urttcy{fxb- {c ib gcyb utbefhfe- |nb{nby {nbfy hyfb`ku f` {nb lycrt kbmfibya{bmv

eyba{bk {nb cttcy{r`f{fbu hcy {nbg {c utbaj a`k nbmt {nbg |nb` {nbvyb f`

`bbk&. Mau{mv- a`c{nby qrbu{fc` nbmtbk {c kfuecxby {nb f`{bylycrt emfga{b {nbfy

tbyebt{fc` aicr{ {nb ybma{fcùnft ib{|bb` {nbfy lb`byam hbbmf`lu {c|ayku a

tay{fermay lycrt ch tbctmb ahhbe{bk {nbfy |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt

kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l emauu&.

52


36/74

Mfjb {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1- {nb f`{byxfb|u ube{fc` 9- 5 a`k ; |byb gba`{ {c

f`xbu{fla{b {nb u{rkb`{u tbyebt{fcù aicr{ {nb f`hmrbèb ch {nb hae{cyu aicxb-

ir{ gcyb fgtcy{a`{mv- {nbub f`{byxfb| ube{fcù |crmk nbmt {nb ybubayenbyu {c

naxb a` fùfln{ f`{c {nb utbefhfe eaubu ch kfhhbyb`{ utbajf`l mbuucù f` cykby {c

ec`hfyg {nb utbefhfe f`hmrbèb ch tay{fermay hae{cyu c` {na{ kav a`k |nb{nby {na{

f`hmrbèb |au tcuf{fxb cy `bla{fxb. Gcybcxby- {nbub f`{byxfb| ube{fcù |byb

`bbkbk f` {nb ubùb {na{ f{ nbmtbk {nb ybubayenbyu {c ubb {nb ena`lb f` {nb

u{rkb {u |fmmf l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b {nycrlncr{ {nb ubgbu{by a`k {c ubb

|nb{nby {na{ ena`lb |au ecùfu{b`{ {nycrlncr{ {nb {fgb kryf`l |nfen {nbf`{byxfb|u |byb ec`kre{bk.

9.1.5. Kfayv

Atay{ hycg {nb f`{byxfb|u- f` {nfu ybubayen- {nb u{rkb`{u kfayfbu |byb bgtmcvbk

f` cykby {c jbbt {yaej ch u{rkb`{u ena`lbu f` |fmmf`l`buu {c utbaj f` lycrt

kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l mbuucù. F{ |au urttcubk {na{ {nb |bbjmv kfayv c` {nbfy

tbyhcygaèb f` baen utbajf`l mbuuc` |crmk oru{ {ajb {nb tay{fefta`{u mbuu {na`

12 gf`r{bu. [nb ybaucù ayb {na{ {nb mb`l{n ybqrfybgb`{ |au aicr{ c`b talb

a`k {na{ {nbv |byb tycxfkbk |f{n a mfu{ ch lrfkf`l qrbu{fcù. F{ |au ibmfbxbk iv

{nb ybubayenbyu {na{ {nb kfayv |crmk nbmt ec hfyg {nb hf`kf`lu hycg {nb

f`{byxfb|u.

9.9. Ka{a ecmmbe{fc` tycebkryb

Hfyu{ ch amm- baen tay{fefta`{ |au f`{byxfb|bk hcy lb`byam f`hcyga{fc` aicr{ {nbfy

iaejlycr`k- {nbfy tybxfcru mbay`f`l a{ nfln uenccm a`k {nb hfyu{ hb| |bbju a{

r fxbyuf{v f` {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1. [nb` c{nby {nybb f`{byxfb|u |byb

ec`kre{bk |f{n baen ch {nbub tay{fefta`{u hcy gcyb kb{afmu ah{by baen utbajf`l

emauu.

58


37/74

Baen eaub |au f`{byxfb|bk iv {|c ch hcry ybubayenbyu f` bxbyv f`{byxfb|

ubuufc`? f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1 a`k f`{byxfb|u ube{fc` 9-5 ( ; ah{by utbajf`l

mbuuc`. [nb f`{byxfb|u |byb ec`kre{bk |f{n baen tay{fefta`{ kryf`l {nybb

|bbju.

Kfayfbu |byb urttcubk {c ib |yf{{b` iv baen encub` u{rkb`{ ah{by {nbfy utbajf`l

mbuuc` bxbyv |bbj. [nbub `c{bu |byb ecmmbe{bk ah{by {nb mau{ f`{byxfb| ube{fcù

|f{n {nbg.

5. Ka{a aàmvufu

5.1. Ka{a aàmvufu gb{ncku a`k tycebkryb

F`f{fammv- ybutcùbu hycg amm {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fcù ch {nybb eaubu |byb la{nbybk

a`k ybtcy{bk f`kbtb`kb`{mv. F` akkf{fc`- {nb ybubayenbyu |byb {c gajb uryb {na{

f`hcyga{fc` ecmmbe{bk hycg {nybb eaubu ybhbyyf`l {c |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu f`

lycrt a`k f`hcyga{fc` ybhbyyf`l {c |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun ayb{yaùeyfibk- urggayfzbk a`k lycrtbk ubtaya{bmv.

[nb ecmmbe{bk ka{a |byb emauufhfbk aeecykf`l {c {nb {|c ybubayen qrbu{fcù. [na{

fu- amm ch {nb ka{a la{nbybk hycg {nb f`{byxfb|u a`k tay{fefta`{u kfayfbu |byb

ecgtaybk {c aù|by {nb hfyu{ a`k {nb ubec`k qrbu{fc`.

Hfyu{mv- amm ybutcùbu hycg baen f`{byxfb| ube{fcù f` baen eaub |nfen fkb`{fhfbk

tay{fefta`{u ubmh' bxamra{fc` ch {nbfy mbxbmu ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f`

B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` |byb la{nbybk. F` akkf{fc`- amm hflrybu f`kfea{f`l

{nbfy ybhmbe{fc` ch {nbfy mbxbmu ch |fmmf`l`buu |byb tybub`{bk f` a {aimb- {c

ecgtayb {nbfy |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu f` lycrt f` lb`byam a`k |fmmf`l`buu {c

kfueruu f` B`lmfun.

5


38/74

Ubec`kmv- amm aù|byu hycg {nb f`{byxfb|u a`k {nb kfayv ch baen eaub ybhbyyf`l

{c hae{cyu {na{ ahhbe{ {nb u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu |byb uv`{nbufzbk a`k ea{blcyfzbk

aeecykf`l {c {nb kfueruubk hae{cyu f` {nb mf{bya{ryb ybxfb| enat{by. [nb |av ch

ea{blcyfzf`l |au tay{mv iaubk c` {nb ef{bk |cyku hycg {nb tay{fefta`{ aù|byu.

Amm akkf{fcàm hae{cyu ec`xbvbk iv {nb tay{fefta`{ f` {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fcù a`k

{nb kfayv |byb ybàgbk attyctyfa{bmv a`k tr{ f`{c c`b ch {nb gaf` ea{blcyfbu ch

hae{cyu u{a{bk f` {nb mf{bya{ryb ybxfb|. Amuc- gcu{ ufl`fhfea`{ qrc{a{fcù hycg

{nb f`{byxfb|u |fmm ib ef{bk |nb` `bebuuayv {c kbgcù{ya{b {nb aàmvufu ch ka{a

{c u{rkv {nb f`hmrbèb ch kfueruubk hae{cyu a`k akkbk c`bu.

Hfàmmv- {nb ybubayenbyu gakb a ecgtayfuc` ib{|bb` hae{cyu {na{ ahhbe{

u{rkb`{u balby`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` ecmmbe{bk

hycg {nb ube{fcù ch baen eaub {c b~agf`b {nb tbyufu{bèb ch hae{cyu kryf`l {nb

ybubayen {fgb a`k {nb mbxbm ch f`hmrbèb ch baen hae{cy c` {nb u{rkb`{. [nb

yburm{u ch {nb ecgtayfuc` |byb tybgfubu {c akkybuu {nb fgtmfea{fc` a`k

kfueruufc`.

5>


39/74

ENAT[BY ;? HF@KF@LU A@K KFUERUUFC@

[nfu enat{by aù|byu {nb hfyu{ {|c ybubayen qrbu{fcù |f{n {nb kb{afmbk aàmvufu

a`k kfueruufc`. C`mv {|c ch {nybb encub` eaubu |byb aàmvzbk a`k kfueruubk

aicr{. C`b eaub |au mbh{ cr{ ibearub unb kfk `c{ tay{fefta{b f` amm utbajf`l

mbuucù ah{by {nb u{rkv u{ay{bk. Amm {nb aàmvufu |au iaubk c` {nb f`{byxfb|u au

{nb tay{fefta`{u kfayfbu kfk `c{ ybhmbe{ a`v{nf`l `b| ecgtaybk {c {nb axafmaimb

f`hcyga{fc`.

[nb hfyu{ tay{ ch {nfu enat{by aù|byu ybubayen qrbu{fc` 1. Ah{by {nb {|c eaubu

|byb aàmvzbk ubtaya{bmv- {nb yburm{u ch ic{n eaubu |byb kfueruubk ocf`{mv.

[nb ubec`k tay{ ch {nfu enat{by aù|byu ybubayen qrbu{fc` 9. [nb aàmvufu ch

baen eaub |au ea{blcyfzbk f`{c {|c ube{fcù?

1& [nb tay{fefta`{u tbyebt{fc` aicr{ b~{byàm hae{cyu f`hmrbèf`l nby

|fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l

emauu

9& [nb tay{fefta`{u tbyebt{fc` aicr{ f {byàm hae{cyu f`hmrbèf`l nby

|fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l

emauu

[nb aàmvzbk hae{cyu f` ic{n ube{fcù |byb `c{ {nb uagb au {nb mfu{ ch hae{cyu f`

{nb mf{bya{ryb ybxfb| ibearub {nb aàmvufu |au emcubmv iaubk c` {nb ae{ram

f`hcyga{fc` la{nbybk ah{by {nb f`{byxfb|u. Ah{by baen ube{fc`- {nb yburm{

kfueruufc` |au tybub`{bk.

56


40/74

1. [nb u{rkb`{u |fmmf l`buu {c ecggr fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc`

1.1. Eaub 1 U{rkb`{ 1 U1&

U{albu\[E f` B`lmfun

( Xfb{àgbub&

\[E f`

B`lmfunIbhcyb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1 2 ;

F` utbajf`l ubuufc` ibhcyb f`{byxfb|

ube{fc` 92 ;

F` utbajf`l ubuufc` ibhcyb f`{byxfb|

ube{fc` 5 2 ;F` utbajf`l ubuufc` ibhcyb f`{byxfb|

ube{fc` ;2 ;

[aimb 1? [nb u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc` f`

utbajf`l emauu

[aimb 1 unc|u {nb mbxbm ch u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt

kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l emauu lb`byammv a`k f` B`lmfun tay{fermaymv. Au ea` ibubb` f` {nb {aimb- U1 |au nflnmv |fmmf`l {c kfueruu a{ a`v {fgb f{ nattb`bk.

\nb` aujbk aicr{ nby |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc` f` {nb

tbyfck ibhcyb {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1- f` c{nby |cyku- ah{by {nybb |bbju mbay`f`l

a{ {nb r`fxbyuf{v- unb akgf{{bk {na{ unb |au am|avu balby {c unayb nby ctf`fcù

|f{n nby lycrt gbgibyu. Nc|bxby- unb kfk `c{ am|avu ir{ oru{ rurammv utbaj f`

B`lmfun. Hcy baen utbajf`l emauu ah{by {na{ hfyu{ f`{byxfb|- unb ec`hfygbk {na{

unb |au u{fmm am|avu |fmmf`l {c ecggr`fea{b |f{n nby tbbyu {c ecgtmb{b {nb

fùfkb'emauu {auj {nb {baenby auufl`bk hcy nby lycrt. Unb akkbk {na{ `baymv namh

ch {nb {fgb unb {amjbk f` Xfb{àgbub. [nb ybaucù& |crmk ib kfueruubk f`

kb{afmu f` {nb `b~{ tay{.

;4


41/74

1.9. Eaub 9 U{rkb`{ 9 U9&

U{albu \[E f` B`lmfun (Xfb{àgbub&

\[E f` B`lmfun

Ibhcyb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1 9'5 9

Ae{fxf{v 1 Ae{fxf{v 9 Ae{fxf{v 1 Ae{fxf{v 9

F` utbajf`l ubuufc` ibhcyb

f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 95 5 5 5

F` utbajf`l ubuufc` ibhcyb

f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 55.2 ; 5.2 5.2

F` utbajf`l ubuufc` ibhcybf`{byxfb| ube{fc` ;

; 2 ; 2

[aimb 9? [nb u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc` f`

utbajf`l emauu

[aimb 9 unc|u {nb mbxbm ch u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt

kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l emauu lb`byammv a`k f` B`lmfun tay{fermaymv. Au ea` ib

ubb` f` {nb {aimb- U9u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc`lyakrammv fèybaubu {nycrlncr{ ubxbyam |bbju. Nc|bxby- f{ fu embay hycg {nb

{aimb {na{ nby mbxbm ch |fmmf`l`buu {c rub B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` fu am|avu

mc|by {na` {c rub ic{n B`lmfun a`k Xfb{àgbub {c kfueruu f` lycrt. F{ fu amuc

`c{febaimb {na{ {nb mbxbmu ch |fmmf`l`buu xayv ufl`fhfea`{mv agc`l kfhhbyb`{

ae{fxf{fbu f` baen mbuuc`.

Hycg {nb {|c {aimbu- {nb ybubayenbyu ea` ubb {na{ mbxbm ch |fmmf`l`buu {c

ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l mbuuc` ch baentay{fefta`{ auucefa{bk |f{n nby bxamra{fc` c` nby c|` tbyhcygaèb. F{ |au embay

{na{ {nb bxamra{fc` ch u{rkb`{ 1 |au ecùfu{b`{ a`k {na{ ch u{rkb`{ 9 |au

ena`lf`l {nycrln {nybb f {byxfb|u. [nb ecùfu{bèv cy ena`lb ch uren

bxamra{fc` |au f`hmrbèbk iv ya`lb ch hae{cyu {na{ |crmk ib hry{nby kfueruubk

f` {nb hcmmc|f`l tay{.

;1


42/74

9. Hae{cyu f`hmrbèf`l |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc` f`

utbajf`l mbuucù

9.1. Eaub 1 U{rkb`{ 1 U1&

9.1.1. B~{byàm hae{cyu

9.1.1.1. Mceam iaejlycr`k

U1 fu hycg {nb Gfkkmb ch Xfb{àg: a`k unb ecùfkbybk f{ au a` ciu{aemb ibearub

c{nby u{rkb`{u nak kfhhferm{fbu r`kbyu{a`kf`l nby kfambe{. Unb kbufybk {c naxbgcyb emauuga{bu hycg {nb uagb ayba uc {na{ unb |crmk ib aimb {c ib gcyb

ec`hfkb`{ f` f`{byae{fc`.

F ag `c{ ec`hfkb`{ au F ag {nb c`mv {c ecgb hycg {nb Gfkkmb Xfb{àg

a`k {nb c{nbyu ayb hycg {nb @cy{n. F{ fu `c{ {na{ F naxb {c utbaj B`lmfun

|nfen gajbu gb hbbm rèc`hfkb`{. Fh gcyb hyfb`ku eagb hycg {nb

Gfkkmb- F |crmk ib gcyb ec`hfkb`{.

@bxby{nbmbuu- unb |au eby{af` {na{ unb ecrmk lyakrammv gajb nby emauuga{bu

ecgtybnb`k |na{ unb uafk |f{ncr{ fgf{a{f`l {nb kfambe{ ch {nb gaocyf{v f` nby

emauu. Gcybcxby- unb hcr`k cr{ {na{ f{ |au baufby hcy hyfb`ku ch c{nby aybau {c lb{

nby tcf`{u |nb` unb utcjb B`lmfun.

F ag gcyb ec`hfkb`{ {c utbaj B`lmfun {na` {c utbaj Xfb{àgbub au nbyb F

ag baufmv r`kbyu{cck iv {nb c{nbyu |nb` F utbaj B`lmfun.

Au ybxfb|bk f` enat{by 9- f{ fu kfhhferm{ hcy mbay`byu |nc ecgb hycg kfhhbyb`{

aybau {c ecggr`fea{b f` M9 ibearub ch {nbfy kfhhbyb`{ ibmfbhu a`k ecèbt{u. F{ fu

embay f` {nfu eaub {na{ mceam iaejlycr`k fu a` f`hmrb`{fam hae{cy.

9.1.1.9. Tau{ mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{

;9


43/74

[c ucgb b~{b`{- {nb u{rkb`{ |au hagfmfay |f{n lycrt kfueruufc` |nb` unb |au

a{ rttby'ubec`kayv uenccm. [nfu gakb nby gcyb ec`hfkb`{ |nb` unb kfueruubk

f` nby lycrtu a{ {nb r`fxbyuf{v. Unb akgf{{bk {na{ unb |au rubk {c {amjf`l f`

ugamm lycrtu: f` c{nby |cyku- lycrt'kfueruufc`'iaubk attycaen ch mbay`f`l |au

`c{ `b| {c nby. Am{ncrln a{ rttby'ubec`kayv uenccm nby emauuga{bu a`k unb

ch{b` kfueruubk f` Xfb{àgbub- f{ |au `c{ kfhhferm{ hcy nby {c u|f{en {c B`lmfun

a{ r`fxbyuf{v.

' F` rttby'ubec`kayv uenccm- vcr kfueruubk gaf`mv f` Xfb{àgbub

ir{ a{ ecmmblb vcr naxb {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun: nc| kcbu {nfu

ena`lb ahhbe{ vcr |nb` vcr tay{fefta{b f` lycrt kfueruufc`3

' F ubb `c f`hmrbèb: nbyb gcu{ ch {nb u{rkb {u utbaj B`lmfun.

Amm f` amm- unb ib`bhf{bk hycg |na{ unb nak b~tbyfbèbk f` {nb tau{ f` {byg ch

ma`lralb mbay f l b`xfyc`gb`{- |nfen b`naèbk nby |fmmf`l`buu {c

ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` f` utbajf`l emauu a{ {nb r`fxbyuf{v.

@c`b ch {nb ybxfb|bk u{rkfbu gb`{fc`bk {nb f`hmrbèb ch tau{ mbay`f lb`xfyc`gb`{ c` mbay`byu f` utbajf l M9. Hycg {nfu u{rkv- tau{ mbay`f`l

b`xfyc`gb`{ |au iaufeammv tycxbk {c ib a tc{b`{fam hae{cy ec`{yfir{f`l {c

mbay`byu balby`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun. F{ ecrmk ib ubb` f` {nfu u{rkv

{na{ hagfmfayf{v |f{n lycrt kfueruufc` f` {nb tau{ tay{fammv auufu{bk {nb

tay{fefta`{ {c ocf` {nb utbajf`l kfueruufc` f` B`lmfun f` {nb `b| b`xfyc`gb`{

{nb r`fxbyuf{v.

9.1.1.5. [baenbyu urttcy{

Alaf`- U1 bgtnaufzbk {nb fgtcy{aèb ch f`kfxfkram ae{fxb`buu f` a`v ae{fxf{v.

Unb kfk `c{ ybqrfyb gren urttcy{ hycg {nb {baenby. Unb ecggf{{bk {na{ f{ |au

amyfln{ hcy nby |nb` {nb {baenby oru{ |amjbk aycr`k a`k aù|bybk ucgb

qrbu{fcù yafubk iv {nb u{rkb`{u aicr{ `b| xceairmayv. F` iyfbh- f` U1u tcf`{ ch

xfb|- {baenby urttcy{ umfln{mv ahhbe{bk nby |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu.

;5


44/74

F` ae{fxf{v 1- {nb {baenby oru{ gcxbk aycr`k |f{ncr{ a`v urttcy{- f{ |au

{nb {fgb |b laxb cry c|` fkbau. F` ae{fxf{v 1- kfk vcr |a`{ {nb {baenby

lfxb vcr a`v urttcy{3& @c- F kfk `c{. \b nak {c rub cry c|` ucefam

j`c|mbklb: {nb {baenby ecrmk `c{ nbmt nbyb \b kfk `c{ |a`{ {c unc|

{c {nb {baenby |na{ |b |byb {amjf`l aicr{ au |b |byb eyba{fxb- |b

|a`{bk {c eyba{b a`k {bmm a u{cyv.

[baenbyu urttcy{- fèmrkf`l {baenbyu ec`{ycm- a{{f{rkb- f`xcmxbgb`{-

fggbkfaev- {baenf`l u{vmb- |au tycxbk f` ybxfb|bk u{rkfbu {c ahhbe{ mbay`byu

|fmmf`l`buu {c utbaj B`lmfun. @bxby{nbmbuu- hcy {nfu eaub- {baenbyu urttcy{ kfk

`c{ naxb a`v fgtae{ c` uren |fmmf`l`buu.

9.1.1.;. F`'lycrt tbby f`hmrbèb

F` U1u ctf`fc`- nby c|` kbufyb {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun |au u{yc`lby {na`

xayfcru f`hmrbèbu hycg nby lycrt gbgibyu. Am{ncrln unb nak {c |cyj |f{n {nb

uagb lycrt amgcu{ amm {nb utbajf`l {fgb hycg {nb iblf``f`l ch {nb uenccm vbay

a`k unb ucgb{fgbu hbm{ icybk- unb jbt{ kfueruuf`l b`{nrufau{feammv. Ufgfmaymv-

`c`'ae{fxb tay{`byu kfk `c{ ga{{by nby gren ibearub f` nby lycrt ucgb c{nbyu

|byb amuc au ae{fxb au nby a`k ibearub |nb` ucgbc`b jbt{ ufmb`{ hcy a mc`l

{fgb- {nb c{nbyu ch{b` aujbk qrbu{fcù. Hcy nby- {nb gcu{ fgtcy{a`{ |au {c

aenfbxb cttcy{r`f{fbu {c ib{{by nby c|` B`lmfun utbajf`l. F` a`c{nby uf{ra{fc`

f` |nfen nby tbbyu kfualybbk |f{n nby ctf`fcù- unb |au u{fmm amyfln{ {c ec`{f`rb

|f{n {nb kfueruufc`: unb bxb` hbm{ gcyb b~ef{bk {c {amj ibearub nby hyfb`ku- {c

ucgb b~{b`{- nbmtbk nby {c kfuecxby ucgb{nf`l `b|.

' \na{ kfk vcr hbbm |nb` vcry tbbyu yafub {nb ctf`fcù kfhhbyb`{hycg vcryu3

' A{ hfyu{- F u{yc`lmv kfualybbk |f{n {nbg a`k aujbk hcy {nbfyb~tmaà{fc`. F {ncrln{ F |au ecyybe{ uc F hbm{ balby {c {amj.

' \nb` vcr j`b| {na{ vcry fkba |au |yc`l- |byb vcr u{fmm balby {c

;;


45/74

kfueruu3' Vbu- ch ecryub.

' \nb` |b ybayya`lbk {nb tfe{rybu& ucgb |byb yfln{ a`k ucgb|byb |yc`l kryf`l {nb kfueruufc`- |nfen |au f`{bybu{f`l.

Nc|bxby- unb akgf{{bk {na{ unb kfk `c{ ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun amm {nb tbyfck

ch kfueruufc`. C`b ybauc` |au {na{ {nb f`f{fa{cy utcjb Xfb{àgbub a`k {nb

c{nbyu fèmrkf`l nby ybtmfbk |f{n {nb naif{ ch ruf`l {nb gc{nby {c`lrb.

' Fh vcry hyfb`k nak u{ay{bk {nb {ctfe f` B`lmfun- |crmk vcr naxbutcjb` B`lmfun cy Xfb{àgbub3

' Tcuufimv f` B`lmfun.

Unb ahhfygbk {na{ ucgb{fgbu unb rubk Xfb{àgbub ibearub ch nby naif{ ya{nby

{na` ec`hrufc` f` b~tybuufc`.

[na{ |au a naif{: f{ |au `c{ ibearub {na{ F ecrmk `c{ {amj f` B`lmfun

Hycg {nfu eaub- {nb {|c ch {nybb kfgbùfcù f` lycrt ecnbufxb`buu {na{

|byb- {nb mbxbm ch gc{fxa{fc` bxfkbèbk iv lycrt gbgibyu a`k eccykfà{fc`

ch bhhcy{u ch lycrt gbgibyu Una|- 1666&- kfk b~by{ a tcuf{fxb f`hmrbèb c`

{nb mbay`byu b`lalbgb`{ {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun |f{n nby tbbyu.

9.1.1.2. Hcyga{ a`k ec`{b`{ ch {nb kfueruufc`

U1 bgtnaufzbk {nb fgtcy{aèb ch {ctfeu a`k ae{fxf{v hcyga{u {c nby ae{fxb

tay{fefta{fc`.

F{ |au tyfgayfmv hcy {nb {ctfeu. \nb{nby {nb ae{fxf{v |au f`{bybu{f`l cy

`c{ kfk `c{ kbtb`k c` {nb `rgiby ch lycrt gbgibyu.

;2


46/74

Aeecykf`l {c nby- {nb ae{fxf{v |nfen ecrmk f`xcmxb au ga`v u{rkb`{u au tcuufimb

|au gcyb f`{bybu{f`l a`k gc{fxa{f`l. Unb gb`{fc`bk {nb ae{fxf{v ch uncttf`l f`

|nfen namh ch {nb emauu tmavbk au ubmmbyu a`k {nb ybu{ tmavbk au irvbyu. Unb

kbueyfibk nby emauu {nb` au a enacu- ir{ unb hbm{ nattv |f{n {na{ a`k

kvàgfeammv {ccj tay{ f` {nb ae{fxf{v- utbajf`l B`lmfun. F` U1 ctf`fc`- ruf`l

B`lmfun cy Xfb{àgbub f` emauu kbtb`kbk c` {nb hcyga{ ch {nb ae{fxf{v. Unb uafk

f{ |au `c{ `bebuuayv {c {amj f` B`lmfun {c hf`k cr{ a` fkba a`k# cy cyla`fzb {nb

fkbau f` a` attyctyfa{b cr{mf`b. Au u{a{bk iv nby- {nfu butbefammv nattb`bk |nb`

unb nak {c |cyj |f{n a {ctfe {na{ |au nayk hcy nby {c ecgb rt |f{n a`v{ncrln{u.

[nfu hf`kf`l ec`hfygbk Gaef`{vybu 16>>& emafg {na{ kfueruufc` {ctfeu |byb a

hae{cy f`hmrbèf`l mbay byu |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr fea{b f` B`lmfun.

Hry{nbygcyb- hcyga{ ch {nb kfueruufc` |au a `b| f`hmrb`{fam hae{cy hcr`k ah{by

{nb mau{ f`{byxfb|.

9.1.9. F`{byàm hae{cyu

9.1.9.1. A{{f{rkb {c {aylb{ ma`lralb mbay`f`l

U1 nak a kbufyb {c ib aimb {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun |bmm- |nfen gc{fxa{bk nby

{c {ajb tay{ f` utbajf`l ae{fxf{fbu f` emauu lb`byammv a`k lycrt kfueruufc`

tay{fermaymv. F` nby ctf`fc`- mbay`f`l a ma`lralb |au {c ecggr`fea{b f` {na{

ma`lralb: a`k {c {amj f` uren a ma`lralb |bmm f` ybam mfhb- a`k {ajf`l a`v

cttcy{r`f{fbu ch ruf`l {nb ma`lralb f` emauu |au a lyba{ |av ch tyae{feb.

[nbybhcyb- unb {ccj a` f`f{fa{fc` {c gajb rub ch nby cttcy{r`f{fbu f` tyae{fef`l

utbajf`l B`lmfun.

Fh F kbufyb {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun& a`k {c ecggr`fea{b |bmm- {nb` f{

fu fgtcy{a`{ {c ae{fxbmv {ajb tay{ f` {nb emauu ae{fxf{fbu hfyu{.

;8


47/74

Unb amuc emafgbk {na{ f``by ae{fxb`buu f` ma`lralb mbay f`l ecrmk hcu{by

u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun |f{n lycrt gbgibyu a`k {na{ unb

|au `c{ a` b~ebt{fc`.

Au a yburm{- unb |au |fmmf`l a{ a`v {fgb a {ctfe |au lfxb`. Cixfcrumv- nby

a{{f{rkb {c ma`lralb mbay`f`l nau a eby{af` fgtae{ c` nby |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu

f` lycrt f` B`lmfun. Ibf`l tycxbk f` tybxfcru u{rkfbu- {nfu hae{cy |au amuc

embaymv unc|` f` {nfu eaub.

9.1.9.9. J`c|mbklb a`k ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefbèv

Aeecykf`l {c U1- j`c|mbklb tmavu a` fgtcy{a`{ tay{ f` ecggr`fea{fc`. Unb

uafk {na{ fh unb nak b`crln j`c|mbklb- unb |crmk ib gcyb ae{fxb f` a`v ybma{bk

kfueruufc`.

Fh gv j`c|mbklb fu b`crln- f{ |fmm ib baufby hcy gb {c {amj.

Uren ibmfbh |au ecùfu{b`{ hycg {nb hfyu{ f`{byxfb| {c {nb mau{.

F` gv ctf`fc`- f{ kbtb`ku c` {nb {ctfeu: fh F j`c| gren aicr{ {na{ {ctfe F

|fmm ae{fxbmv tay{fefta{b ir{ fh F j`c| mf{{mb aicr{ {na{ F |fmm tcuufimv u{av

ufmb`{.

Gcybcxby- {nfu ibmfbh |au fmmru{ya{bk |f{n {nb uf{ra{fc` f` |nfen nby lycrt

kfueruubk aicr{ {yaxbmmf l. Unb nak enaèbu {c {yaxbm a `rgiby ch tmaebu aeycuu

Xfb{àg: {nru- unb f`f{fa{bk {nb hfyu{ fkba {na{ |au fggbkfa{bmv attycxbk ch iv

amm c{nby gbgibyu. U1 ahhfygbk {na{ {nb j`c|mbklb uncrmk ecgb hycg ybakf`lf` iccju- `b|utatbyu- {nb F`{by`b{- a`k hycg b~tbyfbèf`l f` ybam mfhb.

Nc|bxby- U1 u{a{bk {na{ |na{ |au aujbk {c kfueruu f` nby utbajf`l emauu kfk `c{

ybqrfyb gren ucefam j`c|mbklb. [nbybhcyb- {ncrln unb kfk `c{ naxb maylb

ecgga`k ch uren hfbmku- f{ |au `c{ kfhhferm{ hcy nby {c ae{fxbmv f`xcmxb f` {nb

kfueruufc`.

;


48/74

C` {nb c{nby na`k- unb bgtnaufzbk c` {nb `bbk ch xceairmayv a`k b~tybuufc`.

Unb uafk {na{ unb ucgb{fgbu |au `c{ ec`hfkb`{ {c {amj f` B`lmfun au unb ecrmk

`c{ enccub {nb yfln{ |cyk cy {nb attyctyfa{b b~tybuufc`. [nfu- {c ucgb b~{b`{-

ec`{yfir{bk {c {nb ybmre{aèb ch kfueruuf`l f` B`lmfun |f{n c{nby u{rkb`{u f` {nb

lycrt.

Aeecykf`l {c Embgb`{- j`c|mbklb a`k ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefbèv |fbmkbk a`

f`hmrbèb c` mbay`byu |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` M9. Hfyu{mv- hcy {nfu eaub-

am{ncrln j`c|mbklb u{fmm tmavbk a eby{af ycmb f` b`naèf`l {nb mbay`byu

f`xcmxbgb`{ f` {nb {auj- f{ |au `c{ embaymv ybamfzbk au {nb {auj kfk `c{ ybqrfyb

gren lycr`kf`l. Ubec`kmv- ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefbèv au ybhmbe{bk f` {nfu eaub

|au ecyybutc`kf`l {c {nb {nbcyv f` Embgb`{u u{rkv.

9.1.9.5. Mbay`f`l u{ya{blfbu

U1 |au uryb {na{ ubmh'u{rkv |au {nb ibu{ {c b`naèb ic{n nby j`c|mbklb a`k

ma`lralb ecgtb{bèb |nfen |crmk ib mfjbmv {c nflnby nby |fmmf`l`buu {c

ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun. F` hae{- unb kfk ybak ucgb iccju a`k mfu{b` {c `b|u f`

{nb F`{by`b{- a`k hcr`k f`{bybu{bk f` ufgtmb tnyaubu a`k b~tybuufcù {na{ {nbìbeagb rubhrm f` nby kfueruufc`. Unb urllbu{bk {na{ {nb cmk ma`lralb mbay`f`l

u{ya{blfbu f` |nfen mbay`byu oru{ hcerubk c` lyaggay b~byefubu uncrmk ib

ena`lbk f`{c ybakf`l hcy a |fkb ya`lb ch f`hcyga{fc` a`k unayf`l b~tbyfbèb

|f{n hyfb`ku. \na{ uren ubmh'mbay`f`l ae{fxf{fbu iycrln{ aicr{ |crmk lc

{clb{nby |f{n {nb nfln mbxbm ch |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun.

Uc F naxb {c kfuecxby gcyb a`k u{rkv hycg iccju.

F` {nb tau{- F oru{ kfk {nb b~byefubu: `c| f{ fu `bebuuayv {c kfuecxby gcyb.

F |a`{ {c kc ga`v {nf`lu uren au lcf`l {c {nb F`{by`b{ a`k ybakf`l

gcyb iccju- ir{ hf`k mf{{mb {fgb hcy {na{.

F{ ea` ib ubb` hycg {nb aàmvufu {na{ mbay`f`l u{ya{blv- |nfen |au ubmh'u{rkv f`

tay{fermay- f`kfybe{mv ahhbe{bk {nb mbay byu |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f`

B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` ibearub iv ubmh'u{rkvf`l- {nb mbay`byu j`c|mbklb

;>


49/74

a`k ma`lralb |byb kbxbmctbk. [nfu eaub ahhfygbk {nb ybubayenbyu a`{fefta{fc`

aicr{ {nfu f`hmrb`{fam hae{cy |nfen nau `c{ ibb` u{a{bk f` ybxfb|bk u{rkfbu.

9.1.9.;. Mbay`by akat{a{fc` eataef{v

U1 ybxbambk {na{ unb kfk `c{ lb{ rubk {c {nb mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{ a{ r`fxbyuf{v

a`k |au `c{ emcub {c {nb `b| hyfb`ku r`{fm {nb {nfyk |bbju. [nfu nf`kbybk nby

ae{fxb`buu f` kfueruuf l |f{n nby lycrt gbgibyu f` B`lmfun a{ {nb xbyv

iblf``f`l ch {nb uenccm vbay. Aeecykf`l {c nby- {nb qrfejby unb ecrmk akat{ {c

{nb `b| mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{ f.b. `b| hyfb`ku a`k `b| |av ch mbay`f`l&- {nb

gcyb kvàgfe a`k ec`hfkb`{ unb |crmk ib f` lycrt kfueruufc`. F{ ecrmk ibfgtmfbk {na{ mbay`by akat{a{fc` eataef{v nak a ycmb {c tmav f` ib{{byf`l nby

f`xcmxbgb`{ f` lycrt.

Ibf`l hagfmfay |f{n {nb `b| mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{ & auufu{u gb |nb` F

naxb {c kfueruu f` lycrtu. F{ fu {c{ammv kfhhbyb`{ ib{|bb` `c| a`k {nb hfyu{

c`b# {|c |bbju |nb` F nak `c{ lc{ rubk {c `b| |av ch mbay`f`l a`k `b|

hyfb`ku. A{ {na{ {fgb- F |au `c{ uc ec`hfkb`{ au `c|.

F {nf`j f{ akat{a{fc` eataef{v& kfhhbyu agc`l f`kfxfkramu: ir{ F ag umc|

a{ akat{f`l {c {nb `b| b`xfyc`gb`{.

F` akkf{fc`- unb ibmfbxbk {na{ f`kfxfkramu naxb {nbfy c|` taeb ch {nb tycebuu ch

akat{a{fc` {c {nb `b| mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{- |nfen ahhbe{u mbay`by |fmmf`l`buu

{c kfueruu f` B`lmfun

Embgb`{ 166>& gb`{fc`bk mbay`byu a{{f{rkb {c|ayku M9 ecggr`f{v au a hae{cy

f`hmrbèf`l {nbfy b`{nrufaug {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun. Nc|bxby- {nb ecggr`f{v f`

nfu u{rkv |au f` grm{fmf`lram ec`{b~{ |nfmb {nb tay{fefta`{ |au u{rkvf`l f` a

gc`cmf`lram ec`{b~{ |nfen |au ecgtyfubk ch gbgibyu hycg kfhhbyb`{ yblfcù

f` a ecr`{yv. F` nby uf{ra{fc`- tcuf{fxb a{{f{rkb {c|ayku c{nby gbgibyu f` nby

lycrt amuc {ccj a ufl`fhfea { ycmb f` hcu{byf`l nby {c b`lalb f` lycrt kfueruufc`

f` B`lmfun.

;6


50/74

9.9. Eaub 9 ' U{rkb`{ 9 U9&

9.9.1. B~{byàm hae{cyu

9.9.1.1. [baenbyu urttcy{

[nb f`hmrbèb ch {baenbyu urttcy{ c` nby |fmmf`l`buu nau ibb` gb`{fc`bk

ec`{f`rcrumv a`k embaymv hycg {nb hfyu{ f`{byxfb| {c {nb mau{ f`{byxfb|. F` {nb

tyb' f`{byxfb|- aeecykf`l {c U9- unb |au urttcy{bk iv {nb {baenby c`mv f`

xceairmayv- gcu{mv |nb` unb aujbk hcy nbmt- ir{ `c{ f` fkbau- b~tybuufcù a`kiaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb. [nbybhcyb- unb hcr`k f{ kfhhferm{ {c tay{fefta{b f` lycrt

kfueruufc`.

F` {nb `b~{ f {byxfb|u- {nb tay{fefta`{ ecggb`{bk {na{ {nb {baenbyu

b~tmaà{fc` ch `b| |cyku |au `c{ bhhbe{fxb b`crln. Unb oru{ ch{b` b~tmaf`bk

qrf{b hau{ f` lb`byam ir{ kfk `c{ tr{ {nb |cyku f` utbefhfe ec`{b~{u.

F kc`{ ybgbgiby `b| |cyku& gren ibearub {nb {baenby b~tmaf`bk f`

B`lmfun qrf{b hau{

[nb {baenby b~tmaf`bk xceairmayv f` lb`byam- F `bbk embayby b~tmaà{fc`

{c ybgbgiby gcyb baufmv.

U9 amuc unc|bk nby ecèbyù aicr{ {nb |av unb a`k nby hyfb`ku b~tybuu {nbfy

fkbau.

\b b~tybuu cry fkbau f` cry c|` |av.

Cry b~tybuufc` fu mfjb {yaùma{fc` hycg Xfb{àgbub {c B`lmfun.

Unb {ncrln{ {na{ {nbv {b`kbk {c {yaùma{b hycg Xfb{àgbub {c B`lmfun a`k {nbfy

b~tybuufcù |byb qrf{b hybb |f{ncr{ eby{af` {na{ {nbv |byb tyctby cy `c{.

24


51/74

Nc|bxby- {nbv kfk `c{ ybebfxb ecyybe{fxb hbbkiaej hycg {nb {baenby. Au a

yburm{- unb tay{fammv mcu{ gc{fxa{fc` {c utbaj B`lmfun.

Gcybcxby- unb ibmfbxbk {na{ f{ |au {nb {baenbyu ybutcùfifmf{v {c bùryb bxbyv

gbgiby {c rub B`lmfun f` kfueruufc` |nfmb nby lycrt gbgibyu ubbgbk {c

u|f{en {c {nbfy gc{nby {c`lrb qrf{b hybqrb`{mv. Nby tbbyu tybhbybèb hcy

Xfb{àgbub nf`kbybk nby hycg ruf`l B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc`. Unb akkbk

{na{ {nb {baenby |au amuc ybutcùfimb hcy ena`lf`l {nb lycrt ub{{f`l uc {na{

u{rkb {u nak gcyb cttcy{r`f{fbu {c ecggr fea{b |f{n kfhhbyb`{ tay{`byu.

Nc|bxby- {nb {baenby kfk `c{ ena`lb {nb lycrt gbgibyu yblrmaymv- |nfen

earubk gren icybkcg {c nby. F` iyfbh- unb |au |bmm a|ayb ch {nb f`hmrbèb ch

{baenbyu urttcy{ c` nby |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun |f{n tbbyu.

[nb yburm{u hycg {nfu eaub ecyybutc`kbk |f{n {nb Embgb`{u gckbm f` {bygu ch

{nb f`hmrbèb ch {baenbyu ec`{ycm c` mbay`byu balby`buu {c kfueruu |f{n lycrt

gbgibyu f` B`lmfun. [nb yburm{u amuc tycxbk {nb fgtcy{aèb ch lycrt

ayya`lbgb`{ kbefkbk iv {nb {baenby au Embgb`{ ahhfygbk f` nfu u{rkv. Ibufkbu-

{nb u{rkv ch {nfu eaub kfuecxbybk {na{ f`tr{ a`k ecyybe{fxb hbbkiaej tycxfkbk iv

{baenby hcu{bybk {nb tay{fefta`{u ec`hfkbèb a`k balby`buu {c utbaj B`lmfun.

[nb aicxb'gb`{fc`bk f`tr{- aeecykf`l {c {nb tay{fefta`{- ecùfu{u ch {ctfe'

iaubk iaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb- {ctfe'iaubk xceairmayv a`k b~tybuufcù.

9.9.1.9. F`'lycrt tbby f`hmrbèb

U9 u{a{bk {na{ unb kfk `c{ eayb aicr{ {nb ayba |nbyb nby tay{`byu eagb hycg- ir{

{nb enayae{byfu{feu {nbv naxb f` ecggc`.

F naxb`{ `c{febk ayba |nbyb gv emauuga{bu ecgb hycg. F oru{ eayb

aicr{ {nbfy tbyucàmf{v a`k ubb |nb{nby f{u urf{aimb hcy gb cy `c{.

21


52/74

Unb ibmfbxbk {na{ {nb gcyb {nf`lu {nbv naxb f` ecggc`- {nb gcyb baufmv {nbv

ea` {amj. B~ebt{ hcy {nb hfyu{ tcu{'f`{byxfb|- {nb `b~{ {|c kfk `c{ ybhmbe{ {nb

f`hmrbèb ch {nb aicxb u{a{bk hae{cy c` {nb tay{fefta`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c kfueruu

f` B`lmfun. Fù{bak ch ybhbyyf`l {c uren a` fgtae{- unb gb`{fc`bk c{nby hae{cyu

{na{ ahhbe{bk nby f`xcmxbgb`{. Unb ec`{f`rcrumv akgf{{bk {na{ unb {amjbk gren

gcyb a`k hbm{ gcyb ec`hfkb`{ a`k ae{fxb |nb` unb nak enaèb {c ocf` `b|

lycrtu.

' Nc| kc vcr hbbm |nb` {nb lycrt fu ena`lbk3

' F {nf j f{u ib{{by. F hbbm gcyb ec`hfkb`{ a`k amuc hybunby.

F` akkf{fc`- nby tay{`by |au qrfb{by a`k mbuu ae{fxb {na` nby: {nru- unb hcr`k

nbyubmh gcyb tc|byhrm a`k kvàgfeammv ec`{yfir{bk {c {nb ae{fxf{v.

' Kc vcr hbbm ib{{by|nb` |cyjf`l |f{n {|c `b| tay{`byu&3

' Vbu- F kc. F{ fu gaf`mv ibearub F |au {nb gaf` tbyuc` {c utbaj.

[nbv kc`{ utbaj gren.

F` akkf{fc`- tbbyu mbay`f`l naif{ amuc nak kbbt f`hmrbèb c` nby |fmmf`l`buu {c

rub B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` au u{a{bk iv nby. Tay{fermaymv- nby tbbyu

tybhbybèb hcy Xfb{àgbub tybxb`{bk nby hycg ruf`l B`lmfun f` lycrt

kfueruufc` bxb` |nb` unb ybammv |a`{bk {c. Hry{nbygcyb- unb uafk {na{ am{ncrln

nby tbbyu tafk a{{b`{fc` {c nby a`k urttcy{bk nby fkbau- unb |au `c{ gc{fxa{bk

iv uren urttcy{. F` c{nby |cyku- unb kfk `c{ ybamfzb {nb bhhbe{ ch tbby urttcy{c` nby b`{nrufaug {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun |f{nf` lycrtu.

' Kc vcr ch{b` nbmt baen c{nby- butbefammv {c bècryalb c{nbyu {c

utbaj3

' Vbu- ir{ f{ kcbu`{ |cyj

' \nb` c{nby gbgibyu urttcy{ vcr- kc vcr hbbm gc{fxa{bk3

29


53/74

' @c- f{u {nb uagb au ruram.

Una| 16>1- 1666& a`k \b` ( Embgb`{ 9445& hcr`k {na{ nfln lycrt

ecnbufxb`buu- fèmrkf`l a{{yae{fc` {c lycrt- {nb mbxbm ch gc{fxa{fc` bxfkbèbk

iv lycrt gbgibyu a`k eccykfà{fc` ch bhhcy{u ch lycrt gbgibyu- b`naèbu

u{rkb`{u b`lalbgb`{ f` utbajf`l B`lmfun. Lycrt ecnbufxb`buu f` {nfu u{rkv

oru{ ybhbyybk {c {nb mbxbm ch gc{fxa{fc` f`hmrbèbk hycg lycrt gbgibyu.

Am{ncrln tbbyu alybbgb`{ c` fkbau |au urttcubk {c gc{fxa{b mbay`byu

tay{fefta{fc`- f{ kfk `c{ tyckreb a` bhhbe{ c` {nfu eaub. C` {nb c`b na`k- tbbyunaif{ ch ruf`l gc{nby {c`lrb f` kfueruufc` kbeybaubk nby |fmmf`l`buu {c unayb

nby ctf`fcù f` B`lmfun. C` {nb c{nby na`k- tbbyu tauufxb`buu ec`{yfir{bk {c

nby nflnby f`xcmxbgb`{ f` {nb {auj. F{ ea` ib f`hbyybk {na{ uren tauufxb`buu

b`naèbk nby b`lalbgb`{ au {nb tay{fefta`{ nak a ubùb ch ecgtayfuc` ib{|bb`

nby tbyhcygaèb a`k c{nbyu.

9.9.1.5. Hcyga{ a`k ec`{b`{ ch kfueruufc`

F` {nb hfyu{ tcu{' f`{byxfb|- unb hcr`k nbyubmh f`{bybu{bk f` {na{ |bbju {ctfe

ibearub f{ |au gcyb f`{bybu{f`l a`k tctrmay. Nc|bxby- unb |au `c{ gc{fxa{bk

|nb` c`mv kfueruuf`l f`hcyga{fc` tycxfkbk f` {nb na`kcr{. Gcybcxby- unb

{ncrln{ {na{ unb |crmk ib gcyb |fmmf`l {c kfueruu agc`l a lycrt ch uf~ fh unb

nak {fgb {c tybtayb |f{n c`b tay{`by hfyu{.

F` {nb ubec`k tcu{' f`{byxfb|- unb |au `c{ a{{yae{bk iv {nb {ctfe ibearub unb

nak xbyv tccy iaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb aicr{ {na{. Ibufkbu- unb bgtnaufzbk nby

tybhbybèb ch kfueruuf`l {na{ {ctfe f` lycrt ch hcry {c lycrt ch uf~ cy f` tafy.

Unb ybejc`bk {na{ f` lycrt ch hcry- xayfcru fkbau |byb iycrln{ aicr{ a`k amm

gbgibyu nak enaèb {c yafub {nbfy xcfeb.

25


54/74

Hfàmmv- f` {nb {nfyk tcu{' f`{byxfb|- unb gb`{fc`bk {nb tcuf{fxb ena`lbu f` nby

balby`buu hycg {nb hfyu{ kfueruufc` {c {nb ubec`k f` {nb mbuuc`. Unb hcr`k

nbyubmh gcyb balby {c tay{fefta{b f` {nb ubec`k kfueruufc`. C`b ybauc` |au {na{

{nb ubec`k {ctfe |au gcyb gc{fxa{f`l a`k emcubmv ybma{bk {c nby b~tbyfbèb.

F ybammv mfjb {nfu jf`k ch {ctfe uncttf`l&. F{ fu hagfmfay {c ru: Fxb lc`b

uncttf`l ga`v {fgbu uc F hbbm baufby {c utbaj. Gcybcxby F hf`k f{ baufby

{c naxb fkbau f` ecgtayfuc` {c c{nby {ctfeu.

[nb c{nby ybauc` |au {na{ {nb ubec`k ae{fxf{v f`xcmxbk {nb |ncmb emauu- |nfenhrmhfmmbk nby b~tbe{a{fc`.

F{ ea` ib ybamfzbk {na{ ic{n ena`lbu f` {nb ec`{b`{ a`k f` {nb hcyga{ ch lycrt

kfueruufc` ea` f`hmrbèb {nb tay{fefta`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr fea{b.

Nc|bxby- {nb {ctfeu ch kfueruufc` naxb a `c{febaimb f`hmrbèb c` {nb tay{fefta`{

|nbybau {nb lycrt ayya`lbgb`{ ahhbe{u {nb |fmmf`l`buu umfln{mv.

Ibufkbu kfueruufc` {ctfeu gb`{fc`bk f` Embgb`{u gckrmb- hcyga{ |au amuc a

ec`{yfir{cy {c {nb b`naèbgb`{ ch {nb mbay`byu b`{nrufaug {c {amj f` B`lmfun f`

{nfu eaub.

9.9.9. F`{byàm hae{cyu

9.9.9.1 A{{f{rkb {c {aylb{ ma`lralb mbay`f`l

U9 kfuemcubk {na{ unb autfybk {c utbaj B`lmfun |bmm ibearub B`lmfun ibeagb

cixfcrumv fgtcy{a`{ {nbub kavu. Am{ncrln unb ybecl`fzbk {nb fgtcy{a`{ ch

B`lmfun tychfefbèv- unb kfk `c{ kbxc{b {c nby ubmh'u{rkvf`l f` cykby {c gajb

tyclybuu. Fù{bak- unb nak a u{yc`l ibmfbh f` a`k kbtb`kbèb c` nby {baenbyu

nbmt. [nycrln f`{byxfb| ube{fcù- unb ec`{f`rcrumv bgtnaufzbk {nb gal`f{rkb

2;


55/74

ch {baenbyu urttcy{ hcy mbay`byu. F` nby ctf`fc`- {baenbyu urttcy{ kcbu `c{ c`mv

gba` nby ec`{ycm cxby {nb emauu ir{ amuc nbmt |f{ncr{ ibf`l aujbk iv u{rkb`{u.

Enfif? [nbybhcyb- nby |fmmf`l`buu {c rub B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc` xayfbk f`

kfhhbyb`{ ae{fxf{fbu a`k {na{ ya`lb kbtb`kbk c` {nb |av a`k {nb kblybb ch

urttcy{ hycg nby {baenby. F` {nfu eaub- a{{f{rkb {c {aylb{ ma`lralb mbay`f`l fu

ecùfkbybk a ifl hae{cy {na{ nau a eby{af` f`hmrbèb c` {nb tay{fefta`{u

balby`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb f` lycrt kfueruufc`.

9.9.9.9. Ma`lralb a`k j`c|mbklb tychfefbèv

Hfyu{- F hcr`k gv tyc`rèfa{fc` `c{ ecgtmb{bmv ecyybe{- F nak kfhhferm{v

f` tyc`crèf`l. F hbbm xbyv unv |nb` F gfutyc`crèb- cy |nb` F kc`{

r`kbyu{a`k |na{ {nb {baenby cy c{nby emauuga{bu ayb uavf`l.

U9 ybhmbe{bk {na{ unb utb`{ gcu{ ch nby {fgb a{ nfln uenccm c` lyaggay ir{ nak

`c enaèb {c utbaj B`lmfun ibhcyb a{{b`kf`l r`fxbyuf{v. Unb nak kfhhferm{v f`

tyc`crèf`l f`kfxfkram |cyku au |bmm au tyckref`l a enr`j ch |cyku cy

b~tybuuf`l nby fkbau. Nby ecggr`fea{fc` ib{|bb` nby a`k {nb {baenby au |bmm

au nby a`k nby tbbyu ucgb{fgbu kfk `c{ ureebbk. [nb ybauc` |au {na{ unb |au

`c{ aimb {c ea{en c{nbyu uavf`l a`k xfeb xbyua. A`c{nby kfhhferm{v au unb u{a{bk

|au nby maej ch xceairmayv. [nfu kfuakxa`{alb gakb nby unv a`k tybxb`{bk nby

hycg ae{fxbmv tay{fefta{f`l f` lycrt kfueruufc`. Ah{by hcry |bbju a{ r`fxbyuf{v-

U9 ybamfzbk {na{ nby fgtycxbgb`{ f` tyc`rèfa{fc` umfln{mv nbmtbk nby gcyb

ec`hfkb`{ {c kfueruu f` B`lmfun.

Aeecykf`l {c nby- nby iaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb kfk `c{ ahhbe{ gren nby

|fmmf`l`buu {c {amj f` B`lmfun au {nb kfueruufc` kfk `c{ ybqrfyb u{rkb`{u

b~tbyfbèb. Nc|bxby- f` {nb {nfyk tcu{' f`{byxfb| unb akgf{{bk {na{ unb |au

22


56/74

gren gcyb balby {c tay{fefta{b f` {nb kfueruufc` {na`ju {c nby j`c|mbklb a`k

b~tbyfbèb aicr{ {na{ {ctfe.

F` uncy{- ic{n ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefbèv a`k iaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb nak a

ya{nby u{yc`l f`hmrbèb c` nby |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt

kfueruufc`. [nfu hf`kf`l |au f` alybbgb`{ |f{n {nb yburm{u f` Embgb`{u u{rkv.

Nc|bxby- {nb f`hmrbèb ch iaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb |au `c{ bgtnaufzbk au gren

au {na{ ch ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefbèv.

9.9.9.5. Mbay`by Akat{a{fc`

F` {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 1- U9 hbm{ {na{ unb |au rèc`hfkb`{. Aeecykf`l {c nby-

unb |au qrf{b kfhhbyb`{ hycg nby emauuga{bu ibearub unb |au `c{ a{ {nb uagb

alb au {nbg a`k nby tybxfcru mbay`f`l ec`kf{fcù a`k b`xfyc`gb`{ |au `c{ au

lcck au c{nbyu. Unb akgf{{bk {na{ unb nak `c{ ibb` aeqraf`{bk {c `b|

b`xfyc`gb`{- |nfen gakb nby qrf{b unv- rèc`hfkb`{ a`k r`|fmmf`l {c

tay{fefta{b f` lycrt kfueruufc`.

Fg unv. F hbbm rèc`hfkb`{ f` emauu ibearub c{nbyu ayb hycg utbefamfzbk

uenccmu. Gcybcxby- {nbv |byb icy` f` 1661- uc F hbbm rècghcy{aimb. F`

lb`byam- F naxb`{ ibb` hagfmfay |f{n `b| uenccm.

F` f`{byxfb| ube{fc` 9- unb uafk {na{ ah{by ; |bbju a{ `b| uenccm- unb nak ibb`

lyakrammv rubk {c `b| b`xfyc`gb`{ a`k {na{ nbmtbk nby gcyb ecghcy{aimb |nb`

kfueruuf`l |f{n tbbyu f` lycrt.

F hbbm gcyb ec`hfkb`{- gcyb hagfmfay |f{n emauuga{bu a`k {nb u{rkv

b`xfyc`gb`{

F` {nb f`{byxfb| ube{fc` ; ecyybutc`kf`l {c {|c |bbju ma{by- unb hbm{ {na{ unb

|au gcyb ec`hfkb`{ a`k gcyb ecghcy{aimb |nb` {amjf`l {c nby emauuga{bu

28


57/74

cr{ufkb emauuyccg. A{ {nb uagb {fgb- unb ybecl`fzbk {na{ unb |au gcyb |fmmf`l

{c kfueruu f` lycrt. F{ ea` ib ecèmrkbk {na{ akat{a{fc` {c `b| b`xfyc`gb`{

umfln{mv f`hmrbèbk {nfu tay{fefta`{u \[E f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc`.

Mbay`byu a{{f{rkb {c|ayku M9 ecggr`f{v |au u{a{bk iv Embgb`{ 166>& {c

ahhbe{ {nbfy balby`buu {c rub B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc`. F` {nfu eaub- a{{f{rkb

ch {nb tay{fefta`{ {c|ayku nby lycrt gbgibyu |au amuc ecùfkbybk au a`

f`hmrb`{fam hae{cy. @bxby{nbmbuu- {nb grm{fmf`lram ec`{b~{ f` Embgb`{u ybubayen

ecgtmb{bmv kfhhbybk hycg {nb gc`cmf`lram mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{ f` {nfu u{rkv.

Amm f` amm- tcuf{fxb a{{f{rkb {c|ayku c{nby gbgibyu f` a tay{fermay lycrt

ec {yfir{bk {c tycgc{fc` ch mbay`byu b`lalbgb`{ f` lycrt kfueruufc` f`

B`lmfun.

Hycg {nb aàmvufu ch amm hae{cyu aicxb f` ic{n eaubu- mbay`byu a{{f{rkb {c {aylb{

ma`lralb mbay`f`l |au a` cr{u{a`kf`l c`b naxf`l fgtae{ c` {nbfy |fmmf`l`buu {c

ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc`. [c ucgb b~{b`{- {nfu hae{cy nau a

eby{af` ybma{fc` {c tbyucàmf{fbu- |nfen nau ibb` a`{fefta{bk iv {nb ybubayenbyu

a`k alybbk iv Lyfhhf{nu 1661& a`k @afga` b{ am. 16>


58/74

ENAT[BY 2? EC@EMRUFC@

Tybebkf`l enat{byu naxb {ncycrlnmv lc`b {nycrln {nb f`{yckre{fc`- {nb

mf{bya{ryb- {nb gb{nckcmclv a`k {nb yburm{u ch {nfu u{rkv. [nfu enat{by

urggayfubu {nb hf`kf`lu- urllbu{u ucgb tbkalclfeam fgtmfea{fcù iaubk c` {nb

hf`kf`lu- aej`c|mbklbu mfgf{a{fcù ch {nb u{rkv au |bmm au tr{u hcy|ayk ucgb

ybecggb`ka{fcù hcy hry{nby u{rkfbu.

1. Urggayv ch hf`kf`lu

Cxbyamm- {nfu u{rkv nau unc|` a ybma{fxbmv kbbt mccj f`{c {|c f`kfxfkramu. Ah{by

ecmmbe{f`l a`k aàmvzf`l ka{a- |b nak kya|` cr{ ucgb fgtcy{a`{ hf`kf`lu.

Hfyu{- |b kfuecxbybk {nb mbxbm ch |fmmf`l`buu ch baen u{rkb`{ |b u{rkfbk. [nbv

unc|bk kfhhbyb`{ tbyebt{fcù ch {nbfy c|` |fmmf`l`buu. C`b u{rkb`{- U1-

{ncrln{ {na{ unb |au xbyv |fmmf`l {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun {nycrlncr{ {nb

ybubayen {fgb a`k {nb mbxbm ch nby |fmmf`l`buu |au qrf{b ecùfu{b`{. [nb c{nby

c`b- U9- unc|bk mbuu ecùfu{b`{ mbxbm ch |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun

f` lycrt kfueruufcù. F{ ea` ib ubb` hycg {nb {aimb {na{ {nfu mbxbm nak a

{yb`kbèv {c lyakrammv fèybaub.

[aimb? Mbxbm ch u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` lycrt kfueruufc` f`

utbajf`l emauu

U{albu\[E f` B`lmfun (

Xfb{àgbub&\[E f` B`lmfun

IbhcybF`{byxfb| Ube{fc` 1

U1 2 ;

U9 9'5 5

F` utbajf`l ubuufc` ibhcyb baenF`{byxfb| Ube{fc` FU& 9- 5 a`k ;

Ae{fxf{v 1 Ae{fxf{v 9 Ae{fxf{v 1 Ae{fxf{v 9

2>


59/74

F` utbajf`l ubuufcìbhcyb FU 9

U1 2 2 ; ;

U9 5 5 5 5

F` utbajf`l mbuucìbhcyb FU 5

U1 2 2 ; ;

U9 5.2 ; 5.2 5.2

F` utbajf`l mbuucìbhcyb FU ;

U1 2 2 ; ;

U9 ; 2 ; 2

\b ibmfbxb {nbub mbxbmu- ena`lf`l cy ecùfu{b`{- |byb ahhbe{bk iv kfhhbyb`{

hae{cyu {na{ |b naxb mfu{bk cr{ f` {nb tybxfcru enat{byu. [nb kblybbu ch

f`hmrbèb ch {nb hae{cyu |byb amuc kfhhbyb`{ f` {nb {|c eaubu. [nfu mbaku {c {nbubec`k hf`kf`l |nfen |crmk ib unc|` f` {nb {aimb ibmc|. F` {nfu {aimb- {nbyb

ayb amm {nb hae{cyu a`k {nbfy kblybbu ch f`hmrbèb {c {nb {|c eaubu. Hycg {nb

gcu{ f`hmrb`{fam hae{cyu {c {nb mbau{- {nbyb ayb uf~ mbxbmu? lyba{- ufl`fhfea`{-

ybma{fxb- naykmv a`v- umfln{ a`k `c.

[aimb? Kblybbu ch f`hmrbèb ch {nb hae{cyu

HAE[CYU EAUB 1 EAUB 9

B^[BY@AMHAE[CYU

Mceam iaejlycr`k UMFLN[ @C

Tau{ mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{ YBMA[FXB @C

[baenbyu urttcy{ NAYKMVA@V UFL@FHFEA@[

F`'lycrt tbby f`hmrbèb UMFLN[ YBMA[FXB

Hcyga{ ch {nb kfueruufc` NAYKMVA@V UFL@FHFEA@[

Ec`{b`{ ch {nb kfueruufc` UFL@FHFEA@[ UFL@FHFEA@[

F@[BY@AMHAE[CYU

A{{f{rkb {c {aylb{ ma`lralb mbay`f`l LYBA[ LYBA[

J`c|mbklb a`k ecggr`fea{fxbtychfefbèv

YBMA[FXB UFL@FHFEA@[

Mbay`f`l u{ya{blfbu UMFLN[ @C

Mbay`by akat{a{fc` eataef{v YBMA[FXB UMFLN[

26


60/74

Cry hf`kf`l nau ec`hfygbk {nb u{rkfbu ch Una| 1666&- \b` ( Embgb`{ 9445&

aicr{ f`'lycrt tbby f`hmrbèb a`k Gaef`{vyb 166>& aicr{ {nb ufl`fhfea`{

f`hmrbèb ch {nb {ctfeu ch kfueruufc`. F{ |au amuc ecyybutc`kf`l {c Embgb`{u

{nbcyv aicr{ {nb f`hmrbèb chj`c|mbklb a`k ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefbèv a`k

{baenbyu urttcy{ c` u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b.

Ibufkbu- {nfu u{rkv nau hcr`k cr{ a `b| hae{cy {na{ nak a` f`hmrbèb c` {nb

u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c ecggr`fea{b f` B`lmfun f` lycrt kfueruufc`- |nfen fu

tau{ mbay`f`l b`xfyc`gb`{. [nfu hae{cy |au kfuecxbybk f` {nfu ybubayen- au

auurgbk iv ybubayenbyu- krb {c {nb {vtfeam B`lmfun b`xfyc`gb`{ a`k {baenf`l

uvu{bg f` Xfb{àg |nfen |au `c{ |fkbmv hcerubk c` EM[ attycaen.

Hfàmmv- hycg cry u{rkv- |b ecrmk tcf`{ cr{ {na{ {nb gcu{ tc|byhrm hae{cy |au

{nb a{{f{rkb {c {nb {aylb{ ma`lralb mbay`f`l. Baen u{rkb`{u |fmmf`l`buu {c

ecggr`fea{b attbaybk {c ib kbefkbk gaf`mv iv {nfu hae{cy. U1- |nc {ncrln{

{na{ unb uncrmk ib ybutcùfimb hcy nby c|` u{rkv- |au gcyb |fmmf`l {c utbaj f`

B`lmfun kryf`l lycrt kfueruufcù. C` {nb ec`{yayv- U9- |nc ibmfbxbk {na{ nby

u{rkvf`l ybmfbk gaf`mv c` {nb {baenbyu ec`{ycm a`k urttcy{ f` emauu- |au mbuu

|fmmf`l. [nfu hae{cy amuc- {c ucgb b~{b`{- ahhbe{bk u{rkb`{u tbyebt{fcù ch ucgb

c{nby jbv hae{cyu mfjb {nb {baenbyu urttcy{ a`k hcyga{ ch {nb kfueruufc`- a`k

j`c|mbklb a`k ecggr`fea{fxb tychfefbèv.

9. Tbkalclfeam fgtmfea{fcù

Au {nfu ybubayen kcbu `c{ lc f`{c kb{afmu aicr{ {nb ae{ram uf{ra{fc`- ir{ oru{

mccju a{ {nb ga{{by hycg ucgb u{rkb`{u tbyebt{fc`- {nbub fgtmfea{fcù ea` kya|

{nb a{{b`{fc` ch {nb bkrea{cyu- mbe{rybyu a`k {nb cyla`fza{fcù ecèby`bk |f{n{nb nctb {na{ {nbfy a|ayb`buu ch {nb tc{b`{fam nbmthrm`buu ch {nbub eby{af`

ybecggb`ka{fcù ea` ib yafubk. [nb ybecggb`ka{fcù ayb uriobe{bk hcy {nb

{baenbyu f` lb`byam- a`k hcy {nb uvmmairu hcy {nb hfyu{'vbay u{rkb`{u.

F{ ea` ib ubb` hycg aicxb: c`b ch {nb gcu{ ufl`fhfea`{ hf`kf`lu ch {nb ybubayen

fu {nb tay{fefta`{u `bbk hcy {nb f`tr{ ic{n ma`lralb f`tr{ a`k j`c|mbklb

84


61/74

f`tr{&. Am{ncrln {nb ybubayen c`mv u{rkfbk {|c eaubu- {nb ybubayenbyu auurgb

{na{ {nfu `bbk ea` amuc ib {yrb f` ga`v c{nby eaubu. [nbybhcyb- f{ fu

ybecggb`kbk {na{ a xayfb{v ch ae{fxf{fbu uncrmk ib eayyfbk cr{ f` cykby {c

tycxfkb u{rkb`{u |f{n gcyb ena`ebu {c aiucyi iaejlycr`k j`c|mbklb a`k

ybmbxa`{ ma`lralb j`c|mbklb. [baenbyu ea` tycxfkb u{rkb`{u |f{n ybakf l

ga{byfamu ch {nb `b~{ |bbju {ctfe uc {na{ u{rkb`{u ea` ybak a`k tybtayb

{nbgubmxbu a{ ncgb ibhcyb lcf`l {c emauu- cy {baenbyu ea` auj u{rkb`{u {c ybak

aicr{ {na{ {ctfe a{ ncgb ibhcyb lcf`l {c emauu a`k unayb {nb ga{byfamu |f{n {nbfy

emauuga{bu. Iv {nfu |av- u{rkb`{u naxb a ena`eb {c fgtycxb {nbfy iaejlycr`k

j`c|mbklb ch {nb {ctfeu a`k ayb gcyb mfjbmv {c tay{fefta{b ae{fxbmv f` {nb lycrtkfueruufc`. Ibufkbu- f{ |c

Documents

Perception of First-year Mainstream Students at Ed, Hulis, Vnu