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What do you see?
Individual Psychological Variables
1. Perception- the process through which we select, organize, and interpret information gathered by our senses in order to understand the world around us
Social Perception- the process through which individuals attempt to combine, integrate, and interpret information about others.
Individual Psychological Variables
2. Attribution – the process through which individuals attempt to determine the causes of other’s behavior
Answers the question Why? Correspondent inferences-
judgments made about what someone is like based on observation of his behavior
E.g. if a person falls off the ladder- he is clumsy- inaccurate
Individual Psychological Variables
Keep in mind: behavior is complex and has many
different causes and people sometimes purposely disguises their true characteristics
The opportunity to make accurate correspondent inferences is greater in situations in which there is only one plausible explanation to their behavior
Individual Psychological Variables
Convenience of doing something does not say much
But despite inconveniences, then that says something
Individual Psychological Variables
Causal attribution- the approach suggesting that people will believe other’s actions to be caused by internal and external factors based on three types of information: consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
Individual Psychological Variables
Internal or external cause? Internal causes are directly caused by the
individual while external causes are by the Environment
How do people go about judging whether someone’s actions were caused by internal or external causes?
If all three factors are high- external cause If two factors are low and consistency is
high- internal cause
Individual Psychological Variables
Consensus- the extent to which other people behave in the same manner as the person we’re judging. If others do behave similarly, consensus is considered high, if they don’t consensus is considered low
Consistency- the extent to which the person we’re judging acts the same way at other times when he or she is in the same situation. If the person acts the same way at other times, consistency is high, vice versa would mean the consistency is low
Individual Psychological Variables
Distinctiveness-the extent to which this person behaves in the same manner in other contexts. If he or she behaves the same way in other situations, distinctiveness is low, if he or she behaves differently then distinctiveness is high
Individual Psychological Variables
“Perceptual Biases”
Perceptual Biases
Perceptual biases are predispositions that people have to misperceive others in various systematic ways
These are the fundamental attribution error, the halo effect, the similar to me effect, first impression error and selective perception
Perceptual Biases
1. The fundamental attribution error- the tendency to attribute others’ actions to internal causes (e.g. their traits) while largely ignoring external factors that also may have influenced their behavior
Perceptual Biases
2. The halo effect- the tendency for our overall impressions of others to affect objective evaluations of their specific traits; perceiving high correlations between characteristics that may be unrelated
Perceptual Biases
3.Similar-to-me effect- the tendency for people to perceive in positive light others who are believed to be similar to themselves in any or several different ways
4.First impression error- the tendency to base our judgments to others on our earlier impressions of them
Perceptual Biases
5. Selective perception- the tendency to focus on some aspects of the environment while ignoring others
Stereotypes- beliefs that all members of a specific groups share similar traits and behaviors and are prone to behave the same way
Why do we rely on stereotypes?
Due to the fact that people tend to do as little cognitive work as possible when it comes to thinking about others. That is, we tend to rely- on mental shortcuts.
Perceptual Biases
Guidelines in overcoming bias in social perception
Guidelines in overcoming bias in social perception
Do not overlook external causes of other’s behavior
Identify and confront your stereotypes
Evaluate people based on objective factors
Avoid making rash judgments
Guidelines in overcoming bias in social perception
We, as perceivers, are imperfect processors of information. We assume that people are internally responsible for their behavior because we cannot minimize being aware of all the possible situational factors that may be involved
Do not overlook external causes of other’s behavior
The fundamental attribution error leads u to discounts the possibility that peoples poor performance may actually be caused by factors beyond their control. As a result we ignore legitimate explanations for poor performance
Identify and confront your stereotypes
Although the tendency is natural, erroneous perceptions are bound to result-and quite possibly at the expense of someone else. For this reason it’s good to identify the stereotypes that we hold
Key is AWARENESS, enables you to counter
Evaluate people based on objective factors
The more objective the information you use to judge others, the less your judgments will be subjected to perceptual distortions.
People tend to bias subjective judgments in ways that are self serving
Define objective?- per Webster, not being affected by personal feelings or prejudice
Avoid making rash judgments
It is human nature to jump into conclusions about what people are like, even when we know very little about them.
TAKE THE TIME to get to know people better before convincing your self that you already know all you need about the them. WHAT YOU LEARN MAY MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE IN YOUR OPINION
Meaningful Interaction
The more we interact with people in a meaningful way, the less we rely on stereotypes and under perceptual shortcuts to understand a person.
This needs frequent and close interaction working towards the same goal. (managers working in frontline positions, Basketball players sharing rooms and the like)
Meaningful Interaction
Meaningful interactions results in empathy, which is a persons ability to understand and be sensitive to the feelings, thoughts and situations of others.
Mutual Understanding
Knowing yourself, which is becoming more aware of your values, beliefs, and biases, is a powerful way to improve your perceptions
See the Johari window…
OPEN AREA BLIND AREA
HIDDEN AREA
UNKNOWN AREA
DISCLOSURE
Known to others
Unknown to Others FEEDBACK
Known to self
Unknown to self
THE JOHARI WINDOW
The Johari Window
The idea is to expand the open area through to disclosure, the more you know the person, the more you understand their behavior, and the more you learn
Dialectical Inquiry Method
Dialectical inquiry method- a method of analysis in which a decision maker determines and negates his own assumptions and then creates counter solutions based on the negative assumptions (devils advocate method)
WE HAVE TO
RECOGNIZE and IDENTIFY