People vs Aguirre

8/19/2019 People vs Aguirre

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People v. Aguirre , 11 Cal.2d 248[Crim. No. 4148. In Bank. April 28, 1938.]

THE PEOPLE, !"pon#!n$, %. &ANCI'CO A()IE, App!llan$.

CO)N'EL

C. *. B!n"+oo an# T+oma" Cla- or App!llan$.

).'. *!, A$$orn!-/(!n!ral, *. &. Cl!ar-, 0!p$- A$$orn!-/(!n!ral, an# Earl !#in!,

0i"$ri$ A$$orn!-, i%!r"i#! Con$-, or !"pon#!n$.

OPINION

'HEN, 5.

T+i" i" an app!al rom a 6#7m!n$ impo"in7 $+! #!a$+ p!nal$- an# rom an or#!r

#!n-in7 a mo$ion or a n! $rial.

On 'n#a-, 5l- 2, 193, a$ 8:3; P. <., $+! #!!n#an$, a <!=ian, 29 -!ar" o a7!,

kill!# (ari!l Con$r!ra", al"o a <!=ian, 38 -!ar" o a7!, - "+oo$in7 +im in $+! +!a#

i$+ a r!%ol%!r. T+! +omii#! orr!# a$ $+! ran+ +om! o $+! #!!a"!# loa$!# in a

"par"!l- "!$$l!# "!$ion o $+! #!"!r$ on$r- ao$ $+r!! mil!" rom $+! $on o

T+!rmal in $+! [11 Cal.2# 2;] Coa+!lla >all!-. T+! #!!a"!# a" li%in7 a$ +i" ran+

pla! i$+ +i" or +il#r!n, $+! ol#!"$ !in7 $!l%! -!ar" o a7!, an# i$+ $+! mo$+!r

o +i" +il#r!n, Pilar (on?al!", al"o knon a" Pilar Con$r!ra". T+! #!!a"!# an# Pilar

+a# li%!# $o7!$+!r a" +"an# an# i! "in! 192, al$+o7+ no i%il marria7!

!r!mon- +a# !!n p!rorm!#.

T+! #!!a"!# +a# mo%!# i$+ +i" amil- rom Oa"i" $o $+! ran+ n!ar T+!rmal ao$

on! -!ar !or! $+! +omii#!. '+or$l- $+!r!a$!r $+! #!!n#an$ "$opp!# a$ $+a$ ran+ in

"!ar+ o a pla! $o li%!, +!r!pon arran7!m!n$" !r! ma#! n#!r +i+ $+!

#!!n#an$ a" $o li%! i$+ $+! #!!a"!# an# +i" amil- +il! +! ork!# or $+!

#!!a"!# or in $+! %iini$-. T+! #!!n#an$ a7r!!# $o $+! pa-m!n$ o @3 a !!k or +i"

room an# oar#. A$!r $+! #!!n#an$ +a# li%!# a$ $+! Con$r!ra" +om! ao$ !i7+$

mon$+" +! l!$ a$ $+! r!!"$ o Con$r!ra" an# !n$ $o li%! on $+! prop!r$- o &aian

'al7a#o loa$!# ao$ a $+ir# o a mil! rom $+! Con$r!ra" pla!. T+! #!!n#an$ $+!r!

li%!# in a +ai$a$ion +i+ +! on"$r$!# or +im"!l in $+! r"+ n!ar $+! +o"! o

'al7a#o a$ +o"! pla! +! a$! +i" m!al". T+! #!!n#an$ a" li%in7 on $+! 'al7a#o pla!

on 5l- 2, 193, $+! #a$! o $+! +omii#!.

No$ lon7 a$!r $+! #!!n#an$ mo%!# in$o $+! +om! o $+! #!!a"!# +! !"$ali"+!# an

in$ima$! r!la$ion"+ip i$+ Pilar, or <r". Con$r!ra", a" $+! mo$+!r o #!!a"!#" +il#r!n

a" 7!n!rall- knon. T+i" in$ima- a" arri!# on a$ $+! +om! o $+! #!!a"!#

omm!nin7 in 5anar-, 193, an# !n#in7 on $+! &ri#a- !or! $+! 'n#a- o $+!

+omii#!. In <ar+ <r". Con$r!ra" no$i!# $+! #!!n#an$ $+a$ "+! a" pr!7nan$. T+!

#!!n#an$ aknol!#7!# r!"pon"iili$- or $+! oman" on#i$ion. *+!n "+! a" ao$



%! mon$+" pr!7nan$ +! !=pr!""!# $o a n!ar/- ran+!r +i" pl!a"r! a$ $+! pro"p!$ o

+a%in7 oD"prin7 an# plann!# i$+ <r". Con$r!ra" $o l!a%! $+! +om! an# +il#r!n o $+!

#!!a"!# an# $o #!par$ or Ari?ona.

0rin7 $+! $im! $+a$ $+! #!!n#an$ a" li%in7 a$ $+! #!!a"!#" pla! $+! #!!n#an$

oa"ionall- !n$ $o In#io i$+ 'al7a#o in $+! la$$!r" $rk an# $+!r! pr+a"!#pro%i"ion" or $+! #!!a"!#, +i+ pro%i"ion" !r! +al!# in $+a$ $rk $o $+!

#!!a"!#" +om!. On $+! la$! a$!rnoon o $+! #a- o $+! +omii#! $+! #!!n#an$ !n$

$o $+! #!!a"!#" pla! an# $ol# $+! #!!a"!# $+a$ i$ ol# ! onl- 6"$ an# ri7+$ $+a$

+!, $+! #!!a"!#, "+ol# pa- 'al7a#o or +alin7 pro%i"ion" [11 Cal.2# 21] rom In#io

$o $+! Con$r!ra" +o"!. T+! #!!n#an$ #i# $+i" on +i" on ini$ia$i%!, or 'al7a#o +a# no$

r!!"$!# or "77!"$!# $+a$ +! #o "o, nor +a# 'al7a#o !%!r laim!# $+a$ an-

omp!n"a$ion a" #! +im or "+ +alin7. No r!a"on app!ar" +- $+! #!!n#an$

"+ol# +a%! ma#! "+ a r!!"$ or #!man# on $+! #!!a"!# or "+ pa-m!n$,

!=!p$, a" r7!# - $+! pro"!$ion, $+a$ $+! #!!n#an$ a" lookin7 or $rol!. A$ an-

ra$!, $rol! !n"!#. 0rin7 $+! ar7m!n$ $+! #!!a"!# #i"laim!# an- in#!$!#n!""

$o 'al7a#o an# prai#!# $+! #!!n#an$ i$+ !pi$+!$" or makin7 "+ a laim, !%!n

7oin7 $o $+! !=$!n$ o +a"in7 $+! #!!n#an$ an# "$rikin7 +im i$+ a orn kni! or

ma+!$!, i$+o$ +o!%!r, a"in7 an- "!rio" in6ri!". T+! #!!n#an$ ma#! +i" r!$r!a$

- o$rnnin7 $+! #!!a"!# an# !n$ $o $+! +om! o 'al7a#o appar!n$l- or $+!

prpo"! o armin7 +im"!l or a r!$rn !n7a7!m!n$ i$+ $+! #!!a"!#. In $+! +o"! o

'al7a#o $+! #!!n#an$ r"$ arm!# +im"!l i$+ a $+!r kni!. 'al7a#o !%i#!n$l- kn!

or "rmi"!# $+! #!!n#an$" prpo"! in $+" armin7 +im"!l, or 'al7a#o imm!#ia$!l-

$ook $+! kni! aa- rom $+! #!!n#an$.

T+! #!!n#an$ $+!n r!pair!# $o $+! arm+o"! o $+! L!a+ amil- ao$ a ar$!r o a

mil! rom 'al7a#o" pla!. H! approa+!# H!r!r$ L!a+, a -on7 man ao$ 24 -!ar"

o a7!, an# $ol# +im $+a$ &aian 'al7a#o "!n$ +im o%!r $o orro a pi"$ol an# a"+li7+$

$o a$+ or o-o$!" $+! n!=$ mornin7. T+i" "$a$!m!n$ - $+! #!!n#an$ $o H!r!r$

L!a+ a" no$ $r!, or 'al7a#o +a# no$ ma#! "+ a r!!"$. N!%!r$+!l!"" L!a+

#!li%!r!# $o $+! #!!n#an$ $+! pi"$ol, i$+ +ol"$!r an# ammni$ion, an# $+! a"+li7+$.

*+!r!pon $+! #!!n#an$ r!$rn!# $o $+! Con$r!ra" pla! an# $ook a po"i$ion on $+!

ank o a lar7! r!"!r%oir a$ a poin$ ao$ "i=$-/"i= !!$ rom $+! Con$r!ra" +o"!. A$ $+a$

pla! $+! #!!n#an$ ai$!# or Con$r!ra" $o om! o$ o $+! +o"!, an# a" pr!par!# $o

ai$ $+!r! all ni7+$, i n!!""ar-, in or#!r $o "!! Con$r!ra". H! $!"$i!# $+a$ +! r!$rn!#

$o $+! Con$r!ra" pla! $o "!! i !%!r-$+in7 a" Fp!a!lF, $ $+a$ i Con$r!ra" Fa"

7oin7 $o 7+$ i$+ m!, ! !r! 7oin7 $o 7+$F. Earli!r in $+! !%!nin7 Con$r!ra" +a#

7on! $o !# in $+! +o"!, lo$+!# in "+or$" onl-. T+!r! !r! no $oil!$ aili$i!" in $+!

+o"!. A$ 8:3; olok $+a$ ni7+$ +! aro"! an# !n$ o$ o $+! +o"! an# pro!!#!#



$oar# a "mall r!"!r%oir. *+!n +! a" rom $!!n $o $!n$- !!$ rom [11 Cal.2# 22]

$+! #!!n#an$, $+! #!!n#an$ r!# $o "+o$" rom $+! r!%ol%!r +i+ +! +a# o$ain!#

rom L!a+. On! o $+o"! "+o$" "$rk Con$r!ra" ll in $+! a!, 6"$ !n!a$+ +i" no"!,

an# a$!r p!n!$ra$in7 $+! +!a# "!%!r!# $+! "pinal or#. Con$r!ra" !ll an# #i!#

imm!#ia$!l-. T+!r! a" no li%in7 i$n!"" o $+! !%!n$ !=!p$ $+! #!!n#an$. A$!r $+!killin7 $+! #!!n#an$ pro!!#!# $o $+! +om! o 'al7a#o, !n$!r!# $+! +o"! alon!,

on!al!# $+! 7n an# +ol"$!r, ar$ri#7! !l$ an# a"+li7+$ n#!r $+! ma$$r!"" o

'al7a#o" !#, an# #!par$!#. H! !n$ $o $+! railroa# $rak an# $ra%!l!# !a"$ar# i$+

+i" in$!n#!# #!"$ina$ion 5!rom!, Ari?ona, +!r! +! +a# "om! r!la$i%!". To #a-" la$!r

+! a" appr!+!n#!# a$ $+! $on o Nilan# - a #!p$- "+!riD o i%!r"i#! Con$-. )pon

+i" arr!"$ $+! #!!n#an$ a$ on! a#mi$$!# $+a$ +! +a# "+o$ Con$r!ra" an# +a# "!!n +im

all a$ ao$ $+! pla! +!r! $+! o#- a" on#.

[1] T+! #!!n#an$ on$!n#" on $+i" app!al $+a$ $+! !%i#!n! a" in"Gi!n$ $o

!"$ali"+ $+! rim! o mr#!r in $+a$ $+!r! a" no "+oin7 o mali! or ill,

#!li!ra$! or pr!m!#i$a$!# killin7. *i$+ $+i" on$!n$ion ! anno$ a7r!!. T+!r! a"

"Gi!n$ !%i#!n! o ill ill !$!!n $+! $o m!n. T+! !%i#!n! o $+! illii$ r!la$ion"+ip

!$!!n $+! #!!n#an$ an# <r". Con$r!ra" an# $+!ir prpo"! $o 7o $o Ari?ona a" "oon

a" $+! #!!n#an$ ol# o$ain a#!a$! n#", a" a #i"lo"r! o a$" rom +i+ $+!

6r- ol# impl- mo$i%!. I$ i" $r! $+a$ $+! #!!n#an$ $!"$i!# $+a$ $+! #!!a"!# a" $+!

a77r!""or an# pr"!# +im i$+ a ma+!$! +!n +! !m!r7!# rom +i" +o"! a$ 8:3; on

$+! ni7+$ o $+! killin7 $+a$ +!, $+! #!!n#an$, a$$!mp$!# $o !! +il! !in7 pr"!# -

$+! #!!a"!# i!l#in7 $+! ma+!$!, $ a" nal! $+i" $im! $o o$"$rip $+! #!!a"!#

an# "+o$ onl- in +i" on #!!n"!. B$ $+! 6r- a" no$ on# $o !li!%! +i" $!"$imon- in

$+i" r!7ar#, !"p!iall- in $+! li7+$ o $+! !%i#!n! o +i" "$a$!m!n$" $o OG!r >i%ian

"+or$l- a$!r +i" arr!"$ $+a$ FI #i#n$ rn a$ all. T+a$ i" $+! $r$+.F T+! man- on$ra#i$or-

"$a$!m!n$" o $+! #!!n#an$ a" $o +- +! r!$rn!# $o $+! Con$r!ra" pla!, an# $+! a$"

an# irm"$an!" a$$!n#in7 $+! aDair an# r!la$!# - o$+!r i$n!""!" pla!# i$+ $+!

6ror" $+! po!r an# r!"pon"iili$- o "!l!$in7 $+! !%i#!n! +i+, in $+!ir 6#7m!n$,

onorm!# $o $+! $r$+. *! #o no$ !!l 6"$i!# in #i"$rin7 $+!ir onl"ion" impli!#l-

!=pr!""!# - $+!ir %!r#i$ $+a$ $+! #!!n#an$ #!"ir!# [11 Cal.2# 23] $o po""!"" an#

$ak! aa- $+! p$a$i%! i! o $+! #!!a"!# $+a$ ill ill a" !n7!n#!r!# !$!!n $+!

#!!a"!# an# +im"!l, a$ +i" in"$i7a$ion an# i$+o$ "Gi!n$ a"!, on $+! a$!rnoon

o 5l- 2$+ $+a$ i$+ !%il prpo"! an# #!li!ra$ion +! a$$!mp$!# op!nl- $ i$+o$

"!"" $o arm +im"!l i$+ a $+!r kni! a$ $+! +om! o 'al7a#o $+a$ - nnin7,

mi"r!pr!"!n$a$ion an# al"!+oo# +! la$!r o$ain!# $+! l!$+al !apon rom H!r!r$

L!a+ $+a$ +! $+!n an# a$!r ni7+$all r!$rn!# $o $+! +o"! o $+! #!!a"!# an# $+!r!,

a$ a on%!ni!n$ pla!, la- in ai$ or +i" %i$im, i$+ $+! !=pr!""!# in$!n$ion o ai$in7



all ni7+$ i n!!""ar- $o aompli"+ +i" prpo"!, an# $+a$ $+! !%i#!n! in "ppor$ o $+!

#!!n#an$" pl!a o "!l/ #!!n"! a" no$ "o onl"i%! n#!r all $+! irm"$an!" a"

$o pr!l#! a #!nial o $+! pl!a.

[2] T+! #!!n#an$ omplain" o !r$ain por$ion" o in"$r$ion nm!r 12. Par$ilarl- i$

i" on$!n#!# $+a$ !rror app!ar" in $+! olloin7 lan7a7! inl#!# in "ai# in"$r$ion on"!l/#!!n"!: FIn $+! !Dor$ $o "a%! +i" on [li!], or $o a%oi# $+! ini$ion o 7r!a$ o#il-

in6r- pon +im, $+! p!r"on in #an7!r, r!al or appar!n$l- r!al, ma- "! "o m+ or! a"

i" n!!""ar- $o m!!$ "+ #an7!r an# no mor!. I +! 7o!" !-on# $+i" limi$, +!

$ran"!n#" $+! la o "!l/#!!n"!, an# !om!" +im"!l a ron7#o!r.F I$ i" laim!# $+a$

"+ lan7a7! r!ir!" $+! #!!n#an$ a$ +i" p!ril $o #!$!rmin! $+! amon$ o or!

n!!""ar- $o m!!$ $+! #an7!r. T+! on$!n$ion i" $+a$ $+! in"$r$ion i" a$al !a"! i$

#i# no$ inl#! $+! i$alii?!# or#" in $+! olloin7 "!n$!n!: Fma- "! "o m+ or!

a" $o $+! min# o a r!a"onal! p!r"on, i" n!!""ar- $o m!!$ "+ #an7!r an# no mor!F.

T+! in"$r$ion" mi7+$ !ll +a%! inl#!# $+! p+ra"! +i+ $+! #!!n#an$ laim" "+ol#

+a%! !!n inl#!# $ i$" omi""ion #i# no$ on"$i$$! pr!6#iial !rror, +!n $+!

alan! o $+! in"$r$ion i" $ak!n in$o on"i#!ra$ion, +!r!in i$ a" %!r- plainl-

in#ia$!# $o $+! 6r- $+a$ $+! a$ion o $+! #!!n#an$, on +i" pl!a o "!l/#!!n"!, "+ol#

! $!"$!# - +a$ a r!a"onal! man ol# #o n#!r lik! irm"$an!".

[3] In"$r$ion nm!r $+ir$!!n on $+! "6!$ o "!l/#!!n"!, i" al"o ri$ii?!#, no$ a" a

mi""$a$!m!n$ o $+! la, $ a" no$ applial! $o $+! a$" in $+i" a"!. T+i" in"$r$ion

$ol# $+! 6r- $+a$ +!n!%!r an a""al$ i" ro7+$ pon a p!r"on - +i" on

pror!m!n$, or n#!r an app!aran! o +o"$ili$- +i+ +! +im"!l r!a$!", i$+ a %i!

o +a%in7 +i" [11 Cal.2# 24] a#%!r"ar- a$ pon i$, an# +! "o a$" an# i" kill!#, $+! pl!a

o "!l/#!!n"! n#!r "+ irm"$an!" i" na%ailin7. T+!r! a" !%i#!n! $+a$ on $+!

la$! a$!rnoon o $+! #a- o $+! +omii#! $+! #!!n#an$ !n7a7!# $+! #!!a"!# in a

arr!l $+a$ $+i" arr!l a" a$ $+! #!!n#an$" on pror!m!n$ an# r!"l$!# in

+o"$ili$- +i+ +! +im"!l r!a$!#, an# i$ a" or $+! 6r- $o "a- +!$+!r "+ a$ion -

$+! #!!n#an$ a" or $+! prpo"! o +a%in7 $+! #!!a"!# a$ pon i$.

[4] I$ i" in"i"$!# $+a$ $+! or$ !rr!# in r!"in7 $+! #!!n#an$" propo"!# in"$r$ion $o

$+! !D!$ $+a$ $+! la #o!" no$ p!rmi$ $+! $akin7 o +man li!, or $+! ini$in7 o 7r!a$

o#il- in6r-, in $+! r!"i"$in7 o a m!r! $r!"pa"" on on!" prop!r$-. T+i" in"$r$ion a"

oD!r!# on $+! $+!or- $+a$ $+! #!!n#an$" pr!"!n! on $+! ank o $+! lar7! r!"!r%oir

6"$ !or! $+! a$al mom!n$ a" no mor! $+an a $r!"pa"" pon $+! #!!a"!#" prop!r$-

an# $+a$ $+! #!!a"!# +a# no ri7+$ $o pr"! $+! #!!n#an$ i$+ $+! ma+!$! 6"$

!or! $+! a$al "+o$ a" r!#. A""min7 $+a$ $+! #!!a"!# #i# pr"! $+! #!!n#an$ in

$+! #ark 6"$ !or! +! a" kill!# +i+ $+! 6r- appar!n$l- !li!%!# #i# no$ $ak!

pla!J, $+!r! i" no !%i#!n! $+a$ +! a" pr"in7 $+! #!!n#an$ !a"! o an-



$r!"pa"" - $+! #!!n#an$ on $+! Con$r!ra" prop!r$-. I $+! pr"i$ orr!# a$ all,

o%io"l- i$ a" !a"! o $+! ill !!lin7 !n7!n#!r!# - $+! #!!n#an$ in $+! la$!

a$!rnoon. T+! propo"!# in"$r$ion a" no$ applial! $o $+! a$".

I$ a" al"o on$!n#!# $+a$ $+! or$ !rr!# in r!"in7 $o 7i%! $+! #!!n#an$" propo"!#

in"$r$ion nm!r 1, r!la$in7 $o $+! "6!$ o a on!""ion. T+! in"$r$ion i" "!$ or$+in ll in app!llan$" op!nin7 ri!, $ - ina#%!r$!n! on"!l +a# ail!# $o no$! $+a$

$+i" in"$r$ion a" 7i%!n - $+! or$ a" in"$r$ion nm!r 18.

T+! #!!n#an$ a" aor#!# a ll an# air $rial, a" al- r!pr!"!n$!# - on"!l

appoin$!# - $+! or$ or $+a$ prpo"!. B$ ! n# no !rror in $+! r!or# +i+ ol#

6"$i- a r!%!r"al.

T+! 6#7m!n$ an# $+! or#!r ar!, an# !a+ i", aGrm!#.

Cr$i", 5., E#mon#", 5., *a"$!, C.5., Lan7#on, 5., '!a!ll, 5., an# Ho"!r, 5., onrr!#.

Documents

People vs Aguirre