Percep

tion

&A

ttentio

n

Percep

tion

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rtlessb

ut

itsu

nd

erlyin

gm

echan

isms

arein

credib

ly

sop

histicated

.

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iolo

gy

of

the

visu

alsy

stem

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epresen

tation

sin

prim

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isual

cortex

and

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bject

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ttentio

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Interactio

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stems

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olv

edin

ob

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gn

ition

and

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cessing

Percep

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ttentio

n

Percep

tion

&A

ttentio

n

So

me

mo

tivatin

gq

uestio

ns:

1.W

hy

do

esp

rimary

visu

alco

rtexen

cod

eo

riented

bars

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ligh

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Percep

tion

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ttentio

n

So

me

mo

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gq

uestio

ns:

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hy

do

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rimary

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alco

rtexen

cod

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hy

isv

isual

system

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wh

at/w

here

path

way

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Percep

tion

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ttentio

n

So

me

mo

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gq

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ns:

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rimary

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at/w

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do

esp

arietald

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seatten

tion

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blem

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ttentio

n

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me

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rimary

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bars

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ligh

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2.W

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wh

at/w

here

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blem

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ow

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jects(acro

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lyd

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space

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igh

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ur

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Atten

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rrelation

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perties

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m

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ectivity

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cture

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men

t.

Percep

tion

and

Atten

tion

1.W

hy

do

esp

rimary

visu

alco

rtexen

cod

eo

riented

bars

of

ligh

t?

Co

rrelation

allearn

ing

based

on

natu

ralv

isual

scenes.

2.H

ow

do

we

recog

nize

ob

jects(acro

sslo

cation

s,sizes,rotatio

ns

with

wild

lyd

ifferent

retinal

imag

es)?

3.W

hy

isv

isual

system

split

into

wh

at/w

here

path

way

s?

4.W

hy

do

esp

arietald

amag

ecau

seatten

tion

pro

blem

s(n

eglect)?

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eO

bject

Reco

gn

ition

Pro

blem

Pro

blem

:R

ecog

nize

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jectreg

ardless

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locatio

n,size,ro

tation

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ame

Diff

Th

isis

hard

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sed

ifferent

pattern

sin

same

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ncan

ov

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lot,

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ileth

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ep

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ifferent

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ns/

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tation

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ov

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all!

Grad

ual

Inv

ariance

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sform

ation

s(F

uk

ush

ima,’80)

Grad

ual

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ariance

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sform

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uk

ush

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ffeatu

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form

mo

reco

mp

lexo

bjects);an

d

Co

llapsin

go

ver

locatio

nin

form

ation

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ariance”)

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ual

Inv

ariance

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sform

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uk

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ifd

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on

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op

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ing

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ual

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n

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ual

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roced

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ake

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on

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•A

pp

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ay

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ularly

shap

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ht

lines...

wh

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jects?

“Em

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bo

treco

gn

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jects..

Vid

eoD

emo

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erd

emo

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v

O’R

eilly,C

og

Sci

2009

Big

ger

netw

ork

mo

del,b

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nam

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Wy

atteet

al.,2012;O’R

eillyet

al.,2013

Bid

irection

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amics

O’R

eillyet

al.,2013;W

yatte

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AC

hallen

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Deep

Pred

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Learn

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tn

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perv

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els!O

’Reilly

etal,

2017arX

iv

Still

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tion

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rrelation

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jects(acro

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ifferent

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ransfo

rmatio

ns:

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com

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ariance;

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uted

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isv

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here

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way

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hy

do

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arietald

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blem

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atialA

ttentio

n:

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neg

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space!

bu

tth

eystill

seeit!

Effects

of

Parietal

Lesio

ns

on

Po

sner

Task

40−

60−

80−

100−

120−01

2

Intact

Lesioned

Neutral

Valid

Invalid

•P

atients

perfo

rmn

orm

allyin

the

“neu

tral”(n

ocu

e)co

nd

ition

,

regard

lesso

fw

here

the

target

isp

resented

•P

atients

ben

efit

just

asm

uch

asco

ntro

lsfro

mv

alidcu

es

•P

atients

areh

urt

mo

reth

anco

ntro

lsb

yin

valid

cues

Po

ssible

Mo

dels

+

Alert

Interrupt

Localize

Disengage

Move

Engage

Inhibit

Atten

tion

emerg

esfro

mb

idirectio

nal

con

straint

satisfaction

&in

hib

itory

com

petitio

n.

Sim

ple

Mo

del

Input

V1

Spat1

Spat2

Obj1

Obj2

targ

cue

Output

Object 1 (C

ue)

Object 2 (T

arget)

[attnsim

ple.p

roj]

Po

sner

Task

Data

Valid

Inv

alidD

iffA

du

ltN

orm

al350

39040

Eld

erlyN

orm

al540

60060

Patien

ts640

760120

Eld

erlyn

orm

alized(*.65)

350390

40P

atients

no

rmalized

(*.55)350

41868

Po

sner

Task

Sim

s

•T

he

mo

del

exp

lains

the

basic

fin

din

gth

atv

alidcu

essp

eedtarg

et

pro

cessing

,w

hile

inv

alidcu

esh

urt

•A

lsoex

plain

sfi

nd

ing

that

patien

tsw

ithsm

allu

nilateral

parietal

lesion

s

ben

efit

no

rmally

from

valid

cues

inip

silateralfi

eldb

ut

are

disp

rop

ortio

nately

hu

rtb

yin

valid

cues.

•N

on

eedto

po

sit“d

iseng

age”

mo

du

le!

Po

sner

Task

Sim

s

•T

he

mo

del

exp

lains

the

basic

fin

din

gth

atv

alidcu

essp

eedtarg

et

pro

cessing

,w

hile

inv

alidcu

esh

urt

•A

lsoex

plain

sfi

nd

ing

that

patien

tsw

ithsm

allu

nilateral

parietal

lesion

s

ben

efit

no

rmally

from

valid

cues

inip

silateralfi

eldb

ut

are

disp

rop

ortio

nately

hu

rtb

yin

valid

cues.

•N

on

eedto

po

sit“d

iseng

age”

mo

du

le!

•A

lsoex

plain

sfi

nd

ing

of

ne

gle

ct

of

con

tralateralv

isual

field

afterlarg

e,

un

ilateralp

arietallesio

ns

wh

enso

me

stimu

lus

isp

resent

inip

silateral

field

(“extin

ction

”)

Mo

reP

osn

erL

esion

Fu

n

•R

eturn

ing

top

atient

with

leftp

arietallesio

n...

•W

hat

hap

pen

sif

cues

arep

resented

inc

on

trala

tera

l(affected

)

hem

ifield

?(“R

everse

Po

sner”)

Mo

reP

osn

erL

esion

Fu

n

Retu

rnin

gto

patien

tw

ithleft

parietal

lesion

...

•W

hat

hap

pen

sif

cues

arep

resented

inc

on

trala

tera

l(affected

)

hem

ifield

?

Pred

iction

s:

•S

maller

ben

efit

for

valid

cues

•P

atients

sho

uld

be

hu

rtless

than

con

trols

by

inv

alidcu

es.

[attnsim

ple.p

roj]

Inh

ibitio

no

fR

eturn

•T

yp

ically,targ

etd

etection

isfaster

on

trialsw

ithv

alidv

sin

valid

cues

•H

ow

ev

er,if

the

cue

isp

resented

for

alo

ng

ertim

e(eg

.500

ms),

perfo

rman

ceis

fastero

nin

va

lidv

sv

alidtrials

•C

anex

plain

interm

so

fa

cc

om

mo

da

tion

(neu

ralfatig

ue)

[attnsim

ple.p

roj]

Sim

ple

mo

del:

too

simp

le?

•H

asu

niq

ue

on

e-to-o

ne

map

pin

gs

betw

eenlo

w-lev

elv

isual

features

and

ob

jectrep

resentatio

ns

(no

trealistic)

•D

oes

no

tad

dress

issue

of

spatial

attentio

nw

hen

tryin

gto

perceiv

e

mu

ltiple

ob

jectssim

ultan

eou

sly

Sim

ple

mo

del:

too

simp

le?

•H

asu

niq

ue

on

e-to-o

ne

map

pin

gs

betw

eenlo

w-lev

elv

isual

features

and

ob

jectrep

resentatio

ns

(no

trealistic)

•D

oes

no

tad

dress

issue

of

spatial

attentio

nw

hen

tryin

gto

perceiv

e

mu

ltiple

ob

jectssim

ultan

eou

sly

•“C

om

plex

”m

od

elco

mb

ines

mo

rerealistic

mo

del

of

ob

jectreco

gn

ition

(starting

from

LG

N)

with

simp

leatten

tion

mo

del

→C

anu

sesp

atialatten

tion

torestrict

ob

jectp

rocessin

gp

athw

ayto

on

eo

bject

ata

time,en

ablin

git

toseq

uen

tiallyp

rocess

mu

ltiple

ob

jects.

•L

esion

so

fen

tiresp

atialp

athw

aycau

sesim

ultan

agn

osia:

inab

ilityto

con

curren

tlyreco

gn

izetw

oo

bjects

Co

mp

lexM

od

el

LGN

_On

LGN

_Off

V1

V2

V4

/IT Output

Spat1

Spat2

Target

Sp

at1h

asrecu

rrent

pro

jns

toen

cou

rage

focu

so

no

ne

regio

no

fsp

ace

Co

mp

lexM

od

el

LGN

_On

LGN

_Off

V1

V2

V4

/IT Output

Spat1

Spat2

Target

Sp

at1h

asrecu

rrent

pro

jns

toen

cou

rage

focu

so

no

ne

regio

no

fsp

ace

Bu

to

nly

mech

anism

for

switch

ing

isacco

mm

od

ation

...

Percep

tion

and

Atten

tion

1.W

hy

do

esp

rimary

visu

alco

rtexen

cod

eo

riented

bars

of

ligh

t?

Co

rrelation

allearn

ing

based

on

natu

ralv

isual

scenes.

2.H

ow

do

we

recog

nize

ob

jects(acro

sslo

cation

s,sizes,rotatio

ns

with

wild

lyd

ifferent

retinal

imag

es)?T

ransfo

rmatio

ns:

increasin

gly

com

plex

featural

enco

din

gs,in

creasing

levels

of

spatial

inv

ariance;

Distrib

uted

represen

tation

s.

3.W

hy

isv

isual

system

split

into

wh

at/w

here

path

way

s?

Tran

sform

ation

s:em

ph

asizing

and

collap

sing

across

differen

tty

pes

of

relevan

td

istinctio

ns;atten

tion

4.W

hy

do

esp

arietald

amag

ecau

seatten

tion

pro

blem

s(n

eglect)?

Atten

tion

asan

emerg

ent

pro

perty

of

com

petitio

n

Gen

eralIssu

esin

Atten

tion

Atten

tion

:

•P

rioritizes

pro

cessing

.

•C

oo

rdin

atesp

rocessin

gacro

ssd

ifferent

areas.

•S

olv

esb

ind

ing

pro

blem

sv

iaco

ord

inatio

n.

Gen

eralIssu

esin

Atten

tion

Atten

tion

:

•P

rioritizes

pro

cessing

.

•C

oo

rdin

atesp

rocessin

gacro

ssd

ifferent

areas.

•S

olv

esb

ind

ing

pro

blem

sv

iaco

ord

inatio

n.

Bu

tatten

tion

sho

uld

be

mu

chm

ore

flex

ible

than

just

spatial

bias!

Later:

ho

wto

inco

rpo

rateg

oals,rein

forcem

ent

pro

bab

ility,in

toatten

tion

al

allocatio

n