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Management of Brazilian peppertree
(Schinus terebinthifolius) in Florida mangrove
communities.Cody A. Lastinger and Stephen F. Enloe
University of Florida
Department of Agronomy
Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants
Brazilian Pepper Tree
Brazilian Peppertree
Red MangroveRhizophora mangle
Black MangroveAvicennia germinans
White MangroveLaguncularia racemosa
Buttonwood MangroveConocarpus erectus
Current Strategies Basal Bark Treatment (10-20% triclopyr ester)
Current Strategies Cut stump treatment
(50% Triclopyr amine or 50-100% glyphosate)
2. Loss of herbicide from dead or dying roots 3. Herbicide available in
soil solution
4. Herbicide absorbed by nearby trees
1. Cut stump treatment with triclopyr amine
What may be happening:Herbicide flashback
10,000 IslandsEverglades National
Park
Reality: We need new approaches for safer
treatment and for remote areas!
Objective• To develop selective control strategies for Brazilian
pepper tree growing in mangrove communities• Examine both older and more recently labeled aquatic
herbicides
• Examine herbicide on different Brazilian peppertree life stages
• Examine the impacts of aquatic herbicides on mangrove species
• Large plot/field studies
• Sequential treatments
Methods
• Seedlings – 1 to 2 leaf stage • Plants 3 weeks old from seed
• 90 DAT evaluation • Shoot height and visual injury
• Juveniles ~40 cm tall• Plants 2 months old
• 90 DAT evaluation• Shoot height and visual injury
Methods
• Well established ~75 cm plants• Plants 6 months old
• 90 Day Evaluation• Shoot height and visual Injury
• Shoot biomass (10cm clip height)
Methods
• Mangroves and Buttonwood• 1 gallon pots
• 180 DAT evaluation• Injury (visual assessment)
Methods
• Foliar application• 20 gpa
• Data Analysis• Percent reduction in shoot height and injury
• Multiple comparison using Tukey’s protected LSD p=0.05
Aquatic Herbicides EvaluatedHerbicide Mode of Action Rate kg ai/ha
Glyphosate Amino Acid Inhibitors 0.55
Imazamox Amino Acid Inhibitors 0.138
Bispyribac Amino Acid Inhibitors 0.073
Penoxsulam Amino Acid Inhibitors 0.016
Imazapyr Amino Acid Inhibitors 0.18
Carfentrazone PPO Inhibitors 0.036
Flumioxazin PPO Inhibitors 0.07
triclopyr Auxin Types 0.55
2,4-D Auxin Types 0.367
Fluridone Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor 0.04
Topramezone Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor 0.064
Diquat PSI inhibitor 0.73
endothall Not Classified 2.48
Brazilian peppertree, 90 DAT
Glyphosate Imazamox Imazapyr
Brazilian peppertree, 90 DAT
Triclopyr 2,4-D
Brazilian peppertree, 90 DAT
Diquat Flumioxazin on Seedling
Mangroves: Run 1, 180 DAT
Mangroves: Run 2, 180 DAT
Imazapyr on black and red mangrove
Run 1 Run 2
Mangroves: Run 1, 180 DAT
Mangroves: Run 2, 180 DAT
Triclopyr on white and red mangrove
Mangroves: Run 1, 180 DAT
Mangroves: Run 2, 180 DAT
Mangrove sensitivity to Diquat
White Black
Red mangrove sensitivity to Diquat
Conclusions to date• Brazilian pepper tree
• Amino acid inhibitors: Imazamox and imazapyrmost effective treatments and glyphosate was effective on well established plants
• Growth regulators: Triclopyr > 2,4-D
• PPO inhibitors: control decreased as plants became more established, worked well on seedlings
• Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors not effective
• PSI inhibitor: diquat provided excellent control but effectiveness decreased as plants became more established
Conclusions to date
• Brazilian pepper tree (cont.)
• triclopyr, imazapyr, and glyphosate demonstrated promise in control of Brazilian pepper tree
• Imazamox was the only newer herbicide to show useful activity
Conclusions to date
• Mangrove• All herbicides that demonstrated efficacy on
Brazilian pepper tree, resulted in injury to at least one of the mangrove species.
• Herbicides that did show great efficacy on Brazilian peppertree, caused injury to some or all of the mangrove species
• All three species of mangrove and buttonwood demonstrated sensitivity to the aquatic labeled herbicides
Red Black White Buttonwood
Glyphosate 47.5 100 100 77.5
Imazamox 60 75 100 95
Imazapyr 100 100 100 100
Triclopyr 100 75 100 100
Injury observed on Mangroves from Herbicides that were effective on well
established Brazilian peppertree
Next Steps
• Examine herbicides that may gain aquatic registration and tank mixes
• Field experiments
• Individual plant treatments
Acknowledgements
• FWC
• Dr. Enloe
• Students and staff at the CAIP
Questions?