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1theoceanhasalwaystemptedpeopletodiveinandexplore.Butsurvivingintheoceanisabigchallenge.Tomeetthatchallenge,peoplehaveinventedmanydifferentdevices. 2LeonardodaVinci’sunderwaterinventionswereaheadoftheirtime.Intheearly1500s,hedrewplansforsubmarines.Healsosketcheddesignsfordivingsuits.Thesuitshadhosesforbreathingairfromthesurface.DaVincineverbuilthissubmarine.Henevermadesuitsfordiverstouse.Butdiversinthosedaysdidgettouseaninvention

Expedition 6, Lessons 3 and 4

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calledthedivingbell.Itwasalarge,openjarofair.Diverscarriedthejarupsidedowninthewater.Waterpressureheldtheairinside.Whendiversneededtobreathe,theystucktheirheadintothebell.Ajarofairmaynotseemveryhigh-technow,butitwasabigbreakthroughbackthen. 3Overtheyears,divingequipmentchanged.Diverstriedleathersuits.Theytriedmetalhelmets.Somecarriedairdownwiththeminbarrels.Otherspumpedairfromthesurfacethroughlonghoses.Thesethings

helpeddiversstaydownlonger.Buttheequipmentwasheavyandclumsy. 4In1943,JacquesCousteauchangedthat.Heinventedequipmentthatwaslightandeasytocarry.Itwascalledscubagear.Scubadiversworetanksthatcontainedcompressedair.Hosescarriedtheairfromthetankstothediver’smouthpiece.Thegearalsohadanewpartcalledaregulator.Itkeptairattherightpressureforthedivertobreathe.Atlast,diverscouldmovearoundeasily.Theycouldstayunderwaterlongerthaneverbefore. 5Today,deep-seatechnologymakesmanydifferentactivitiespossible.Nowscientistscanworkunderwaterfordays.Betweendives,theystayincabinsontheoceanfloor.Thecabinsarecalledunderwaterhabitats.Eachcabinhaslivingspaceforsixpeople.Scientistscanalsoworkinsubmersibles.Submersiblesarepartsubmarineandpartrobot.Theycangomuchdeeperintheoceanthanadivercan.Ontheoutsideofthesub,therearecamerasandroboticarms.Scientistscontroltheequipmentfrominsidethesub.Theycantakepictureswithoutscaringawaythefish.Theycandounderwaterexperimentswithoutevengettingwet. 6Nowadays,underwaterlifeismorefun,too.Youcanevenvacationunderwater!TheplacetogoisJules’

Expedition 6, Lessons 3 and 4

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Some scientists use diving saucers like this one designed by Jacques Cousteau.

UnderseaLodge.Itisadeep-seahotelinFlorida.Togetthere,you’llneedtodive21feetdown.Next,findtheopeninginthebottomofthehotel.Thenpopyourheadthrough.You’reinapoolinthecentralroomofthelodge.Nowyoucanclimboutofthepoolandgocheckoutyourroom.There,you’llbegreetedbyschoolsoffish.Theyswimrightpastyourwindow.Ifyougettiredoffish-watching,youcanwatchTV.Ifyou’rehungry,orderanicemeal.Youcanevenphoneyourfriends.And,ofcourse,youcandoallthedivingyouwant.Thankstotechnology,youcanfilmyourdive,too.Anunderwatercamerawillletyoumakeavideoallyourfriendswillwanttosee. 7Sowhatchangeswillweseeinthefuture?Manysaythatwe’llbuildcitiesunderwater.Afloatingcityofsubmarinesmaynotbefaroff.Recently,theNavyhasbeendesigningsubsthatcouldbepartofthecity.Somewillcarrylabsandbusinesses.Otherswillhouseapartments.Touristswillstayatsubmarinehotels.Therewillevenbemallsubsforshopping. 8Somesubsinthefloatingcitywillhelpsolveproblems.Policesubswillpatrolforillegalactivity.Towingsubswillhelpwithbreakdowns.Severalsubmarines

canattachtoasubthatwon’trun.Thentheycantowittothesurfaceforrepairs. 9Allofthesesubmarineswillmovetogether.Somewillbelockedtogetheringroups.Astheytravel,onesubwillleadtheway.Itwillbeasupersensorsub.Theleadsubwillsenseanythingirregular.Itwillsteerthecityawayfromstrongcurrentsorothertrouble. 10Engineerswilllearnalotfromthefloatingcity.Maybethentheycanbuildacityontheoceanfloor.Buildingsforthecitymaybebuiltonland.Thentheycanbeloweredintotheocean.Strongcableswillattachthebuildingstotheoceanfloor.They’llkeepthebuildingsfromfloatingaway. 11Peopleintheunderseacitymaydrivetinysubmarineslikecars.Whentheygettoschoolorwork,peoplewilllocktheirsubintoaparkingdock.Thedockwillconnectanair-filledpassagetothesub.Thenpassengerscanstepoutoftheirsubandgorightintothebuilding. 12Buildinganunderseacitywilltakealotofplanning.Itwillcostalot,too.It’sabigjobforonecountry.Maybesomeday,countrieswillworktogethertobuildthecity.Thenthecityatthebottomoftheseawillbelongtothewholeworld.

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Expedition 6, Lessons 3 and 4

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1Didyouknowthatmanypeoplehavebecomerichjustbydivingintherightplace?Theyfoundtreasuresfromshipsthatsanklongago.Today,therearestillmanyundiscoveredshipwrecksontheoceanfloor.Theirtreasuresmayonedaybefound.

Fortunes Lost

2ItwasSeptember4,1622.Twenty-eightSpanishshipssetsailfromCuba.Oneship,theAtocha,carriedsilver,gold,emeralds,andpearls.ButtheAtochaneverreachedSpain.Itwascaughtinahurricaneonedayafterleavingport.Thedesperatesailorstriedtosavetheirship.ButtheAtochasank,alongwithsevenothershipsfromthefleet. 3Manyshipshavesufferedthesamefate.In1755,ahurricanedestroyedaFrenchshipcalledtheDeliverance.ItwascarryingsilverandgoldtoSpain.TheshipanditstreasuresanknearFlorida.Morethanahundredyearslater,theSS RepublicleftNewYorkheadedfor

Searching for Sunken Treasure

Searching for Sunken Treasure

Expedition 6, Lesson 8

NewOrleans.TheCivilWarhadjustended.TheSSRepublicwastodelivermoneytohelprebuildtheSouth.Itcarriedafortuneingoldandsilvercoins.TheshipdisappearedwhenahurricanestruckthecoastofGeorgia. 4Forcenturiestheseships,likemanyothers,werelostatthebottomoftheocean.Butthememoryoftheshipsdidnotdie.Manyyearslater,peoplestilldreamedoffindingthelosttreasures.Afewpeople’sdreamscametrue.

Fortunes Found

5In1969,MelFisherandhisfamilybegansearchingfortheAtocha.Theysacrificedalltheirtimeandmoneytotheeffort.Theyboughtshipsandinstruments.Thentheyhiredsearchcrews.Theyevenlosttwofamilymembersandadiverduringthesearch.Still,thefamilydidn’tgiveup.Finally,in1985,thesearchended.MelFisher’ssonKanefoundtheAtochanearKeyWest,Florida.ThefirstthingKanesawwasastackof1,000barsofsilver.Later,hefoundtherestofthetreasureburiedbeneathit.TheFisherfamilywasrich! 6GregBrooksandJohnHardyownasearchcompany.Theyspendtheirtimelookingforsunkentreasure.In1998,theirunderwaterinstruments

pickedupsomeinterestingsignals.Thesearchersgotexcited.Thentheygottowork.First,theyresearchedalltheshipwrecksinthatarea.Theylearnedthatseveraltreasureshipshadsunkthere.Afterthat,thetwomendidafullsurveyofthearea.Theyusedremotecontrolsensorsandvehicles.Theinstrumentspinpointedasunkenship.Theyrecordedthesizeandshapeofit.Thedatawasclearatlast.ThiswastheDeliverance!BrooksandHardycouldn’tbelievetheirluck.Thistreasurewasn’tworthmillions.ItwasworthBILLIONS!Itscargoincludedchestsofgoldbars,thousandsofgoldcoins,boxesofgemsandjewelry,and1millionpiecesofsilver.Thediscoverystartedabigargument.SpainandFrancebothclaimedthetreasure.BrooksandHardyfoundoutthatit’shardtosettleaninternationalargument.Theyendedupinalongcourtbattle.Itisstillgoingontoday. 7In2003,alargesearchcompanycalledOdysseyrevealedasecret.Aftera12-yearsearch,thecompanyhadlocatedtheSS Republic.Duringthesearch,workerskepttheiractivitysecret.TheyevenhadacodenamefortheSS Republic.Thiswastokeeplootersfromgettingtotheshipfirst.ThecoinsOdysseyrecoveredareworth$150million.Thebestpart

Expedition 6, Lesson 8

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isthattheshipisinopenwaters.Nogovernmenthasanyclaimtoit.Thatmeansitistrulya“finderskeepers”treasure!

How to Search for Sunken Treasure

8Sunkenshipsareallovertheocean.Couldyouclaimthetreasurefromoneofthem?Ifyouwanttotry,youshouldfollowafewsteps. •First,figureoutwheretolook.

Readaboutwhenandwhereshipsdisappeared.Learnwhichonescarriedtreasures.Remember,antiquesarehighlyvaluable,too.

•Next,findoutifthetreasureisavailabletoclaim.Sometimestheruleis“finderskeepers,”butnotalways.Theshipmaybeinanareaclaimedbyagovernment.Ortheremaybealivingheirto

thecompanythatownedtheship.Youcanhirearesearchertofindoutforyou.Ifyouneglecttodothisstep,youmayendupincourt.

•Afteryoudecideonasite,planthesearch.Ifyoujustworkwithateamofdivers,yourchancesoffindingtreasurearen’tverygood.It’sbesttohireasearchcompanytoexploretheareawithhigh-techequipment.Theywillusesonarandunderwaterrobots,sensors,andcameras.Thiskindofstudycancostmillions.Bepreparedtofindinvestorstoputupmoneyfortheproject.

•Whenyoufindasunkenship,thenextstepistorecoverthetreasures.Robotsandtraineddiversarebestforthisjob.Theywillworktheirwayslowlythroughtheship,packingthevaluablesfromeachsectionastheygo.

•Finally,conserveeachobjectyoufind.Everythingmustbespeciallytreated,cleaned,andphotographed.Historicobjectsshouldgotomuseums.Onceyouhavepublishedapaperaboutyourfinds,yourworkisdone.Nowrelaxandspendyournewfortune!

Expedition 6, Lesson 8

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Coins found near sunken ships help searchers date shipwrecks.

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Expedition 6, Lessons 6 and 7

Take the Plunge! Learn to Scuba Dive

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A diver explores a coral reef in the South Pacific Ocean.

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Expedition 6, Lessons 6 and 7

1Scubadivingismorethanahobbyorsport.It’sanadventure!Asadiver,yougettoexploreaworldfilledwithaquaticlife.Youcanseeplantsandanimalsyouwouldneverseeondryland.Toexploreunderwater,youmustlearntomove,breathe,andcommunicateinspecialways.Thatisjustwhatyouwilllearninagoodscubaclass.Ifyoucompletethethree-parttraining,youcanbecomeacertifiedscubadiver.

How to Get Certified

2Thefirstpartofscubatrainingtakesplaceinaclassroom.Spendingyourfreetimeinschoolmaynotbeyourideaoffun.Butthethingsyoustudyinclasswillkeepyousafelater.Youneedtolearnscubaterms.Theywillhelpyouunderstandyourteacher’sinstructionswhenyou’reinthewater.Youmustlearnaboutyourscubaequipmentbeforeyoutrytouseit,too.Everythingyoulearnwillgiveyouconfidencelaterwhenyoudive. 3Next,it’stimetogetintoaswimmingpool.Thepurposeofthissecondpartofthetrainingisgettingtoknowyourequipment.Themostimportantthingyouwilllearnishowtosuitup.Thefirststepisgettingintoyourwetsuit.Thenputonyourvestandtank.Makesurethattheairsupplyisturnedonandthetankisfull.Afterthat,fastenyourweightbeltaroundyourwaist.Next,putonyourmaskandcheckthefit.Itshouldfitsnuglyagainstyourface.Finally,putonyourfins.Beforehoppinginthepool,makeafinalchecktobesureeverythingisinorder. 4Whileyou’reinthepool,you’llworkwithabuddy.Yourinstructorwillhaveyoupracticethethingsyouwilldoonarealdive.You’ll

learntobreathethroughyourmouthpiece.Youandyourbuddywillworkoncommunicatingunderwater.You’llalsogothroughemergencyprocedures.Paycloseattentiontoanyadviceyourinstructoroffers.Tipsabouttechniquesorequipmentcouldsaveyourlifesomeday. 5Thelastpartofyourtrainingistheopen-waterdive.Itcantakeplaceinadeeplakeorintheocean.Youwon’tdomuchthatisnew

duringthisdive.You’llusethesameskillsyoupracticedinthepool.Thefeeling,however,willbeverydifferent.Thisistherealthing.You’lldivemuchdeeperthanthebottomofapool.Therewillbefishandplantsinthewaterwithyou.You’llfeelexcitedandmaybeabitnervous.Justremindyourselfthatyou’vepracticedalltheskillsyouneed.Ifyoustaycalm,you’llrememberwhatyou’velearned.Thenthedivewillbeagreatexperience. 6Duringyouropen-waterdive,you’lltakeaskillstest.Itshowswhetheryoucandivesafely.Ifyoupass,you’llreceiveyourdiver’slicense.Atlast,you’llbeacertifiedscubadiver!Yourlicenseallowsyoutobuydivingequipment.You’llalsogetalogbook.Besuretorecordall

ofyourdivesinit.Beforeyoucangoonanydivetrip,you’llneedtoshowthebooktoyourguide.Itisproofofyourdivingexperience.

Fighting the Fear Factor 7Whenyoustartdivingwithoutaninstructor,newfearsmayarise.Don’tthinkyourconcernsaresilly.Safetyquestionscanshakea

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Expedition 6, Lessons 6 and 7

diver’sconfidence.Getanswerstoyourquestionsbeforeyoudive.Herearesomethingsmanynewdiverswonderabout. •Will I be eaten by a shark?Sharkattacksarerare.Humansarenot

partofashark’snormaldiet.Ifyoudoseeashark,don’tpanic.Sharksareattractedtoinjuredorstartledfish.Makesureyoudon’tmovelikeone!Staycalmandmoveawayslowly.Thenthesharkislikelytoswimrightpastyou.

•Will I get trapped?Theonlythingslikelytotrapyouareseaweedorfishingline.That’swhyyoushouldalwayscarryaknifewhenyoudive.Ifyougettangled,carefullycutyourselfloose.Theworstthatwillhappenisyou’lllosesomegooddivetime.

•What if I get lost?Thisfeariseasytoavoid.Carryacompassandknowhowtouseit.Beawareofthedirectionyougowhenyouleavetheboat.Thenreversedirectiontofindyourwayback.Whenindoubt,surfaceandlookfortheboat.

•What if I can’t breathe?Yourbreathingregulatorisn’tlikelytofail.Butjustincase,youshouldkeepan“octopus”withyou.Itislikeadoubleregulator.Itallowsyouandyourbuddytocooperateandbreathefromthesametank.Ifyourtankisrunninglowonair,usethesignlanguageyoulearnedinclass.Tosay“lowonair,”makeafistatyourbelly,thenmoveituptoyourchest.Thisshouldgetapromptresponsefromyourbuddywhowillsurfacewithyourightaway.

8Onceyouunderstandwhattodointensesituations,you’rereadytodive.You’vestudied.You’vepracticed.You’vepassedyourtest.Nowthewholeoceaniswaiting.Lettheadventurebegin!

Below the Surface

• Why is the ocean important to us?

• What can we learn from undersea exploration?

• Why might we live underwater?

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Born to Surf

1wouldyouliketospendyourdaysridingtheHawaiiansurf?ThatisexactlyhowRellSunnspentherwholelife.Allhertimeintheoceanpaidoff,too.Shebecameoneofthetopwomansurfersintheworld. 2ShortlyafterRellwasborn,shewasgivenamiddlenamethatmeans“HeartoftheSea”inHawaiian.Itwasagoodnameforagirlwhowasdivingandsurfingbeforesheevenstartedkindergarten.Shespentalldayintheocean.Insteadoffeelingsecurebyhuggingateddybearatnight,Rellsleptsnuggleduptohersurfboard!Itwasn’t

Expedition 6, Lessons 1 and 2

T he Heart of the Sea

T he Heart of the Sea

1954

Began surfing and spear fishing

1966

Won her first surfing competition

1975

Founded the Women’s Professional Surfing

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1950

Born on the island of Oahu

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longbeforeshecouldfishwellenoughtobringdinnerhomeforherfamily.First,shewoulddescenddeepintothewater.Then,whilesheheldherbreath,shewouldspearfishandoctopuses.Shefishedwithathree-prongedspear.Whenshehadenoughfish,shewouldpilehercatchontohersurfboard.Finally,shewouldpaddleherloadtoshore. 3YoungRellshowednofearofsharksorpowerfulwaves.Theoceanwasherplayground.Rellbelievedthatfamilymemberswhohadpassedawayalllivedintheocean.Theywouldnotletherdrownorbehurt.Itwasnowondershefelthappyandsecureinthesea.Shewassurroundedbyherguardianangels!

Teen Dreams

4Duringherteenyears,Rellworkedhardonhersurfingskills.Atage14,shebegancompeting.Twoyearslater,shewonherfirstsurfingcontest.Often,thecompetitionsdidn’thaveadivisionforwomen.Thatdidn’tstopRell.Shejustcompetedagainstthemen.Shealwaysmadeagoodshowing,too. 5Manyoftheworld’sbestsurferscompetedatMakahaBeachnearRell’shome.Shelistenedtotheirstoriesofsurfingbigwavesallaroundtheworld.Thestorieswerethrillingtoher.Herdreamwastobecomeaworld-classsurfer.Therewasonebigproblemthough.ThedreamRellhadchosenwasonlyformen.Womenwerenotallowedininternationalcontests.

Changing the World

6Rellrealizedtherewasnoplaceforwomenontheworldsurfscene.Butshedidn’tacceptthewaythingswere.Relldecidedtochangethe

Expedition 6, Lessons 1 and 2

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world.Inthe1970s,sheworkedwithotherfemalesurferstoestablishtheWomen’sProfessionalSurfingAssociation.Thenshestartedaprofessionalsurfingtourforwomen.Soonwomenwerecompetingallovertheworld.SurferseverywhereknewRell’sname.Theyadmired

herasagreatcompetitor.Theyrespectedherforfightingforchange.7ThesesuccessesmeantalottoRell,butshewantedtodomoretobenefitothers.Hawaiianscallthat“thespiritofaloha.”ThatspiritledRelltostartasurfingcontestforchildren.TheeventwasheldonherbelovedMakahaBeach.Rellkeptthecontestgoingyearafteryear.Shewantedtogetchildreninvolvedinsurfing.Shehopedthatsurfingwouldhelpthemstayoutoftrouble.Itwasherwayoffightingdrugsandothersocialproblemsinhercommunity.PeopleontheislandlovedwhatRelldidforchildren.Theylovedherwarmsmileandthewayshemadeeveryonefeellikeherfriend.TheynamedhertheQueenofMakaha.

Aloha to the Queen

8EvenafterRellbecameamother,shekeptsurfing.Shecompetedatthehighestlevel.Timeandagain,shewasrankedinthetop10femalesurfers.Herdreamhadcometrue!SheevenhadherownstoneontheSurfingWalkofFame. 9In1998,theworldsaidgood-byetotheQueenofMakaha.Thoughshediedyoung,Relllivedherlifeinabigway.Shewasfearlessinthewaterandgracefulonherboard.Shebrokedownbarriersandchangedsurfingforever.Shelovedpeopleandhelpedhundredsofchildren.RellSunntrulylivedwiththespiritofaloha!

Expedition 6, Lessons 1 and 2

Rell’s efforts led many Hawaiian children to take up the sport of surfing.

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