Peracetic Acid Assay Merck

5/26/2018 Peracetic Acid Assay Merck

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Disinfection control

Performance & Life Science ChemicalsLaboratory BusinessProduct Management Food & Environmental Analytics


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March 28, 2010 Disinfection control Page 2


Merck disinfection and residue monitoring tests - 2010

CONTENT

Disinfectant control of cleaning agents in various applications

Peracetic Acid

Glutaraldehyde

In-process control of disinfectants ideally with Merckoquanttest strips

Quantitative results for Peroxide and Peracetic Acid with Reflectoquant

Disinfectants and the range of suitable test kits

Chlorine

Ozone Chlorine dioxide

Hydrogen peroxide


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Disinfectant control of cleaning agents

in various applications

Most frequently the following disinfectants are used

Peroxide, Peracetic acid, Glutardialdehyde,Quarternary ammonium compounds

Disinfectants are tested before the cleaning:The agents concentration has to be high enough to be effective

....and after the cleaning process:

The agent has to be efficiently removed from the production equipmentsafter use. No residues must be left in the products!


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Peracetic Acid

Filling equipment in breweries

Disinfection of 5-gallon bottle for drinking water

Endoscopic instruments in hospitals

Glutardialdehyde

Disinfectant agent control in hospitals

Peroxide

Production equipment in food and beverage industries

Disinfectant control of cleaning agents

some typical application areas


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Where is Peracetic Acid used?

Food & Beverage industry, Pharma industry, hospitals

Cleaning of the pipes with alkaline PAA solutions to avoid

corrosion

Disinfection of the 5-gallon bottles or glass bottleswhich are re-filled for drinking water supply

Surface disinfection in the production facility

Instrument disinfection in the hospitals

For disinfection in emergency cases,for civil protection and for the army


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Titration of peracetic acid: 6 different reagents are needed

Sulfuric acid solution

Indicator solution

Cerium(IV) sulfate solution

Potassium iodide

Starch

Sodium thiosulfate solution

The titration is divided into two steps

Titration of peroxide

Titration of peracetic acid

Complex titration

Solutions have to be prepared.

A lot of glassware is required.

Many handling steps.

Very time consuming

approx. 10 - 15 min for one result(without preparation steps)

Determination of Peracetic Acid

titration method vs. Merck Test Strips (1)


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Titration of Peracetic Acid

- Preparation

Reagents needed:

1.00716.1000 Sulfuric acid 25%Preparation of Sulfuric acid solution 10%:

Add 10 ml of the Sulfuric acid 25 % in a calibrated or conformity-checked25-ml volumetric flask and make up to the mark with water GR.

1.09161.0100 Ferroin indicator solution

1.09092.1000 Cerium(IV) sulfate solution 0.1 mol/l

1.05043.0250 Potassium iodide GR

1.01252.0100 Starch GR

Preparation of a Starch solution 5 g/l:

Dissolve 0.500 g of Starch GR with water GR in a calibrated or conformity-checked 100-ml volumetric flask and make up to the mark with water GR.

1.09147.1000 Sodium thiosulfate solution 0.1 mol/l

1.16754.9010 Water GR for analysis


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- equilibrium reaction

peracetic acid + water acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide

Peracetic acid dissociates to some extent in acetic acid andhydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution.

Peracetic acid is determined by iodometric titration. Peracetic acid

acts as oxidizing agent and oxidizes iodide into iodine. Iodine isdetermined with starch and thiosulfate solution.

Hydrogen peroxide can act as oxidizing and reducing agent.

Hydrogen peroxide has to be removed before the iodometric

titration of peracetic acid.

Otherwise hydrogen peroxide would also oxidize iodide into iodine

and the results would be false-positive.


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- H2O2 determination

Transfer 5.00 ml of the peracetic acid solution to be determined to an

Erlenmeyer flask using a pipette.

Add 50 ml water GR, 5 ml Sulfuric acid solution (10%) and 3 drops of theFerroin indicator solution and mix.

Titrate this sample immediately with Cerium(IV) sulfate solution 0.1 mol/lfrom orange to blue.

At this stage the hydrogen peroxide is determined.

Calculation:

consumption of cerium(IV) sulfate [ml] x 1.7[mg/l] peroxide = ------------------------------------------------------------ x 10000

sample volume [ml] x 10


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After that add immediately 0.5 1.0 g potassium iodide GR and 5 ml

Starch solution 5g/l to the same sample solution.

Titrate the released iodine immediately with sodium thiosulfate solution0.1 mol/l from brownish-violet to orange.

Calculation:

consumption of Na thiosulfate [ml] x 3,8[mg/l] peracetic acid = -------------------------------------------------------- x 10000

sample volume [ml] x 10

Remark: Peracetic Acid solutions are extremely unstable. Especially

diluted solutions are stable for only a few hours and must be preparedfreshly at least daily.


- peracetic acid determination


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- Take a test strip

- Dip it briefly into the solution to be tested

- Compare the test strip with the color scale and read offthe corresponding concentration



MerckoquantTest Strips


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You prefer quantitative and documented tests?

Use Reflectoquant test strips for disinfection control!

Step 1Press on/off,

select TEST and

press START;reaction time is

displayed.

Step 2Dip test strip into

sample solution

and at the sametime press

START again.

Step 35 sec beforereaction ends

insert strip intothe adapter.

Step 4Read off resultfrom display.




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item # Handling Graduation or measuring range

Merckoquant

Peracetic Acid test strips (semi-quantitativeresults):

1100840001

1100010001

1179220001

Reflectoquant

Peracetic Acid test strips (quantitativeresults):

1169750001 MR 1.0 - 22.5 mg/l

1169760001 MR 75 - 400 mg/l

15 s

15 s


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titration method vs. Merck Test Kits (5)

Titration method:

Complex titration

Preparation of solutions.

A lot of glassware is required.

Many handling steps.

Very time consuming

approx. 10 - 15 min for one result

(without preparation time)

Merck test strips:

Ready to use, easy handling

Quick results (approx. 1 min)

Test strips for different accuraciesand measuring ranges are available:

Semi-quantitative results

Merckoquant

Test strips Quantitative results

ReflectoquantTests, results aredocumented (GMP)

RQdata software is available totransmit results to your computer

Features and Benefits of the test strips

Easy to handle, quick results and low costs.

What are you waiting for?

Change now and save time and money!


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Where is Glutaraldehyde used?

Glutaraldehyde is used for a number of applications:

a cold sterilant in the health care industry

an antimicrobial in water-treatment systems

a disinfectant in animal housing

In the health care industry, glutaraldehyde is most often used todisinfect equipment that cannot be heat sterilized such as dialysisinstruments, surgical instruments, suction bottles, bronchoscopes,endoscopes, and ear, nose, and throat instruments.

The chemical is most often used in a diluted form with solutionsranging from 0.1% to 50% glutaraldehyde in water.


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Determination of Glutaraldehyde

with MerckoquantTest

MerckoquantGlutardialdehyde Test

Order no. 1.17984.0001

Graduation: 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5%

For control of effectiveness

100 test strips

NEW


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In-process control of disinfectants

ideally with Merckoquant

test strips!

Features and Benefits

Easy-to-handle test strips for on-site testing

High quality colour scales for reliable results

Low cost, ideal to screen the safety of thedisinfection process and ensurehigh quality of customers products


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A broad variety of semi-quantitative tests:

Merckoquant

test strips

Order No. Test Graduation

1.17925.0001 Merckoquant

Chlorine Test * 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 mg/l1.17924.0001 MerckoquantChlorine Test 25 50 100 200 500 mg/l

1.17984.0001 MerckoquantGlutardialdehyde Test * 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5%

1.10084.0001 MerckoquantPeracetic Acid Test * 5 10 20 30 50 mg/l1.10001.0001 MerckoquantPeracetic Acid Test * 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 mg/l

1.17922.0001 MerckoquantPeracetic Acid Test * 500 1000 1500 2000 mg/l

1.10011.0001 MerckoquantPeroxide Test * 0.5 2 5 10 25 mg/l1.10081.0001 MerckoquantPeroxide Test * 1 3 10 30 100 mg/l1.10337.0001 MerckoquantPeroxide Test * 100 200 400 600 800 1000 mg/l

1.17920.0001 MerckoquantQuaternery Ammonium 10 25 50 100 250 500 mg/lCompounds

* Low ranges to control the residuals* High ranges to control the effectiveness

NEW


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Quantitative results for Peroxide and

Peracetic acid with Reflectoquant

Order No. Test Measuring range

1.16975.0001 ReflectoquantPeracetic Acid Test * 1.0 22.5 mg/l

1.16976.0001 ReflectoquantPeracetic Acid Test * 75 400 mg/l

1.16974.0001 ReflectoquantPeroxide Test * 0.2 20.0 mg/l

1.16731.0001 ReflectoquantPeroxide Test * 100 1000 mg/l

* Low ranges to control the residuals* High ranges to control the effectiveness


Test strips are measured in the RQflex 10 instrument (1.16970)

RQflex 10 delivers quantitative results which are stored in the instrumentsmemory data bank, documentation made easy


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Disinfection techniques for water

Disinfectants kill present unwanted micro organisms in water. There arevarious different types of disinfectants:

Chlorine (dose 2-10 mg/L)

Chlorine dioxide

Ozone

Hypochlorite Every disinfection technique has its specific advantages and its own application

area. In the table below some of the advantages and disadvantages are shown:

Technology Environmen-

tally friendly

Byproducts Effectivity Investment Operational

costs

Fluids Surfaces

Ozone + + ++ - + ++ ++

UV ++ ++ + +/- ++ + ++

Chlorine dioxide +/- +/- ++ ++ + ++ --

Chlorine gas -- -- - + ++ +/- --

Hypochlorite -- -- - + ++ +/- --


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Chlorine for disinfection

Chlorine is one of the most commonly used disinfectants for water disinfection.

Added to water in minute quantities, it quickly kills bacteria and other microbes. Chlorine has the major advantage of ensuring clean water right up to the tap,

whereas the action of other disinfectants - such as ozone, ultraviolet light andultrafiltration - is only temporary.

Chlorine helps remove tastes and odours, controls the growth of slime and algae inmains pipes and storage tanks, and helps to remove unwanted nitrogen compoundsfrom water.

Chlorine is also used for applications, such as swimming pool water andwastewater.


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Measurement of higher chlorine concentrations in

bottled drinking water according EU limits

6000.1 - 0.2 - 0.3 - 0.4 - 0.6 - 0.8- 1.0 - 1.5 - 2.0 mg/l Cl2

1.14978.0001Microquant

1.2 mg/l Cl2as free 0.25 - 0.5 - 0.75 - 1 - 2 - 4 - 8

- 10 - 15 mg/l Cl2

Measuring range /graduation

10001.14976.0001Microquant

Chlorine

No. ofdeter-

minations

Order no.Type of testwhich can be

used

Maximumconcentrationof disinfectant

Disinfectant

1.14976.0001 (powder DPD)1.14978.0001 (liquid DPD)


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Measurement of low chlorine concentrations in

bottled drinking drinking water according EU limits

3000.01 - 0.025 - 0.045 - 0.06 -0.08 - 0.1 - 0.15 - 0.2 - 0.3mg/l Cl2

1.14434.0001Aquaquant

max. 0.3 mg/l Cl2

min. 0.1 mg/l Cl2 6000.1 - 0.2 - 0.3 - 0.4 - 0.6 -0.8 - 1.0 - 1.5 - 2.0 mg/l Cl2



Chlorine

No. ofdeter-

minations

Order no.Type of testwhich canbe used

Concentration ofdisinfectant after

purification

Disinfectant

1.14434.0001

(powder DPD)

1.14978.0001 (liquid DPD)


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Microquanttest kits for

medium to low concentrations

Microquantcolour disk comparator The specialist for:

Turbid samples

Coloured samples

works according to the transmittedlight method

Measurements in the field

under robust conditions

since the comparator and the test

vessels are made of plastic and arethus extremely durable, even in wetand dirty environments.


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Use Microquanttest kits in In-Processcontrol in Food & Beverage industries withoutany risk

Unbreakable test vessels

No contamination of products with broken

glass pieces.

For more safety and high quality in youron-site analysis

Microquanttest kits with robust plastic

testing vessels

NEW


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Aquaquant test kits to test low

concentrations

The Aquaquantsystem The specialist for:

Flexibility of use

Highly sensitive analysis thanks tolong-tube tests with a large opticalpath length down to ppb range

Less sensitive measuring rangescovered by a short-tube test with asmall optical path length

Colour cards of a high print quality


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Microquant/Aquaquant Refill Packs

These refill packs are suitable for usewith both the Microquant tests andthe Aquaquanttests(short-tube and long-tube versions).

The bottles fit directly in the corresponding original Microquant

or Aquaquant test kit.

Each new refill pack has been assigned a uniform item packagingnumber, namely the .0002 suffix.

NEW


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Quantitative measurement of chlorine in


Use of the Spectroquant test kits

200

1200

No. of

deter-minations

0.010 6.00 mg/lCl2

Measuring range

Picco, Multy,NOVA 60,Pharo 100,Pharo 300

1.00598.0002

1.00598.0001

max. 0.3 mg/l Cl2

min. 0.1 mg/l Cl2

1.2 mg/l Cl2 asfree

Chlorine

InstrumentsOrder no.Concentration of

disinfectant afterpurification

Maximum

concentration ofdisinfectant

Disinfectant

Procedure of

free Chlorine Test 1.00598:

NOVA 60 Pharo 100 / 300

Picco Multy


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Features of the Spectroquant

Chlorine Test using DPD

according EPA 330.5,

US Standard Methods 4500-Cl2 G, and EN ISO 7393 Measuring range: 0.010 6.00 mg/l Cl2

Item no: 1.00598. free chlorine

Handling:


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according EPA 330.5,

US Standard Methods 4500-Cl2 G, and EN ISO 7393

Measuring range: 0.010 6.00 mg/l Cl2Item no: 1.00602. total chlorine

Handling:

Features of the Spectroquant

Chlorine Test using DPD


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Available SpectroquantChlorine test kitsaccording EPA 330.5, US Standard Methods 4500-Cl2 G, and EN ISO 7393

Free chlorine1.00598.0002 200 Tests 0.010 6.00 mg/l reagent test1.00598.0001 1200 Tests 0.010 6.00 mg/l reagent test

1.00595.0001 200 Tests 0.03 6.00 mg/l cell test

Total chlorine1.00602.0001 200 Tests 0.010 6.00 mg/l reagent test1.00602.0002 1200 Tests 0.010 6.00 mg/l reagent test

Free and total chlorine1.00599.0001 each 100 Tests 0.010 6.00 mg/l reagent test1.00597.0001 each 100 Tests 0.03 6.00 mg/l cell test

Important: when measuring both, free and total chlorine use the sameglass ware and glass cuvette for measuring!

After each determination of total chlorine rinse the cell with sulfuric acid 25 %and subsequently several times with distilled water.

When glass ware as same as cells are not good cleaned, remaining KI willreact immediately with the total chlorine too when measuring the free chlorineand therefore the result of free chlorine are too high and the total chlorine toolow. Therefore used glassware and cells must be carefully cleaned.


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SpectroquantChlorine test kits

What happens if I have to workin the field / drinking watersampling stations and it israining?

What happens if I have to workin humid environments in theproduction?

Will the powder get wet?


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SpectroquantChlorine liquid reagents

Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD)

Our solution for wet environments:The new developed package concept for the liquid reagents

where bottles are easy to replace.

Reagents Cl2-1, Cl2-2

and Cl3-2 as singlebottles, sealed withplastic film.

Shelf life 36 month at

+15 - +25C.

NEW


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Measuring range: 0.03 6.00 mg/l Cl2 using 16 mm

Item no: 1.00086., 1.00087., 1.00088. and 1.00089.

Handling of analysis of free chlorine:




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Measuring range: 0.03 6.00 mg/l Cl2 using 16 mm

Item no: 1.00086., 1.00087., 1.00088. and 1.00089.

Handling of analysis of total chlorine:




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Spectroquant Colorimeter

Picco Cl2/ O3/ ClO2/ CyA / pH

Application areas:

Drinking water

Bottle water production

Waste water monitoring

Swimming pools


Hygiene monitoring

Order number: 1.73607.0001

for Chlorine, Ozone, Chlorine dioxide, Cyanuric Acid, pH

NEW


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0.05 9.50 mg/l ClO21.00608SQ Chlorine dioxide Test

2 - 160 mg/l Cyanuric Acid1.19250SQ Cyanuric Acid Test

6.4 8.81.01744SQ pH Cell Test

- 0,100 - 2,500 AAbsorption Measurement

0.02 3.40 mg/l O31.00607SQ Ozone Test

0.02 5.00 mg/l Cl2 (free and total)1.00086 / 1.00087 / 1.00088SQ Chlorine Test (liquid)

0.02 5.00 mg/l Cl2 (free and total)1.00598 / 1.00599 / 1.00602SQ Chlorine Test

Measuring rangeOrder No.Parameter




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Highlights:

Waterproof

Automatic Switch-Off

Real-Time-Clock and Date

Calibration Mode

Backlit Display

Storage Function




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SpectroquantMulty Colorimeter

Complete, portable and flexible

solution comes with a caseand can be used with mains orpower pack (rechargeablebatteries), all accessories are

included.

SQ Multy enables to perform a

broad range of parameters onone instrument.

Advantage: Documentation ofthe results via PC or printer.

SpectroquantMulty colorimeter another

option for on-site analysis


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Easy to handle because of bar-code

reading and stored blank values Automatically identification system

also for rectangular cell sizes(10, 20 and 50 mm)

Low concentration measurements byusing 50 mm cells

Analytical Quality Assurance system

Documentation of the results via PCor printer

Open and flexible systems for thefuture

SpectroquantNOVA 60 and Pharo

photometers for highest flexibility

SpectroquantPharo

SpectroquantNOVA 60


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Quantitative control of chlorine

perfectly with Spectroquant

systems


The broad ranges of the Spectroquant testskits avoid dilution and reduce chemical waste.

no additional parts to be purchased saves cost

Flexible portfolio of powderand liquid reagents.

Moisture doesnt effect theliquid chlorine reagents they are always ready to useand keep for long time

NEW


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SpectroquantSystem -

a complete solution to an analytical task

Reliable and complete systems to meet customers needs

MERCKs Spectroquant

System and its professional

Analytical Quality Assurance

(AQA) concept make internal

quality control operations

reliable and secure

ChargenzertifikatLot Certificate / Certificado del lote

Spectroquant CSB-KvettentestSpectroquant COD Cell Test / SpectroquantTest en cubetas DQO

Ar t. Nr . / Cat . No. / Ar t. Nro . 1 . 14 5 4 0. 0 0 01 n = 10

MessbereichMeasuring Range / Intervalo de medida

10 - 150 mg/l CSB/COD/DQO

SollwertTarget value /Valor nominal

(Standard / Patrn)mg/l CSB/COD/DQO

MessergebnissResult / Resultado(Standard / Patrn)mg/l CSB/COD/DQO

Charge-Nr. / Lot no. / Lote nro. OC245380 10 11

25 27VerwendbarkeitExpiry date / Fecha de caducidad

01/04

40 40

Standard / Patrn Hydrogenphthalat / Hidrogenoftalato 1.02400 55 57

Photometer / Fotmetro Referenz/ Reference / Referencia 70 69

Wellenlnge / Wavelength / Longitud de onda 445 nm 90 92

Kvette / Cell / Cubeta 16 mm rund / round / redonda 105 105

Prfer / Tester / Verificador Fr. Orth 120 120

Datum / Date / Fecha 23.03.2004 135 136

Datei / File / Fichero 114540_OC245380 150 149

Kalibrierfunktion / Calibration Function / Funcin de calibracinSollwert

Targetvalue /

Valor nominal

ChargenwertLot value /

Valor dell oteSteigung / Slope / Pendiente +/- Tolerance / Tolerancia 1,00 0,03 0,99

Ordinatenabschnitt / Ordinate segment / Intersecto en ordenadas 1

Reag.blindwert / Reagent blank / Valor en blanco del react +/- Tolerance / Tolerancia 1,600 0,020 1,608

Verfahrensstandardabweichung /Standard deviation of procedure / Desviacin estndar delp rocedimiento

4 mg/l 3 mg/l

Verfahrensstandardabweichung /Standard deviation of procedure / Desviacin estndar del procedimiento

1,1 mg/l

Verfahrensvariationskoeffizient /Coefficient of variation of procedure / Coeficiente de v ariacin del procedimiento

2,5 % 1,4%

O


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Ozone for disinfection

Ozone can be applied as a disinfectant

Ozone can also aid the removal of contaminants from water by means of oxidation.

Ozone then purifies water by breaking up organic contaminants and convertinginorganic contaminants to an insoluble form that can be filtered out.

The Ozone system can remove up to twenty-five contaminants.Chemicals that can be oxidized with ozone are:

Absorbable organic halogens (AOX)

Nitrite

Iron

Manganese

Cyanide

Pesticides

Nitrogen oxides

Odorous substances

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

PCB's

M t f hi h t ti i


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Measurement of higher ozone concentrations inbottled drinking water according EU limits

0 - 0.15 - 0.35 - 0.50 - 0.70 -1.4 - 2.7 - 5 - 7 - 10 mg/l O3


1001.18758.0001Microquant10 mg/lOzone

No. ofdeter-

minations


used

Maximumconcentration

of disinfectant

Disinfectant

M t f l t ti


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Measurement of low ozone concentrations

in bottled drinking water according EU limits

3000.00 - 0.007 - 0.017 - 0.030 -0.040 - 0.055 - 0.070 - 0.10 -0.14 - 0.20 mg/l O3

1.18755.0001Aquaquant0.05 mg/l O3

Measuring range / graduation

Ozone

No. ofdeter-

minations


used

Concentrationof disinfectant

afterpurification

Disinfectant

Q tit ti t f i


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Quantitative measurement of ozone in



SQ Ozone Test 1.00607

200

1200

No. ofdeter-

minations

0.010 4.00 mg/lO3

Measuring range


1.00607.0001

1.00607.0002

0.05 mg/l O310 mg/lOzone

InstrumentsOrder no.Concentration ofdisinfectant after

purification

Maximumconcentration

of disinfectant

Disinfectant

Chlorine dioxide for disinfection


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ClO2 is used principally as a primary disinfectant for surface

waters with odor and taste problems.

It is an effective biocide at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppmand over a wide pH range.

ClO2 penetrates the bacterial cell wall and reacts with vitalamino acids in the cytoplasm of the cell to kill the organisms.The by-product of this reaction is chlorite.

Chlorine dioxide disinfects according to the same principle aschlorine, however, as opposed to chlorine, chlorine dioxidehas no harmful effects on human health.


Measurement of higher chlorine dioxide concentrations


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Measurement of higher chlorine dioxide concentrationsin bottled drinking water according EU limits

3000.00 - 0.020 - 0.050 - 0.075 -0.010 - 0.15 - 0.20 - 0.30 -0.40 - 0.55 mg/l ClO2


0.4 mg/l ClO2

0.00 - 0.50 - 0.90 - 1.4 - 1.9 -

3.8 - 7.5 - 13 - 19 - 28 mg/lClO2



Chlorinedioxide

No. ofdeter-

minations


used

Maximumconcentrationof disinfectant

Disinfectant

1.18754.0001

1.18756.0001

Measurement of low chlorine dioxide concentrations


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Measurement of low chlorine dioxide concentrationsin bottled drinking water according EU limits

max. 0.20 mg/l ClO2

min. 0.05 mg/l ClO2

Chlorinedioxide

3000.00 - 0.020 - 0.050 - 0.075 -0.010 - 0.15 - 0.20 - 0.30 -0.40 - 0.55 mg/l ClO2



No. ofdeter-

minations


used

Concentration ofdisinfectant after

purification

Disin-fectant

Quantitative measurement of chlorine dioxide in


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Quantitative measurement of chlorine dioxide inbottled drinking water according EU limits


200

No. ofdeter-

minations

0.020 10.00mg/l ClO2

Measuring range


1.00608.0001max. 0.20 mg/l ClO2

min. 0.05 mg/l ClO2

0.4 mg/l ClO2Chlorinedioxide


purification

Maximumconcentration of

disinfectant

Disinfectant

Procedure of SQ Chlorine Dioxide Test 1.00608:

Hydrogen peroxide for disinfection


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Hydrogen peroxide for disinfection

Hydrogen peroxide is widely used thanks to its properties

It is a safe, effective, powerful and versatile oxidant.

The main applications of H2O2 are oxidation to aid odour control andcorrosion control, organic oxidation, metal oxidation and toxicity oxidation.

Food & Beverage industry: aseptic filling of food and beverages

Pharma & hospitals: Sterilization of certain thermolabile medical devices

and surgical instruments

The most difficult pollutants to oxidize may require H2O2 to be activated

with catalysts such as iron, copper, manganese or other transition metalcompounds.

Quantitative measurement of peroxide in bottled


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Quantitative measurement of peroxide in bottleddrinking water according EU limits


25

100

No. ofdeterm.

2.0 - 20.0 mg/l H2O2

0.015 - 6.00 mg/l H2O2

Measuring range

NOVA 60,Pharo 100,Pharo 300

1.14731.0001

1.18789.0001

1 mg/l H2O217 mg/l H2O2Peroxide


purification

Maximumconcentration of

disinfectant

Disinfectant

SQ Hydrogen Peroxide Cell Test 1.14731: SQ Hydrogen Peroxide Test 1.18789:

Remember? Semi-quantitative and quantitative


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q qmeasurement of peroxide with test strips

Order No. Test Graduation

1.10011.0001 MerckoquantPeroxide Test 0.5 2 5 10 25 mg/l

1.10081.0001 MerckoquantPeroxide Test 1 3 10 30 100 mg/l1.10337.0001 MerckoquantPeroxide Test 100 200 400 600 800 1000 mg/l

1.16974.0001 ReflectoquantPeroxide Test 0.2 20.0 mg/l1.16731.0001 ReflectoquantPeroxide Test 100 1000 mg/l

Merck test strips: Ready to use, easy handling

Quick results (approx. 1 min)

Test strips for different accuracies and measuring ranges are available:

Semi-quantitative results Merckoquant

Test strips Quantitative results ReflectoquantTests, results are documented (GMP)

RQdata software is available to transmit results to your computer

Make your choice for your disinfection control


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Visual Methods

Test stripsMerckoquant

Reflectometry

Reflectoquant

PhotometrySpectroquant

Colorimetric testsMicroquant

Aquaquant

Quantitative Methods

Make your choice for your disinfection control

from Mercks test kits evaluation systems!


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Page 55

END


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Page 56

Back up

SpectroquantChlorine test kits:


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p q

(DPD - method)

Reaction:

In weakly acidic solution free chlorine reacts with diethyl (or dipropyl) p-phenylenediamine (DPD) to form a red-violet dye that is determinedphotometrically. In the presence of potassium iodide, also combinedchlorine is measured in this reaction.

The method is analogous to EPA 330.5, US Standard Methods 4500-Cl2 G, and EN ISO 7393-2.

The samples are measured at 550 nm.



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Important hint for both, free and total chlorine:

Very high chlorine concentrations in the sample produceyellow-coloured solutions (measurement solution shouldbe red) and false-low readings are yielded. In such cases

the sample must be diluted (plausibility check).

p q q g




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Page 59

How is it applied?

Chlorine dioxide can be used in two ways.

The first is the on-site generation through a special process.

The second is the possibility to order Chlorine dioxide in its stabilisedform (stabilised Chlorine dioxide = SCD). SCD is activated on-sitewhenever its usage is desirable. It can be dosed into an existing or new

process where disinfection is required.

This makes it an easy-to-use, safe and versatile disinfectant.The dosing system is compact, safe, flexible and low on maintenance.



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Page 60

Stabilised Chlorine dioxide

Chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and not a metabolic toxin.

Chlorine dioxide kills micro organisms by disruption of the transport ofnutrients across the cell wall, not by disruption of a metabolic process.

Stabilised chlorine dioxide is ClO2 buffered in an aqueous solution.Adding an acid to the required concentration activates the disinfectant.



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How does it work?

Of the oxidizing biocides, chlorine dioxide is the most selective oxidant.

Both ozone and chlorine are much more reactive than chlorine dioxide, andthey will be consumed by most organic compounds.

Chlorine dioxide however, reacts only with reduced sulphur compounds,secondary and tertiary amines, and some other highly reduced and reactiveorganics.

This allows much lower dosages of chlorine dioxide to achieve a morestable residual than either chlorine or ozone.

Chlorine dioxide, generated properly (all chlorine dioxide is not createdequal), can be effectively used in much higher organic loading than either

ozone or chlorine because of its selectivity.

Chlorine dioxide for disinfectionWh i i li d?


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Where is it applied?

Legionella prevention and control

In the prevention and control of legionnaires disease causing microbes, chlorine

dioxide has taken an eminent roll. The specific characteristics of the disinfectantmake sure ClO2 gets the job done where others fail.

Biofilm in the piping can protect legionella from most of the disinfectants.

ClO2 however removes the biofilm and kills the bacteria, spores and viruses.

Other advantages are:

The bactericidal efficiency is relatively unaffected by pH values between 4 and 10

The required contact time for ClO2 is lower

Chlorine dioxide has better solubility

Chlorine dioxide does not react with NH3 or NH4+

It destroys THM precursors and increases coagulation

ClO2 destroys phenols and has no distinct smell



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reduction of biofilms

A biofilm is a layer of micro organisms containedin a matrix (slime layer), which forms on surfaces

in contact with water. Incorporation of pathogensin biofilms can protect the pathogens from concen-trations of biocides that would otherwise kill orinhibit those organisms freely suspended in water.

Biofilms provide a safe haven for organisms likeListeria, E. coli and legionella where they canreproduce to levels where contamination ofproducts passing through that water becomes inevitable.

It has been proven beyond doubt that chlorine dioxide removes biofilm fromwater systems and prevents it from forming when dosed at a continuous lowlevel. Hypochlorite on the other hand has been proven to have little effecton biofilms.

How effective is chlorine dioxide?


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The effectiveness of chlorine dioxide is at least as high as chlorines, thoughat lower concentrations. And there are more important advantages:

1. The bactericidal efficiency is relatively unaffected by pH values between 4 and 10;

2. Chlorine dioxide is clearly superior to chlorine in the destruction of spores, bacteria's,viruses and other pathogen organisms on an equal residual base;

3. The required contact time for ClO2

is lower;

4. Chlorine dioxide has better solubility;

5. No corrosion associated with high chlorine concentrations. Reduces long termmaintenance costs;

6. Chlorine dioxide does not react with NH3 or NH4+;

7. It destroys THM precursors and increases coagulation;8. ClO2 destroys phenols and has no distinct smell;

9. It is better at removing iron and magnesia compounds than chlorine, especiallycomplex bounds

Cooling towers treatment with


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Chlorine dioxide

Cleaning and disinfecting cooling towers is essential for several reasons. Most of which arewell known. Clean pipes mean higher heat exchange efficiency, pump lifetime improvementand lower maintenance costs.

Most people however, are unfamiliar with the fact that cooling towers pose a possible healthrisk. The high temperature is ideal for the growth of several pathogen organisms (likelegionella).

The usage of chlorine dioxide comes with several advantages:

It is a very powerful disinfectant and biocide

It prevents and removes biofilm

Unlike chlorine, Chlorine dioxide is effective at pH between 4 and 10. No dumping and filling with freshwater required

The corrosive effects of chlorine dioxide are minimal compared to the corrosive effects of plain tapwater

The bactericidal efficiency is relatively unaffected by pH values between 4 and 10. Acidisation,therefore is not required

Chlorine dioxide can be used as a spray. All parts therefore, can easily be reached

And last but not least: less environmental impact

Scrubbers treatment with


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Chlorine dioxide

Scrubbers are similar in design to cooling towers. The primarydifference between the two is that scrubbers are pressurized

systems, while cooling towers are vacuum systems.Scrubber's re-circulate water and spray it across the top of thesystem, counter-currently to the airflow. The function of re-circulating water is to absorb odour-causing species from theair.

Chlorine dioxide added to the re-circulated water reacts rapidlywith odour-causing species that have been absorbed in the

water, as well as those species that remain in the air. Usually,a very low chlorine dioxide residual, around 0.2 ppm, issufficient to ensure odour control.

Potable water disinfection with


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Chlorine dioxide

Chlorine dioxide has been used for years in potable water disinfection (US since1944). The need arose when it was discovered that chlorine and similar productsformed some dangerous DPD's (disinfection by-products) like THM

(trihalomethanes). Since then many UK and US based water companies have started using ClO2.

There are however more reasons to use chlorine dioxide:

The bactericidal efficiency is relatively unaffected by pH values between 4 and 10

Chlorine dioxide is clearly superior to chlorine in the destruction of spores, bacteria's,

viruses and other pathogen organisms on an equal residual baseThe required contact time for ClO2 is lower


No corrosion associated with high chlorine concentrations. Reduces long termmaintenance costs

Chlorine dioxide does not react with NH3 or NH4+It destroys THM precursors and increases coagulation

ClO2 destroys phenols and has no distinct smell

It is better at removing iron and magnesia compounds than chlorine, especially complexbounds

Vegetables washing with


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Chlorine dioxide

Chlorine dioxide is an excellent product for washing vegetables. The abilityto kill spores, viruses and fungi at low concentrations is essential.

ClO2 is a proven product that can be used to solve several food-relatedproblems. It does not affect taste, odour or appearance. It is safe to useand complies with food regulations. Below are some examples wherechlorine dioxide has been applied:

Control of E.Coli and listeria bacteria'sPotatoes: protection against "late blight" and "silver scurf"

Lettuce, celeries and onions: compared to hypochlorite the vitamin-C contentresulted higher and the potassium content lower

Citrus fruits: protection against "green mould" and "sour rot" proved to besuccessful at several pH values, low concentrations and limited contact time.

Hot and cold water systems with


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Chlorine dioxide The advantages in using chlorine dioxide with hot and cold water systems

have already been shown at the descriptions on biofilm and legionella.There are however more advantages:

The bactericidal efficiency is relatively unaffected by pH values betw. 4 and 10

Chlorine dioxide is clearly superior to chlorine in the destruction of spores,bacteria's, viruses and other pathogen organisms on an equal residual base(even cryptosporidium and giardia)

The required contact time for ClO2 is lower


No corrosion associated with high chlorine concentrations. Reduces long termmaintenance costs

Chlorine dioxide does not react with NH3 or NH4+

It destroys THM precursors and increases coagulationClO2 destroys phenols and has no distinct smell

It is better at removing iron and magnesia compounds than chlorine, especiallycomplex bounds

Oxidants for disinfection


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Chemical oxidation processes use (chemical) oxidants toreduce COD/BOD levels, and to remove both organic and

oxidisable inorganic components.

The processes can completely oxidise organic materials tocarbon dioxide (CO2) and water, although it is often not

necessary to operate the processes to this level of treatment. A wide variety of oxidation chemicals are available. Examples

are:

Hydrogen peroxide

Ozone

Combined ozone & peroxide

Oxygen

Oxygen for disinfection


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Oxygen can be applied as an oxidant, for instance to realizethe oxidation of iron and manganese.

The reactions that occur during oxidation by oxygen areusually quite similar.

These are the reactions of the oxidation of iron andmanganese with oxygen:2 Fe2

+ + O2 + 2 OH- -> Fe2O3 + H2O2 Mn2

+ + O2 + 4 OH- -> 2 MnO2 + 2 H2O

Hypochlorite for disinfection


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Hypochlorite is applied in the same way as chlorine dioxideand chlorine.

Hypo chlorination is a disinfection method that is not usedwidely anymore, since an environmental agency proved that

the Hypochlorite for disinfection in water was the cause ofbromate consistence in water.

SpectroquantPharo line - features


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Interface: RS232 and 2 USB(master + slave)

Easy to handlethroughintuitive menunavigation

Advancedinstrumentsupported AQAsystem For standard

work noadditionalsoftwarenecessary

barcodereading for

ALL types ofcells

Adapterless cell typerecognition and

automatic selectionof measuring range

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