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PERCEPTION AND COORDINATION
MODULE A
PERCEPTION an awareness, receivingimpression or integration,
interpretation throughour senses.COORDINATION ability to perform
skilledmotor acts; an organized working together ofmuscles and
group of muscles aimed at bringingabout purposeful movement.
Sensory perception ability to receive sensoryimpression through
cortical association r/t thestimulus to past experience and form
animpression of the structure of the stimulus.
STIMULIEXTERNAL : visual, auditory, olfactory,
tactile,gustatoryINTERNAL : KINESTHETIC awareness ofposition and
movement of body parts
VISCERAL large organ within thebody that can produce stimuli
that make aperson aware of them. Ex. Full stomach
NERVOUS SYSTEM-coordinates and controls all activities in
thebody.-gen fxn:1.receiveing info sensory / afferent
pathways2.communicating info3.process information4.transmit info
body action, control,modification motor / efferent pathways
Neuron basic structural and fxnal unit of thenervous system;
miniature NSNeuroglial cells provide nourishment, supportand
protection; may be source of tumor in CNS
CNS
**BRAIN>CEREBRUM/CEREBRAL CORTEX- composed of:
a. Hemisphere
1.Frontal perception, interpretation, reasoning,emotion and
judgement2.Parietal sensory cortex, ability to recognizebody parts,
discriminate L and R, relay tothalamus3.Temporal memory storage,
balance4.Occipital visual center, understanding ofwritten mater
~R and L hemisphere connected by Corpuscallosum
~Speech Centers:Brocas area lateral inferior portionWernickes
area post. To the superior temporalconvolution~Basal Ganglia fxns
as a part of the EPS,postural adjustment and gross volitional
movt.~CSF odorless and colorless fluid found in theventricles of he
subarachnoid spaces and
central cord of spinal cord; normal amt 90-150mL brain and
sc
Purposes: Fluid cushion for nerve tissue Supports weight of the
brain Carries nutrients to the brain Removes metabolites
Brocas aphasia difficulty in expression/whatsin mindWernickes
aphasia altered comprehension &understanding verbal
language
>DIENCEPHALON/INTERBRAIN
Thalamus all sensory fibers synapse for thefinal relay to
appropriate portion of sensorycondition perceived; houses pain
threshold
Epithalamus contains pineal body or epiphysis(endocrine
gland)
Subthalamus receives fibers from globuspalidus; part of the
efferent descendingpathway; alleviate Parkinsons
disease(Dopamine)
Hypothalamus contains cell bodies mediatingautonomic fx,
endocrine fx, emotionalresponses; appetite center
BRAIN STEM PARTS Midbrain postural reflex Pons-rhythmic quality
of resp. Medulla Oblongata-cardiac and
respi control
>BRAINSTEM-deep in the center of the hemisphere and is
not
visible when the intact brain is viewed.
>CEREBELLUM-1 part of brain responsible for coordination-3
fxns:
> keep body oriented in space &maintain truncal
equilibrium
>controls anti-gravity muscles>checking/halting volitional
movt
**SPINAL CORD
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PNS-peripheral nerves: sensory, motor and mixed
a. Somatic innervates skeletal musclesb. Autonomic preserve
homeostasis
1 Sympathetic NS (Adrenergic) fight/flight2 Paraympathetic NS
(Cholinergic) rest/digest
~EYES-70% receptors found-increase IOP Glaucoma
EXTERNAL & ACCESSORY
Lacrimal sac Lacrimal ducts Nasolacrimal ducts Extrinsic eye
muscles 6 cardinal gaze? Eyelids protects from ext. debris
(anterior) Eyelashes Conjunctiva lubricant
INTERNAL
Eyeball has humor to maintain shape Lens Tunics
Sclera thick, white connective
tissueCornea light enters; repairsitself
Vascular Tunic middle coatChoroid prevents light from
scatteringAnterior Smooth cilliary body
Cilliary body lens is attachedIris contains pupil where
lightpasses
Retina contains photoreceptors
Rods dim lights; peripheralvision
Cones bright lightLutein contained by
retina
~TASTE
>sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami (beeftaste, Monosodium
glutamate)
~SMELLTypes: Favorable and UnfavorableOlfactory cells- affect
limbic systemAnosmia inability to smell
~HEARING
EXTERNAL Pinna Auditory canal (lined with
cerumen) MIDDLE EAR/TYMPANIC CAVITY
EAR DRUM laterally
OVAL WINDOW fluids (perilymph& endolymph)
OSSICLES smallest bone in body
Hammer /malleus Anvil /incus Stirrup /stapes
AUDITORY TUBEPHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE connect middlecavity to
throat
INNER hearing and equilibrium/balance Cochlea Organ of Corti
(hearing
rec) Vestibule equilibrium Bony Labyrinth
~TOUCH
~SPECIAL
A. Free Nerve Endings touch &pressure
B. Meissners Corpuscle / Tactilecorpuscle
C. Expanded Tip Tactile Receptor continuous touch
D. Hair end organ initial contact
E. Ruffinis end-organs heavy touchjoint
F. Pacinian corpuscle /Lamillated tissue vibration
Muscle spindle respond to musclestretchingGolgi Tendon Receptors
measures amtof tension that each muscle contractionbuilds up.
G.Electromagnetic receptors photoreceptors
SENSORY RECEPTORS Thermoreceptors Nociceptors pain
Chemoreceptors Tactile receptors Propioceptors stretch or tension
Golgi Tendon Receptors muscle
fibers; contractions Krause corpuscles conjunctiva
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Additionals:
Decerebrate (extension) ;Decorticate(flexion)
CRANIAL NERVES Olfactory Optic
Occulomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial
Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal accessory
Hypoglossal
Assessment:
Sensory Somatic
Controls voluntary activities (movt ofskeletal muscles)
Sensory (afferent) Motor nerve division (efferent) Cranial
nerves
Neurologic Status
LOC most impt indicator
CRANIAL NERVE ASSESSMENT
Visual acuity Snellens chartVisual field cardinal gazes,
indirect/ peripheral
visionOccular fundus optic disc, blood vessels, retinaand
macula
Argyll Robertsons Pupil NR to light Anisocuria unequal pupil
size Consensual light reflex Contralateral tongue deviation
