PERCEPTION AND PERCEPTION AND SENSATIONSENSATION

Ghazal Riaz AhmedGhazal Riaz Ahmedsec A,Bsec A,B

1-Article1-Article

►Role of perception and Role of perception and sensation in our daily lifesensation in our daily life

1-Assignment1-Assignment

Q-What is perceptual organization? Q-What is perceptual organization? explain it with the help of explain it with the help of examples.examples.

Q-What is illusion ? give daily life Q-What is illusion ? give daily life examples of illusionexamples of illusion

ArticleArticle Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs

2-Assignment2-Assignment1Q-What is motivation? Explain

incentive and cognitive theory of motivation?

2Q-What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation? Give examples.

PERCEPTION AND SENSATIONPERCEPTION AND SENSATION

sensationsensation►Sensation is the passive Sensation is the passive

process through which stimuli process through which stimuli are received by sense are received by sense receptors and transformed into receptors and transformed into neural impulses that can be neural impulses that can be carried through the nervous carried through the nervous system.system.

The processes by which The processes by which our sense organs receive our sense organs receive information from the information from the environment. environment.

SensationSensation

PerceptionPerception The process by The process by

which the brain which the brain organizes and organizes and interprets sensory interprets sensory information.information.

HUMAN SENSESHUMAN SENSES►VisionVision►HearingHearing►SmellSmell►TouchTouch►TasteTaste

What is Perception?What is Perception?

The processes by which people The processes by which people select, organize, and interpret select, organize, and interpret sensations.sensations.

Perception is our sensory Perception is our sensory

experience of the world around us experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these actions in response to these stimuli. stimuli.

Sensation & Perception Processes

Perceptual ExpectancyPerceptual Expectancy

Perceptual Perceptual ConstanciesConstancies Perceptual Perceptual OrganizationOrganizationThe World of IllusionsThe World of Illusions

Perception

Perceptual Perceptual ExpectancyExpectancy

►Perceptual Expectancy is the Perceptual Expectancy is the culmination of all our culmination of all our experiences that directs us to experiences that directs us to perceive the world from a perceive the world from a unique perspective.unique perspective.

Perceptual Perceptual ExpectancyExpectancy

Context EffectsContext Effects

Perceptual constancyPerceptual constancy►Perceptual constancy is the Perceptual constancy is the

tendency to perceive objects in a tendency to perceive objects in a consistent manner despite the consistent manner despite the changing sensations that are changing sensations that are received by our senses.received by our senses.

Perceptual Perceptual constancyconstancy

1-Size Constancy1-Size Constancy

2 Shape Constancy2 Shape Constancy

3 Position Constancy3 Position Constancy

4 Brightness Constancy4 Brightness Constancy

5 Color Constancy5 Color Constancy

►Size ConstancySize Constancy The tendency to view an object as The tendency to view an object as

constant in size despite changes in the constant in size despite changes in the size of the retinal imagesize of the retinal image..

►Shape ConstancyShape Constancy

The tendency to see an object as keeping The tendency to see an object as keeping its form despite changes in orientation. its form despite changes in orientation.

Perceptual Constancies

Shape ConstancyShape Constancy

► Even though these images cast shadows of Even though these images cast shadows of different shapes, we still see it as rounddifferent shapes, we still see it as round

Color ConstancyColor Constancy

AfterimagesAfterimages

Perceptual Perceptual organizationorganization

The field of psychology The field of psychology is full of fascinating is full of fascinating facts.facts.

How many fs did How many fs did you find?you find?

Figure and ground relationsFigure and ground relations

►Important rule of perceptual Important rule of perceptual organization is the figure-ground organization is the figure-ground relationship. when we look at a relationship. when we look at a scene, we tend to separate a main scene, we tend to separate a main figure from ground.figure from ground.

Figure/Ground QualitiesFigure/Ground Qualities►FigureFigure

shapeshape boundedbounded nearnear identifiedidentified meaningmeaning rememberedremembered

►GroundGround shapelessshapeless continuouscontinuous farfar not identifiednot identified meaninglessmeaningless forgottenforgotten

Gestalt GroupingGestalt Grouping►Gestalt strategies that the brain uses Gestalt strategies that the brain uses

to group sensory building blocks into to group sensory building blocks into perceptual units:perceptual units:

1-Proximity: 1-Proximity:

things that are near each other tend things that are near each other tend to be grouped together.to be grouped together.

2-Closure:2-Closure: the brain fill in to gap in the brain fill in to gap in order to perceive complete forms.order to perceive complete forms.

3-Similarity:3-Similarity:things that are alike in things that are alike in some way tend to be perceived as some way tend to be perceived as belonging to gather.belonging to gather.

4-Continuity:4-Continuity:

lines and patterns tend to be perceived lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time or space.as continuing in time or space.

►ContinuityContinuity

Muller-Lyer Muller-Lyer illusionillusion

The World of The World of IllusionsIllusions

Visual illusionVisual illusion

The World of Illusions The Ponzo Illusion

IllusionsIllusions

larger objects are perceived as larger objects are perceived as nearernearer

Look at this picture for 3 secondsLook at this picture for 3 secondsthen draw it from memorythen draw it from memory

Look at this picture for 3 secondsLook at this picture for 3 secondsthen draw it from memorythen draw it from memory

Psychological and Cultural Psychological and Cultural Influences on PerceptionInfluences on Perception

► We are more likely to perceive We are more likely to perceive something when we need it.something when we need it.

► What we believe can affect what we What we believe can affect what we perceive.perceive.

► Emotions, such as fear, can influence Emotions, such as fear, can influence perceptions of sensory information.perceptions of sensory information.

camouflagecamouflage►Camouflage is something that animals, Camouflage is something that animals,

insects and even people can use to insects and even people can use to hide or blend into the environment.hide or blend into the environment.

►Camouflage is effective because of the Camouflage is effective because of the gestalt laws of perceptual gestalt laws of perceptual organization.organization.

Sensory Adaptation Sensory Adaptation and Deprivationand Deprivation

AdaptationAdaptation The reduction or disappearance of The reduction or disappearance of

sensory responsiveness when sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or stimulation is unchanging or repetitious.repetitious.

►DeprivationDeprivation

The absence of normal The absence of normal levels of sensory levels of sensory stimulation.stimulation.

►Extrasensory Perception Extrasensory Perception (ESP)(ESP)

The ability to perceive The ability to perceive something without ordinary something without ordinary sensory information.sensory information.

This has not been This has not been scientifically demonstrated. scientifically demonstrated.

►Parapsychologists Parapsychologists distinguish between three distinguish between three types of ESP:types of ESP:

Telepathy – Telepathy – Mind-to-mind Mind-to-mind communicationcommunication

Clairvoyance – Clairvoyance – Perception of Perception of remote eventsremote events

Precognition – Precognition – Ability to see Ability to see future eventsfuture events

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