People should never take part in political revolution

A) People should never take part in political revolution

B) People should take part in political revolution only if their family is in danger.

C) People should take part in political revolution only if their basic human rights are not met.

D) People should take part in political revolution

Before we begin….Which of the following

statements do you most agree with?

1789-1815

What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution, and how did

the revolution lead to the Napoleonic era?

The French Revolution and Napoleon

La Marseillaise, French National Anthem

FOCU

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video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K1q9Ntcr5g&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgEnkGEq34w

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgEnkGEq34w

Four Segments of this UnitWhat were the causes and effects of the French Revolution, and how did the revolution lead to the Napoleonic era?Section 1: On the Eve of RevolutionSection 2: The French Revolution UnfoldsSection 3: Radical Days of the RevolutionSection 4: The Age of Napoleon

Storming of the Bastille, a prison in ParisWas a symbol of royal power in the 1700s, used for political prisoners

There will be plenty of visuals

The king could arrest anyone on a secret warrant and keep them there without trial

(6.1) I. On the Eve of Revolution

A) French Society Divided

B) Financial Troubles

C) Louis XIV calls the Estates-

General

D) Parisians Storm the Bastille


26 million French citizens

Still clinging to an outdated social system from the Middle Ages

Ancien régime (old order) was divided into three social classes (estates)

How did France look in 1789?

First Estate, Second Estate, and the Third Estate

The Three EstatesThe First Estate: Clergy (100,000) Church owned about 10% of the

land, collected tithes, and paid no direct taxes to the state

High church leaders such as bishops and abbots lived very well

Some social services provided (Nuns, monks, and priests ran schools, hospitals, and orphanages)

Remember that the Enlightenment targeted church for reform… criticizing the idleness of some clergy, the church’s interference in politics, and intolerance of dissent Cleric, Knight, and Workman

In response many in this class criticized the Enlightenment for undermining religion and moral order

The Three EstatesThe Second Estate: Nobility (300,000) Only 0.5% of the population

Members of the Second Estate

Rights included top jobs in government, the army, the courts, and the Church

Although they owned land, they had little financial income

As prices began to rise, they felt the pinch

Feared losing their traditional privileges, especially freedom from paying taxes

The Three EstatesThe Third Estate: ‘Everybody else’ The most diverse social class Two ‘layers’ – Bourgeoisie and

rural peasants Bourgeoisie included: bankers,

merchants, and manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors

Rural peasants were the bulk of the Third Estate

Members of the Third Estate

The Three EstatesThe Third Estate: ‘Everybody else’ The most diverse social class,

two ‘layers’ – Bourgeoisie and rural peasants

Bourgeoisie included: bankers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors

Rural peasants were the bulk of the Third Estate

Urban poor were unemployed

Members of the Third Estate

The poorest members were urban workers (apprentices, journeymen) in printing and cloth making

What was the Third Estate?“1. What is the Third Estate? Everything2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing3. What does it want to be? Something.”

Abbé Emmanuel SieyésThe vast Third Estate-

peasants, dentists, laborers, and more- comprising more

than 95% of France, was now ready to fight for equality

Trouble begins to brewWhether rich or poor, members of the Third Estate resented privileges by their “social betters.”

Although wealthy bourgeois families could buy political office, the best jobs were still reserved for nobles.

Urban workers earned miserable wages. Even the smallest increase in the price of bread, brought the threat of greater hunger or even starvation.

Trouble begins to brew First and

Second Estates paid no taxes

Peasants burdened by taxes on everything from land to soap to salt

How does the cartoonist portray the Third Estate? What were the differences among the social classes in pre-revolutionary France? taxes, money, land, and jobs

available

Follow-Up from Yesterday To what estate did most of the French population belong?

How did the lives of the clergy and nobles differ from members of the Third Estate?

the Third Estate

The clergy and nobles paid almost no taxes, while Third Estate paid taxes on

almost everything.Many of the clergy and nobles were wealthy and occupied positions of influence, while most of the Third Estate was poor and powerless.

(6.1) I. On the Eve of Revolution



C) Louis XIV calls the Estates-

General

D) Parisians Storm the Bastille

One of the causes of the economic troubles was mushrooming financial crisis due to years of deficit spending. So what is deficit spending?


Debt from the Seven Years War and lavish court

Bad harvests sent food prices soaring

National Debt Soars

Louis XVI chooses Jacques Necker as his financial advisor

Economic Reform Fails

Necker urged king to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government, and abolish tariffs on trade

Nobles and high clergy were outraged and forced King Louis XVI to dismiss him

Pressure for reform mounted, wealthy and powerful classes demand that king to summon the Estates-General

Also proposed taxing the First and Second Estates

At the end of 1788, France is on the verge of bankruptcy

Bread riots are spreading Nobles (the Second Estate)

are afraid of taxes, begin to denounce ‘royal tyranny’

King Louis XVI tells the Three Estates to prepare their cahiers (notebooks) which lists their grievances

In other words...“bring it on”

Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General

the Estates-General hadn’t been called for 175 years

Many cahiers called for reforms such as fairer taxes, freedom of the press, or regular meetings of the E-G

Tensions rise: Tax collectors were “bloodsuckers of the nation who drink the tears of the unfortunate from goblets of gold.” -The courts of nobles were “vampires sucking the last drop of blood” from the people.

Estates Prepare Grievance Notebooks

Delegates take the Tennis Court Oath, swore “never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution.”

“People have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Rulers have a responsibility to protect

these rights. People have the right to change a

government that fails to do so.”

Remember John Locke….

Do you see how this quote relates to the events of the meeting of the Estates-General?

What three factors led to the start of the French Revolution?

Circle back...

social inequalitieseconomic troubles

inspiring Enlightenment ideas

Reform-minded clergy and nobles join the Assembly and advocate change

Louis XVI becomes concerned, orders royal troops to streets of Paris

Crowds gather outside the Bastille, demanding weapons and gunpowder

Parisians Storm the Bastille

July 14, 1789 – “Bastille Day” This ‘rage’ demonstrated a

new sense of empowerment by Parisians

(6.2) I. The French Revolution Unfolds

A) Political Crisis Leads to Revolt

B) The National Assembly Acts

C) The National Assembly Presses

Onward

D) Radicals Take Over

A) Political Crisis Leads to

Revolt

Midway through 1789 and the country is experiencing the worst famine in memory

Starving peasants roaming the countryside, flocking to towns where they join those who are unemployed

Grain prices are soaring, people spending up to 80% of their income on bread

When no one is in control, rumors spread

Europe stares at France in Disbelief

“GREAT FEAR”

A) Political Crisis Leads to

Revolt

Tales of attacks on villages and towns “Government troops are seizing peasant crops”

IN RESPONSE

Peasants unleash their fury on nobles trying to reimpose medieval dues

Set fire to old records, stealing grain from storehouses

“GREAT FEAR”





Onward



In response to the Bastille stampede, nobles in the National Assembly vote to end their own privileges

Agree to give up their manorial dues, exclusive hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes

Special Privilege Ends

What are ‘manorial dues’ ?

Peasants farmed small plots of land and owed rent and labor to their lord…most were not free to leave the estate.


Issued by the Assembly in late August

Modeled in part on America’s Declaration of Independence (13 years before)

Based on the writings of Locke and the philosophes, the constitution insisted that governments exist to protect the natural rights of citizens

Declaration of the Rights of Man


All men were “born and remain free and equal in rights.”

They enjoyed natural rights to “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.”

Furthermore, all male citizens were equal before the law

Every Frenchman had an equal right to hold public office



In addition, the declaration asserted freedom of religion and called for taxes to be levied according to ability to pay

“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

But what about women? 1791: Olympe de Gouges

demands equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen



Nobles continue to enjoy gala banquets while people were starving in the streets.

By autumn, anger turns to action…

But did the Nobles really listen?


In early October 6,000 women march 13 miles in pouring rain from Paris to Versailles to confront the king

Women March on Versailles

Crowd’s anger was directed at Marie Antoinette

Women would not leave unless king agreed to return to Paris

Video: Chateau de Versailles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=852eroBwDrA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=852eroBwDrA&feature=related


“Now we won’t have to go so far when we want to see our king”

The royal family moves to the Tuileries palace

For the next three years, they are virtual prisoners

Louis XVI returns to Paris

Note how the National Assembly reacted to peasant uprisings. The nobles in the National Assembly voted to give up privileges.





Onward



OnwardThe church is placed under state control

The National Assembly follows the king to Paris

Worked to draft a constitution and solve ongoing financial crisis

In order to pay off their debt, the Assembly votes to take over and sell Church lands

Remember, 95% of France was Roman Catholic, so the Church had great power and was the largest land owner at the time


OnwardThe ‘Dechristianisation’ of France

Involved revoking church lands and destroying all signs of the religion, such as crosses

The threat of death and imprisonment forced French religious figures to resign

In its place, the government started civic cults such as the Cult of Reason and the Cult of Supreme Being


OnwardNotre Dame Cathedral Ransacked

Many sculptures and treasures were destroyed

The cathedral was rededicated to the Cult of Reason, later to the Cult of the Supreme Being

The Virgin Mary replaced by Lady Liberty on several altars

The cathedral also used as warehouse for food storage


OnwardThe Constitution of 1791 Establishes a New Government

The main task of producing a constitution is completed!

Limited monarchy replaces a absolute monarchy

New Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace

Lawmakers to be elected by tax-paying male citizens over age 25





Government is made more efficient, replacing provinces with 83 departments of equal size

Old provincial courts abolished and laws were reformed

Those of the Enlightenment were satisfied, but it also put power in the hands of men with the means and leisure to serve in government

Did this complete the revolution?


OnwardLouis’s Escape Fails

June 1791, Marie Antoinette convinces King Louis XVI that it’s time to leave town

Why would the French people see this as treason?





Onward


D) Radicals Take OverRulers Fear Spread of Revolution

European rulers refer to the French Revolution as the “French Plague”

Border patrols (by surrounding countries) to maintain stability

Horror stories spread by émigrés (nobles, clergy, and other who fled France)

D) Radicals Take OverRulers Fear Spread of Revolution

Émigrés report of attacks on their privileges, their property, their religion…even their lives!

Enlightened rulers turn against France – Catherine the Great burns Voltaire’s letters and locks up critics “When ancient opinions and rules of life are taken away…we have no compass to govern us”

D) Radicals Take OverThreats Come from Abroad

When news of the king’s failed escape reaches other countries, there is talk of intervention August 1791, king of Prussia and the emperor of Austria (who is also Marie Antoinette’s brother) issues Declaration of Pilnitz

The declaration stated Austria would go to war if and only if all the other major European powers also went to war with France. Leopold chose this wording so that he would not be forced to go to war; he knew William Pitt, prime minister of Great Britain, did not support war with France. Leopold merely issued the declaration to satisfy the French emigres who had taken refuge in his country and were calling for foreign interference in their homeland.

D) Radicals Take OverThreats Come from Abroad

This “declaration” threatens to intervene to protect the French monarchy, but was it a bluff? Revolutionaries in France now prepare for war

No one was going to stop their movement and it was FULL STEAM AHEAD!

D) Radicals Take OverRadicals Fight for Power and Declare War October 1791, France’s

Legislative Assembly takes office

Survives less than a year Assignats, the revolutionary

currency, drops in value, causing prices to rise

Results in hoarding, food shortages

Sans-culottes demand a republic…a government ruled by elected representatives instead of a monarch

The National Assembly Declares War on Tyranny

Documents

People should never take part in political revolution